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新型真空精炼处理技术——KTB技术 KTB(Kawasaki top Oxygen blowing degassing method)技术是日本川崎钢铁公司于1988年开发成功的一种顶吹氧脱气精炼技术。 KTB技术的基本原理是:在RH真空精炼装置的真空室顶部设置氧枪,向真空室内的钢水面上喷吹氧气,使钢水快速脱碳。脱碳后产生的CO气体的二次燃烧所发出的热量,使钢水升温。它与RH-OB     

利用复合脱碳工艺改进铬钢冶炼技术

日本川崎制铁公司加古川厂一炼钢车间在纯氧顶吹—惰性气体底吹转炉 ( L D—KGC)上 ,采用添加高碳铁、铬、然后再进行 RH脱气处理的工艺 ,冶炼含铬 2 .2 5 %的铬钢。该厂通过改进转炉吹炼制度和采用复合脱碳工艺 ,降低了铁合金费用。根据 [Cr]与 [C]的平衡关系式以及表示反应容器特性与铬钢之脱碳特性的 ISCO值 ,可以看出提高 LD—KGC炉内添加铬的回收率的重要因素是 :1提高停吹时的碳浓度 ;2提高钢水温度 ;3降低 CO分压 ;4降低顶吹氧流量 ;5强化钢水搅拌力。加古川厂在转炉冶炼过程中 ,通过改进对顶吹氧流量、底吹气体流量及氧枪高…     

新型真空精炼处理技术(KTB技术)

KTB技术是日本川崎钢铁公司于1988年开发成功的一种顶吹氧脱气椅炼技术,KTB是Kawasaki top Oxygen Blowing dega ssing method的英文字头的缩写。这种KTB技术通过使用一支顶吹氧枪和利用CO废气在RH装置的真空室内的二次燃烧,可以在不用加铝的条件下使钢水升温,同     

RH顶吹氧技术在武钢二炼钢厂的应用

介绍了RH顶吹氧工艺的设备装置、操作工艺及在武钢二炼钢厂的应用情况。RH顶吹氧技术具有吹氧脱碳、吹氧加铝升温、吹氧清洗RH真空槽内残钢残渣等多项功能。炼钢生产中，RH顶吹氧技术在降低生产成本、提高金属收得率、扩大转炉炼钢厂生产品种、优化全连铸生产组织等方面都能发挥较大作用。     

RH顶吹氧技术在武钢第二炼钢厂的应用

介绍了RH顶吹氧工艺的设备装置、操作工艺及在武钢第二炼钢厂的应用情况。RH顶吹氧技术具有吹氧脱碳、吹氧加铝升温、吹氧清洗RH真空槽内残钢残渣等多项功能。炼钢生产中，RH顶吹氧技术在降低生产成本、提高金属收得率、扩大转炉炼钢厂生产品种、优化全连铸生产组织等方面都能发挥较大作用。     

RH-KTB脱碳过程中的数学模拟

在质量平衡模型的基础上,考虑到钢包顶渣与钢液之间的传氧行为,建立了能够同时准确预报碳、氧含量的脱碳模型.考察了提升气体流量、真空度压降模式、KTB吹氧时机以及初始碳、氧含量对RH脱碳的影响.根据模型计算结果,提出了合理的初始氧碳比,并以此作为KTB吹氧的判断依据.     

RH MFB精炼过程脱碳数学模型及工艺研究

 为研究RH MFB精炼工艺对脱碳过程的影响，将脱碳机理确定为钢液本体脱碳与CO克服静压力上浮、氩气泡表面脱碳和飞溅液滴脱碳，根据脱碳反应动力学和质量守恒原理建立了RH MFB脱碳数学模型。计算结果表明：降低初始碳含量、增大初始氧含量可使脱碳终点碳含量降低；提高压降速率和吹氩流量、增大浸渍管内径使得脱碳速率增大；在固定氧气流量下，随着吹氧时间的延长，脱碳终点碳含量降低，但脱碳终点氧含量升高。     

RH高效深度脱碳与协同脱氧关键技术

围绕IF钢RH精炼高效深度脱碳与协同脱氧目标，从RH精炼碳氧热力学入手，分析了RH脱碳与协同脱氧的可行性和策略；从脱碳反应动力学入手，分析了不同脱碳阶段高效脱碳策略。同时，研究了RH强制脱碳、吹氧流量与枪位控制等高效脱碳与控氧协同技术，以及真空压降控制、循环流量优化、真空罐内部吹氩强化脱碳等RH精炼高效脱碳关键技术和RH精炼脱碳终点氧含量控制、顶渣氧化性控制等控氧关键技术，进一步提出通过上述技术集成应用实现RH高效深度脱碳与脱氧的协同策略。     

利用RH-KTB工艺同时深脱碳和氮

从理论上探讨了利用RH—KTB深脱碳时进行深脱氮的可能性，并结合武钢二炼钢RH—KTB脱氮工艺试验情况，分析了影响深脱氮的因素。虽然RH-KTB脱氮反应主要发生在吹氧快速脱碳阶段，但当脱碳减弱后，靠提高真空度、增大吹氩量和循环量等措施，还能继续深脱氮，至少可脱去脱氧合金化时合金带入的氮。     

转炉应用CO2技术

 通过对转炉顶吹CO2的热力学分析,结合实验室模拟转炉顶吹O2＋CO2混合气体试验结果,确立了CO2在转炉中应用的关键参数。得出在转炉中顶吹纯CO2虽可脱碳,但温降较大,顶吹CO2供气强度为3.0 m3/(t·min)时,钢液温降速率为15.1 ℃/min;通过喷吹O2＋CO2混合气体可实现温度平衡,但CO2配比的最大理论比例为79.1%;随着混合气体中CO2比例增大,吹炼终点钢液碳氧积降低,当[φ(CO2)∶][φ(O2)＝1][∶]1时可控碳氧积为(25～32)×10－8。     

Mathematical Modelling of Non‐equilibrium Decarburization Process during Vacuum Circulation Refining of Molten Steel: Application of the Model and Results (I) ‐ Decarburization Process and Influences of Some Technological Factors

A novel three‐dimensional mathematical model proposed and developed for the non‐equilibrium decarburization process during the vacuum circulation (RH) refining of molten steel has been applied to the refining process of molten steel in a 90‐t multifunction RH degasser. The decarburization processes of molten steel in the degasser under the conditions of RH and RH‐KTB operations have been modelled and analysed, respectively, using the model. The results demonstrate that the changes in the carbon and oxygen contents of liquid steel with the treatment time during the RH and RH‐KTB refining processes can be precisely modelled and predicted by use of the model. The distribution patterns of the carbon and oxygen concentrations in the steel are governed by the flow characteristics of molten steel in the whole degasser. When the initial carbon concentration in the steel is higher than 400 · 10⁻⁴ mass%, the top oxygen blowing (KTB) operation can supply the oxygen lacking for the decarburization process, and accelerate the carbon removal, thus reaching a specified carbon level in a shorter time. Moreover, a lower oxygen content is attained at the decarburization endpoint. The average contributions at the up‐snorkel zone, the bath bulk and the free surface with the droplets in the vacuum vessel in the refining process are about 11, 46 and 42% of the overall amount of decarburization, respectively. The decarburization roles at the gas bubble‐molten steel interface in the up‐snorkel and the droplets in the vacuum vessel should not be ignored for the RH and RH‐KTB refining processes. For the refining process in the 90‐t RH degasser, a better efficiency of decarburization can be obtained using an argon blow rate of 417 I(STP)/min, and a further increase in the argon blowing rate cannot obviously improve the effectiveness in the RH refining process of molten steel under the conditions of the present work.     

RH真空脱气动力学过程的物理模拟研究

利用ＲＨ物理模型进行了ＣＯ２从ＮａＯＨ－ＣＯ２体系中释放动力学的研究,考察了操作参数对ＲＨ脱碳和脱气反应的影响。实验结果表明脱气过程是由液相传质控制,加大提升气体流量可以加速脱气反应进行,但不同气体流量范围内影响作用有所差异。采用多孔喷吹有利于提高脱气速率,一般以４～８孔为最佳。     

Mathematical modelling of decarburisation and degassing during vacuum circulation refining process of molten steel: application of the model and results

The mathematical model for decarburisation and degassing in the vacuum circulation refining process of molten steel, proposed and presented earlier, has been applied to the refining process of molten steel in a multifunction RH degasser of 90 t capacity. The decarburisation and degassing processes in the degasser under the RH and RH‐KTB operating conditions have been modelled and analysed using this model. It was demonstrated that for the RH and RH‐KTB refining processes, the results predicted by the model are in good agreement with some plant data. The mean contributions of the three refining sites in six circulation cycles to decarburisation are 10.5 – 11.6, 37.4 – 38.0 and 50.5 – 52.1 % of the overall amount of decarburisation, respectively. The KTB operation can markedly accelerate the decarburisation of molten steel. Using the top blowing oxygen of 6 min with the flow rate of (600 ‐ 1000) m³(STP)/h, the initial carbon mass content of the liquid steel for the RH refining process may be increased to (550 ‐ 700) · 10‐⁴ from 400 · 10‐⁴ %. And the treatment time needed for reducing the carbon mass content in the steel to a level of ≤ 20 · 10‐⁴ % may be shortened over 3 ‐ 4 min. The effectiveness of decarburisation and degassing cannot be obviously improved by increasing the lifting argon blow rate to 900 from 600 I(STP)/min under the operating modes examined in the present work.     

Modeling of Liquid Level and Bubble Behavior in Vacuum Chamber of RH Process

In the Ruhrstahl-Heraeus (RH)refining process,liquid steel flow pattern in a ladle is controlled by the fluid flow behavior in the vacuum chamber.Potassium chloride solution and NaOH solution saturated with CO 2 were respectively used as a tracer to investigate the liquid and gas flow behaviors in the vacuum chamber.Principal compo-nent and comparative analysis were made to show the factors controlling mixing and circulation flow rate.The liquid level and bubble behavior in the vacuum chamber greatly affect fluid flow in RH process.Experiments were per-formed to investigate the effects of liquid steel level,gas flow rate,bubble residence time,and gas injection mode on mixing,decarburization,and void fraction.The results indicate that the mixing process can be divided into three re-gions:the flow rate-affected zone,the concentration gradient-affected zone,and their combination.The liquid steel level in the vacuum chamber of 300 mm is a critical point in the decarburization transition.For liquid level lower than 300 mm,liquid steel circulation controls decarburization,while for liquid level higher than 300 mm,bubble behavior is the main controlling factor.During the RH process,it is recommended to use the concentrated bubble injection mode for low gas flow rates and the uniform bubble injection mode for high gas flow rates.     

马钢RH KTB流场的数值模拟

利用CFX数值计算软件建立的数值耦合模型对马钢RH KTB的流场进行了分析,得出了包括钢包、真空室、上升管、下降管的RH全系统的流场状态及其在精炼过程中的变化规律。在RH吹氩气液两相区的处理上,应用了非均相多相流模型。模拟结果表明RH真空室内流场中存在小环流现象。     

Mathematical Modelling of Non‐equilibrium Decarburization Process during Vacuum Circulation Refining of Molten Steel: Mathematical Model of the Process

The characteristics of the non‐equilibrium decarburization process during the vacuum circulation (RH) refining of molten steel have been considered and analysed. On the basis of the fundamentals of metallurgical reaction engineering and non‐equilibrium thermodynamics, as well as the two‐fluid model for gas‐liquid two‐phase flow and a modified k‐? model for turbulent flow, a novel three‐dimensional mathematical model for the process has been proposed and developed. The details of the model, including the establishment of the governing equations and the especially modified two‐equation k‐? model, the determination of the appropriate source terms and boundary conditions and others, have been presented. The related parameters of the model have been discussed and determined for the decarburization refining process of molten steel in a 90‐t multifunction RH degasser under RH and RH‐KTB operating conditions.     

单管RH精炼过程钢液流场的水模型实验

采用物理模拟方法对单管 RH 真空精炼过程流场的循环流动、混合特性等进行了研究,建立与 RH 真空精炼装置原型相似比为1∶5的水模型,研究了不同工艺参数对单管 RH 装置内钢液循环流动的影响。对比实验测量数据发现,增大吹氩量和浸渍管插入深度以及浸渍管有效横截面有利于提高循环流量,减小均混时间;在相同的实验条件下,椭圆形浸渍管 RH 比传统浸渍管 RH 的循环流量要大15％以上,单管 RH 的均混时间比传统RH 可以缩短20％;单管 RH 钢包底部吹氩位置位于距钢包中心0.4R(R 是钢包半径)处时,均混时间最短。     

RH喷吹参数对循环流量和均混时间影响的物理模拟

以某厂300tRH真空精炼装置为研究原型,建立1∶6.5的水力模型对RH喷吹精炼工艺进行物理模拟。研究了喷吹位置、喷吹气量及驱动气体流量对循环流量和均混时间的影响。结果表明:不同喷吹气量、驱动气体流量条件下,获得大循环流量和短均混时间的最优喷吹位置不同。较小的喷吹气量(2.98~3.53m3/h)或者较小的驱动气体流量(0.93~1.02m3/h)时,宜采用低顶枪枪位(153.8mm)喷吹;喷吹气量大于3.91m3/h或者驱动气体流量大于1.12m3/h时,宜采用真空槽底部喷吹角度120°的侧喷嘴喷吹。顶枪与侧喷嘴复合喷吹有利于提高RH喷吹工艺的适应性及循环效率。     

Investigation of mixing and slag layer behaviours in the RH degasser with bottom gas injection by using the VOF–DPM coupled model

The mixing time of molten steel has a decisive impact on the refining efficiency during the RH (Rheinsahl–Heraeus) degassing process. In the present work, a coupled volume of fluid method?discrete phase model has been developed to investigate the effect of bottom injection on mixing and slag layer behaviours in the RH degasser. The fluid flow, mixing characteristic, and the formation of slag eye in the RH degasser with bottom injection are well revealed. Numerical results show that X?=??0.75?m (under the up-snorkel) is the optimal injection location to obtain a shortest mixing time, as well as avoid the formation of slag eye in the RH degasser. At the same time, the result of industrial trial shows that the decarburisation efficiency can be accelerated remarkably when the bottom injection is located at X?=??0.75?m.     

Mathematical modelling of molten steel flow in a whole degasser during RH refining process

Abstract

A three-dimensional mathematical model for molten steel flow in a whole degasser during the RH (Ruhrstahl–Heraeus) refining process is proposed. The model has been developed considering the physical characteristics of the process, particularly the behaviour of gas–liquid two phase flow in the up snorkel and the momentum exchange between the two phases. The fluid flow fields and gas holdups of liquid phases, among other parameters, in a 90 t RH degasser and a water model unit of one-fifth linear scale have been computed using this mathematical model. The results show that the flow pattern of molten steel in a whole RH degasser can be well represented by the mathematical model. Apart from the area close to the free surface and the zone between the two snorkels in the ladle, the molten steel in an RH degasser, especially in the vacuum vessel, is reasonably fully mixed during the refining process. However, there is a boundary layer between the descending liquid stream from the down snorkel and the surrounding liquid, which is typical liquid–liquid two phase flow, and the molten steel in the ladle is not perfectly mixed. The blown lifting gas ascends mostly near the up snorkel wall, which is more obvious under the conditions of an actual RH degasser, and the flow pattern of bubbles and molten steel in the up snorkel is closer to annular flow. Calculated circulation rates for the water model unit at various lifting gas rates are in good agreement with values determined by means of water modelling experiments.