Dynamics synthesis and control for a hopping robot with articulated leg

To investigate the design and the applications of elastic underactuated mechanisms for improving the energy efficiency of dynamic mechanical systems, the dynamics and control of a one-legged hopping robot with articulated leg is studied in this paper. To ensure the controllability of the elastic underactuated mechanism, a dynamics synthesis method is proposed for designing the underactuated mechanism so that the dynamics of the system can be transformed into the strict feedback normal form. To improve the energy efficiency of the one-legged locomotion system, an optimal motion planning method is presented to optimize the trajectories of the robot joints. A nonlinear controller is proposed to stabilize the hopping robot to its balance configuration in stance phase, and a switched linear controller is proposed to stabilize the continuous hopping movement. The stability of the presented controllers is analyzed in theory and verified by some numerical simulations.     

平面2R欠驱动机器人的轨迹规划与控制

以含有一个主动关节的平面2R欠驱动机器人为研究对象,对此类欠驱动系统的轨迹规划问题进行了研究。首先建立了系统的动力学模型,采用时间尺度方法实现了主动和被动关节点到点的轨迹规划,然后引入滑模控制方法进行反馈控制,使被控系统收敛到给定的规划曲面上,克服了非完整系统不存在光滑状态反馈控制律使系统镇定的缺点。数值仿真结果验证了方法的有效性,为欠驱动系统的轨迹规划与控制提供了一种有效的途径。     

欠驱动冗余度机械臂的动态自重构

分析了欠驱动冗余度机械臂不同机构模式下运动学模型及动力学模型之间的关系,给出了欠驱动机械臂工作于全驱动模式下的动力学操作性度量指标。提出了一种欠驱动机械臂工作在欠驱动模式时的基于非线性控制技术的自运动控制方法,利用少维数的控制输入实现了机械臂的多维关节空间的运动控制,使欠驱动冗余度机械臂能完成自运动流形控制。提出一种动态提高欠驱动冗余度机械臂工作于全驱动模式时的操作性能的方法,通过有两个被动关节的平面四关节欠驱动机械臂进行了仿真验证。     

无根欠驱动冗余机器人动力耦合特性研究

无根多刚体系统和欠驱动冗余机器人系统实质上都属二阶非完整动力系统,其位姿空间约束方程不能满足控制要求,一般基于动力学方程对系统进行控制,即通过关节间动力耦合作用约束被动关节运动,因此此类机器人可控性分析的重点在于系统耦合运动特性研究。基于动力学虚设机构法及非完整系统微分变分原理,建立了无根欠驱动冗余机器人的动力学模型;针对虚设关节、主、被动关节进行动力学模型解耦,推导出了系统的二阶非完整约束方程及被动关节的加速度表达式;在此基础上,通过定义表征被动关节耦合运动的性能指标,针对不同位置主动关节输入参数对被动关节可控性的影响进行了仿真分析,得到了提高无根欠驱动冗余机器人可控性的有益结论,为实际欠驱动冗余机器人输入控制提供了参考。     

Tracking control of an underactuated ship by modified dynamic inversion

The tracking control problem of an underactuated ship is investigated. We intend to use the underactuated ship as an example to extend the traditional dynamic inversion control method to underactuated systems. The difficulty lies in the fact that the system has no relative degree, which prevents the application of standard dynamic inversion. Three modified dynamic inversion methods are proposed that are applicable to this system. The first is the well-known dynamic extension-based dynamic inversion (DEDI), which treats an input as a state and takes dynamic extension to achieve a relative degree. The second is virtual input-based dynamic inversion (VIDI), which treats a state as a virtual input to achieve a relative degree. The third is output redefinition-based dynamic inversion (ORDI), which selects a particular variable as a new output to achieve a relative degree. The three methods are generalizations of dynamic inversion control and remove some of its inherent limitations, making it applicable to a wide variety of underactuated systems. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is verified by numerical simulations.     

Predictor-based control for an inverted pendulum subject to networked time delay

The inverted pendulum is considered as a special class of underactuated mechanical systems with two degrees of freedom and a single control input. This mechanical configuration allows to transform the underactuated system into a nonlinear system that is referred to as the normal form, whose control design techniques for stabilization are well known. In the presence of time delays, these control techniques may result in inadequate behavior and may even cause finite escape time in the controlled system. In this paper, a constructive method is presented to design a controller for an inverted pendulum characterized by a time-delayed balance control. First, the partial feedback linearization control for the inverted pendulum is modified and coupled with a state predictor to compensate for the delay. Several coordinate transformations are processed to transform the estimated partial linearized system into an upper-triangular form. Second, nested saturation and backstepping techniques are combined to derive the control law of the transformed system that would complete the design of the whole control input. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is illustrated by numerical simulations.     

机械运动方案设计的状态空间方法

提出了机械运动方案设计的状态空间方法,以基本变换单元为基础,建立了运动变换状态方程,提取了输入与输出特征矢量、运动传递函数与特征值,讨论了对偶矢量、状态变换矩阵及状态空间的性质,得到状态空间中运动变换特征矢量的运算规则,实现了把串联机械系统的运动方案设计问题转化为输入输出运动特征矢量在状态空间中的单环路径规划问题,通过状态空间中不同对偶点的连接方式可以获得相应的运动方案设计可行解,为机械运动方案设计提供一种新的有效方法。     

自由漂浮空间机械臂非完整运动规划的粒子群优化算法

带空间机械臂航天器系统在无外力矩作用时,系统相对于总质心的动量矩守恒而变为非完整系统,由于非完整约束的不可积性,非完整系统的运动规划与控制比一般系统要困难得多.针对这一问题,利用非完整特性研究自由漂浮空间机械臂的三维姿态运动规划问题,导出带空间机械臂的航天器三维姿态运动数学模型,并将系统的控制问题转化为无漂移系统的非完整运动规划问题.在运动规划中,引入Fourier基函数构成系统控制输入,对基函数的系数向量优化,提出一种应用粒子群优化的最优运动规划数值算法.数值仿真表明该方法对空间机械臂及航天器三维姿态运动的非完整运动规划是有效的.     

基于摆线运动规律的悬索并联机器人轨迹规划

六自由度绳索悬挂式并联机器人属于大柔性机械系统，为保证运动的平稳性，要求动平台的运动轨迹光滑连续，为此提出了基于摆线运动规律的笛卡儿空间连续轨迹规划方法，该方法计算简单，实时性好。利用该方法对直线轨迹、圆轨迹和过离散点轨迹进行了规划。运动学和动力学方程的计算结果表明，绳索的速度、加速度和拉力变化连续平缓，而且绳索拉力始终大于0，因此动平台运行过程中动态响应小，绳索张紧可靠。该方法适用于悬索机器人的轨迹规划，同样也适用于对运动平稳性要求较高的其它机器人系统。     

Robust adaptive antiswing control of underactuated crane systems with two parallel payloads and rail length constraint

The antiswing control and accurate positioning are simultaneously investigated for underactuated crane systems in the presence of two parallel payloads on the trolley and rail length limitation. The equations of motion for the crane system in question are established via the Euler–Lagrange equation. An adaptive control strategy is proposed with the help of system energy function and energy shaping technique. Stability analysis shows that under the designed adaptive controller, the payload swings can be suppressed ultimately and the trolley can be regulated to the destination while not exceeding the pre-specified boundaries. Simulation results are provided to show the satisfactory control performances of the presented control method in terms of working efficiency as well as robustness with respect to external disturbances.     

双臂弹性单腿机器人的垂直跳跃控制

提出一种新型弹性单腿跳跃机器人系统,该机器人由两个驱动臂和一个弹性被动伸缩腿组成,系统只能依靠内部动力学耦合实现动态站立平衡、起跳、稳定连续跳跃运动.给出系统机构模型,分析该系统的变约束特征.该机器人系统在支撑相是二阶非完整约束系统,在飞行相是一阶非完整约束系统.针对这种欠驱动非完整约束动力学系统,采用时变非线性输入变换,提出一种实现垂直方向连续跳跃的运动控制算法.以控制腿部的姿态和振动规律、系统动量为目标实现机器人的全状态稳定控制.通过计算仿真模拟,验证提出的运动控制方案是可行的.该研究以探索弹性欠驱动机械系统振动能量循环利用技术为目标,研究结果对设计新型弹性欠驱动机械系统以及探索它在航天领域的应用具有一定参考价值.     

Stability analysis and dynamic regulation of multi-dimensional Taylor network controller for SISO nonlinear systems with time-varying delay

Though many studies are focused on the stabilization of nonlinear systems with time-varying delay, they fail to involve the dynamic regulation without on-line optimization commonly. For this sake, feedback linearization, Lyapunov-Razumikhin theorem and polynomial approximation theorem are employed here to verify that the multi-dimensional Taylor network (MTN) controller can stabilize the single input single output (SISO) nonlinear time-varying delay systems through dynamic regulation of the system output with no need for on-line optimization. Here, the design of the controller is transformed into a convex optimization problem, which is tackled by means of the appropriate optimization method. Like its PD-like controller peers, the MTN controller functions well in eliminating the dependence on the system model. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated and confirmed via two examples.     

Tracking control of nonlinear lumped mechanical continuous-time systems: A model-based iterative learning approach

This paper presents a nonlinear model-based iterative learning control procedure to achieve accurate tracking control for nonlinear lumped mechanical continuous-time systems. The model structure used in this iterative learning control procedure is new and combines a linear state space model and a nonlinear feature space transformation. An intuitive two-step iterative algorithm to identify the model parameters is presented. It alternates between the estimation of the linear and the nonlinear model part. It is assumed that besides the input and output signals also the full state vector of the system is available for identification. A measurement and signal processing procedure to estimate these signals for lumped mechanical systems is presented. The iterative learning control procedure relies on the calculation of the input that generates a given model output, so-called offline model inversion. A new offline nonlinear model inversion method for continuous-time, nonlinear time-invariant, state space models based on Newton's method is presented and applied to the new model structure. This model inversion method is not restricted to minimum phase models. It requires only calculation of the first order derivatives of the state space model and is applicable to multivariable models. For periodic reference signals the method yields a compact implementation in the frequency domain. Moreover it is shown that a bandwidth can be specified up to which learning is allowed when using this inversion method in the iterative learning control procedure. Experimental results for a nonlinear single-input-single-output system corresponding to a quarter car on a hydraulic test rig are presented. It is shown that the new nonlinear approach outperforms the linear iterative learning control approach which is currently used in the automotive industry on durability test rigs.     

基于小波逼近的机械系统非完整运动规划数值方法

机械系统中的非完整约束通常是由不可积的速度约束或不可积的守恒律引起。由于非完整约束的存在,系统的运动控制和规划问题比一般的机械系统要困难得多。机械系统在动量和动量矩守恒且为零的情况下,系统动力学方程可降阶为非完整形式约束方程。基于这样的方程,将系统的控制问题转化为无漂移系统的非完整运动规划问题。针对带有非完整约束的机械系统,导出自由漂浮的空间机器人系统非完整运动模型。利用最优控制技术和小波分析方法,在控制输入中引入小波函数逼近,提出一种非完整机械系统运动规划数值方法。将该方法用于自由漂浮空间双臂机器人系统,仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

波浪能多腔油缸液压转换系统设计与研究

以振荡扑翼波浪能发电装置的液压转换系统为研究对象,设计一种含有多腔油缸的液压转换系统,将波浪能转换为可利用的机械能。以波浪能高效采集和液压转换系统稳定输出为原则,设计一种多腔油缸并确定液压转换系统的组成及各元件的具体参数。针对不同海况,通过改变电磁阀换挡策略,实现对波浪能的采集,调节蓄能器的个数和预充压力使液压系统高、低管路的压力保持稳定,通过液压马达能够稳定输出机械能。运用AMESim仿真平台搭建采集机构和液压转换系统模型,模拟3级、4级和5级海况下采集机构的运动响应作为系统输入,分析液压转换系统的有效性、输出稳定性和转换效率。仿真结果验证,所设计的液压转换系统通过改变电磁阀换挡策略,能够实现对波浪能的高效采集,并有效提高液压转换系统的稳定性和转换效率。为振荡扑翼波浪能发电装置的液压转换系统的开发与研究奠定了理论基础。     

欠驱动弹跳机器人最优运动姿态的驱动器配置

研究了具有一个被动关节的三关节单腿欠驱动弹跳机器人的轨迹规划问题。首先建立欠驱动机器人在着地阶段的动力学模型;然后采用数值迭代的方法,以主动关节驱动力矩最小为优化目标,得出了机器人各关节转角的运动规律;最后通过仿真得到三种驱动器配置情况下机器人的关节转角运动规律、姿态图以及驱动力矩,并对其进行了分析比较。结果表明：所提出的运动规划方法是可行的,采用髋关节和踝关节驱动是三种驱动器配置中最合理的情况。     

面向操作可靠性提升的复合工业机器人运动规划

复合工业机器人的应用能够有效提升智能制造车间生产效率.而在其运动规划问题中,基于移动平台调整的机械臂初始站姿直接决定了目标任务是否能够可靠执行.为解决以上问题,提出一种考虑机械臂初始站姿的运动规划优化方法.基于前期基础,采用旋量描述和切片表征方法分别解决了复合工业机器人运动学建模和最小避障距离建模问题,为进行轨迹优化提...     

基于机电惯容的漂浮式海上风力机无源振动控制

机电惯容是一种新型惯容装置,可利用电路网络实现高阶机械阻抗,具有性能和空间上的优势。由于海上风力机的机舱空间有限,研究了位于浮式平台中的机电惯容系统对漂浮式海上风力机载荷的影响。根据直流电机的特性,电机轴的转矩输出与电机回路中的电流呈线性关系,因此针对所建立的机电惯容,重点研究了所有由单个电阻、电容、电感组成的电路网络对漂浮式风力机减振性能的影响。为了降低优化过程中的复杂度,首先建立了3自由度(Degree of freedom,DOF)漂浮式海上风力机模型,随后优化了含有电路网络模型的输入输出传递函数的H2范数,得到电路网络最优参数。最后,基于美国可再生能源实验室的5 MW基准风力机模型对优化结果进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,在不考虑装置工作行程的情况下,所建立的机电惯容调谐质量阻尼器(Mechatronic inerter tuned mass damper,MITMD)系统可以有效减少风力机系统的结构载荷。相较于减振装置位于机舱中的情况,建立在平台中的MITMD系统可以同时减轻塔基和塔顶转轴处的载荷。MITMD的控制效果以运动位移为代价,因此在实际应用中需要折中考虑减振效果和装置...     

基于微分平坦的旋转倒立摆双闭环抗扰 PID 控制

针对一类不稳定、欠驱动二自由度旋转倒立摆系统, 提出一种基于微分平坦的双闭环抗扰 PID 控制方法。 首先, 建立倒 立摆的非线性动力学模型, 利用近似线性化分析系统的不稳定零动态与非最小相位特性; 然后, 结合微分平坦理论, 设计倒立摆 平坦输出,重构系统平坦状态, 并建立平坦状态与角度输出之间的转化关系,克服倒立摆的非最小相位影响; 进一步, 针对微分 平坦系统, 设计抗扰 PID 双闭环控制结构和带宽化调节方法, 在主动抗扰机制下实现对摆杆角度与悬臂角度的精准控制; 最后, 通过仿真与实验, 验证所提方法的有效性和实用性。 所提方法为欠驱动系统提供了一种结构简单、抗扰能力强的控制方案。     

弹性储能装置中平面涡卷弹簧的有限元分析

储能已成为改善风电场输出功率可控性、提升电网稳定性水平的有效手段.提出了基于平面涡卷弹簧的机械式弹性储能-发电系统方案,针对储能装置中关键零件平面涡卷弹簧建立了力学模型和有限元模型,并进行了有限元应力分析和模态分析,得到了涡簧的扭转变形、横截面上的应力分布、固有频率和前20阶振型.研究成果为储能装置的优化设计、储能密度的计算提供了有力依据,也为弹性储能-发电系统的实现奠定了基础.