出血病人血液透析行高浓度枸橼酸局部抗凝的护理

目的:探讨血液透析中高浓度枸橼酸盐局部抗凝在高危出血病人中的应用和护理要点。方法:使用常规透析器、透析管路、透析液,将高浓度(1.6 mol/L)枸橼酸钠用输液泵以33～42 ml/h的速度从透析管路的动脉端输入,同时监测激活凝血时间(ACT),及时调整枸橼酸钠的输入速度。结果:10例高危出血病人采用高浓度枸橼酸盐局部抗凝(RCA)透析,均未发现有加重出血情况,也未发生因体外循环凝血而致透析终止。结论:高浓度枸橼酸盐局部抗凝透析是一种简便、安全、有效的透析抗凝技术。操作过程要加强护理,防止体外凝血、低血钙和碱中毒的发生。     

柠檬酸低钙透析在合并出血的透析患者中的应用

目的:研究柠檬酸低钙透析对于合并出血性疾病的血液透析患者凝血系统的影响及透析抗凝效果.方法:35例合并出血的血液透析患者被随机分为两组,治疗组18例用钙离子浓度1.25 mmol/L(DCa 1.25)的柠檬酸盐透析液、对照组17例用钙离子浓度1.50 mmol/L(DCa 1.50)的碳酸盐透析液,透析液其他成分不变.两组患者每次透析2～5 h.无肝素透析.同时测透析前后血小板(PLT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)、血钙水平(Ca).观察透析器及血管通路的凝血情况,记录盐水冲洗次数和透析时间.结果:治疗组在透析前后Fib有差异(P<0.05),Ca无统计差异(P>0.05).透析后治疗组Fib比对照组的Fib下降有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组透析后PLT、APTT、PT均无明显差异(P>0.05).透析器凝血情况:两组盐水冲洗次数和平均透析时间比较差异均有显著性(P<0.001).结论:柠檬酸低钙透析能够保证出血患者无肝素透析的安全性.     

低分子肝素钙和小剂量肝素在出血倾向患者血液透析中疗效观察

目的:观察出血倾向患者血液透析过程中应用低分子肝素钙的安全性.方法:有出血倾向符合血液透析指征慢性肾脏病5期患者82例,随机分为低分子肝素钙组42例,小剂量肝素纽40例,分别在透析中应用低分子肝素钙及小剂量肝素抗凝,比较2纽穿刺点压迫所需时间、透析后透析器厦管路凝血情况,皮肤黏膜出血停止时间,潜血转阴时间,及透析前后血小板计数,凝血酶时间、部分凝血活酶时间.结果:2组透析后穿刺点压迫所需时间、透析器及管路凝血情况及皮肤黏膜出血停止时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);低分子肝素钙组潜血转阴时间较小剂量肝素组短(P<0.05);2组透析后血小板计数下降,凝血酶时间、部分凝血活酶时间较透析前延长(P<0.05),小剂量肝素组延长较低分子肝素钙组明显(P<0.01).结论:低分子肝素钙用于出血倾向患者血液透析较小剂量肝素安全.     

普通含钙透析液联合局部枸橼酸抗凝对高危出血倾向血液透析患者凝血功能及出血率的影响

目的 分析普通含钙透析液联合局部枸橼酸抗凝对高危出血倾向血液透析患者凝血功能及出血率的影响.方法 选择2013年3月至2017年3月收治的高危出血倾向血液透析患者78例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(n=39)和观察组(n=39),对照组进行无肝素常规血液透析(HD),观察组进行普通含钙透析液联合局部枸橼酸抗凝HD,比较两组患者透析前后尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(SCr)水平,透析充分性[尿素清除分数(Kt/V)和尿素下降率(URR)],血pH值、电解质[钙离子(Ca2+)、碳酸氢根离子(HCO3-)],凝血功能[体内和透析器前血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、体内和透析器前活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)]及出血率.结果 透析后,观察组BUN和SCr水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);透析后,观察组Kt/V、URR水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);透析后,观察组pH值与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);Ca2+水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05),HCO3-水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组体内PT、APTT水平与对照组均无显著差异(P>0.05),透析器前PT和透析器前APTT均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组出血率0.00%显著低于对照组的10.26%(P<0.05).结论 普通含钙透析液联合局部枸橼酸抗凝对高危出血倾向HD患者凝血功能无明显影响,可以降低出血率.     

高危出血肾衰竭患者血液透析应用枸橼酸盐抗凝血液透析液的安全性评估

目的　对高危出血肾衰竭患者应用新型枸橼酸盐浓缩抗凝血液透析液进行血液透析的安全性进行评估。方法　 19例高危出血患者行枸橼酸盐透析液血液透析 (CDHD) ,并检测血游离钙 (Ca2 )、活化凝血时间 (ACT) ,观察血液透析前后酸碱度、电解质、肝功能、心率、QT间期 (QTc)及血常规等多项指标的变化情况。结果　透析后Ca2 、血pH值、HCO3 -、Na 、K 、Cl-和心率、QTc、肝功能及血常规等均在正常范围。结论　高危出血肾衰竭患者应用新型枸橼酸盐浓缩抗凝血液透析液进行血液透析安全性良好。     

两种无肝素血液透析法的临床应用

目的 探讨冲洗法无肝素血液透析和吸附法无肝素血液透析在临床中的应用.方法 选择53例高危出血的行无肝素血液透析的患者分为两组,吸附组27例,冲洗组26例.观察透析前、后血清肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(Bun)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib);监测血液透析中患者心电及血压,记录透析过程中的气促、胸闷、头昏、头痛等不适症状.观察透析中管道、透析器凝血程度.结果 两组患者的性别、年龄、透析时间、透析器的首次使用与重复使用以及高危出血病种,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);透析中出现的气促、胸闷、头昏等不适感的病例总数冲洗组高于吸附组(P<0.05);两组患者透析前、透析完毕时的Cr、Bun、PT、APTT、TT、Fib,吸附组与冲洗组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);血液透析中管道、透析器凝血程度,吸附组与冲洗组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 两种无肝素血液透析均不增加出血风险,适用于高危出血患者的血液透析,至于选择哪一种更好,需要根据实际情况和病情作出适合的选择.     

持续性肾脏替代治疗两种抗凝方法的比较及护理体会

目的通过回顾性分析83例急性肾损伤危重患者应用局部枸橼酸盐或者低分子肝素抗凝进行连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT),探讨不同抗凝方式的抗凝效果并浅谈护理体会。方法将患者按照不同的抗凝方案分为枸橼酸盐组(53例)和低分子肝素组(30例)。对两组枸橼酸泵前活化部分凝血活酶时间、血液透析器后血液滤过管路游离钙、钙泵后动脉游离钙、透析器使用时间和患者治疗过程中出血事件等指标进行统计学比较。结果枸橼酸盐组血液透析器使用时间明显长于低分子肝素组,分别为(72±8)h和(48±9)h,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而出血事件发生率明显低于低分子抗凝组,分别为7.55%和40.00%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论局部枸橼酸盐可广泛应用于各种危重症患者CRRT的抗凝治疗,在延长血液透析器使用时间、减少出血等方面具有明显优势。     

血液透析中应用低钙透析液的临床观察

目的探讨低钙透析透液用于血液透析的有效性及安全性。方法采用稀解释后浓度为1.25 mmol/L碳酸低钙透析液,常规透析治疗20例高钙血症血液透析患者的规律。观察高钙血症血液透析患者在应用碳酸低钙透析液3个月和6个月后,血钙、钙磷乘积、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)的指标变化及不良反应。结果发现血钙下降水平与低钙透析液使用前比较有明显差异(P<0.05)乘积也有显著性差异(P<0.05)血磷无显著性差异(P>0.05);iPTH无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论高钙血症的血液透析患者在使用低钙透析液后,血钙下降明显,可有效降低钙磷乘积,可能有益于减轻血液透板患者骨外转移性钙化的发生。     

与血液透析中低分子量肝素抗凝相关的护理工作探讨

观察低分子量肝素在血液透析中的抗凝效果 ,比较与普通肝素在护理方面的不同处理。对 2 6例维持血液透析患者分别用速避凝 (n =10 )和普通肝素 (n =16)进行抗凝 ,分别测定透析前、透析 2h和透析 4h的APTT ,并观察透析器凝血情况和透析后穿刺部位压迫时间及两者的出血并发症的发生率。结果表明 ,普通肝素组透析 2h、4hAPTT明显延长 ,出血发生率高 ,穿刺点压迫时间明显长于低分子量肝素组 ,低分子量肝素组APTT无明显变化 ,未发现出血和透析器凝血等并发症。在血液透析中应用低分子量肝素较普通肝素安全、稳定 ,抗凝效果好 ,出血的并发症少 ,较普通肝素有很大优越性。对患者透析中及透析后的护理有指导意义     

密闭式回血法在无肝素血液透析中的应用

目的探讨无肝素血液透析结束时,对患者采用密闭式回血法是否适合。方法选择接受血液透析的患者71例,共治疗100例次,包括无肝素血液透析治疗50例次(试验组);其余50例次做为(对照组)。观察透析器凝血情况,对条件适合的患者采用密闭式回血法。对比密闭式回血法在肝素组与无肝素组患者的应用情况,分析密闭式回血过程中透析管路及透析器凝血情况的组间差异。对比接受无肝素透析与有肝素透析患者在密闭式回血的时间,加压次数的差异。结果无肝素透析患者密闭式回血法的完成率明显少于对照组(P<0.05);无肝素组密闭式回血透析管路及透析器凝血发生率较有肝素透析明显增高(P<0.05);密闭式回血的时间、加压次数在两组间差异不明显(P>0.05)。结论无肝素血液透析患者,当透析器凝血呈0级或1级时,可以考虑应用密闭式回血法,回血过程中仍应注意观察凝血的发生。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."