青少年攻击行为社会心理影响因素研究

目的探讨青少年攻击行为发生的社会心理因素,为预防和减少此类行为的发生提供理论依据。方法采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)、家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)、父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ,儿童版)对武汉市1051名中学生进行调查。结果有攻击行为青少年的家庭矛盾性得分高于无攻击行为青少年,而亲密度与知识性得分低于无攻击行为青少年,差异均有统计学意义。攻击行为青少年的父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认和父亲过分干涉因子得分较高,母亲情感温暖、理解因子得分较低,差异均有统计学意义。攻击行为青少年情绪稳定性、精神质因子得分较高,掩饰性和社会成熟水平因子得分较低,差异均有统计学意义。非条件Logistic多元逐步回归分析显示,居住地社会风气、矛盾性、精神质、神经质是影响青少年攻击行为的危险因素(OR值为1.10~1.98),知识性是青少年攻击行为的保护性因素(OR=0.80)。结论改善家庭和社会环境对降低青少年攻击行为的发生有积极意义。     

父母控制与青少年攻击行为的研究进展

青少年的攻击行为已经成为公共卫生问题之一，攻击行为受到社会、学校和家庭等因素的影响，其中父母是青少年生长过程中最重要的因素，而父母控制作为一种教养方式，与青少年攻击行为的关系密不可分。本文通过查阅现有文献，对父母控制的概念及分类、父母控制对青少年心理行为的影响、攻击行为的概念及测量、青少年攻击行为影响因素、父母控制对攻击行为的影响及人口学因素对两者的影响进行综述，以期为预防青少年的攻击行为、提升父母教养能力提供理论参考。     

青少年攻击行为与内分泌因素关系的研究

目的:探讨青年攻击行为发生的生物基础,为攻击行为的干预提供科学依据。方法:随机抽取有攻击行为的20名初中生作为病例,选择性别、年龄、年级、性发育等级和家庭经济状况相同的无攻击行为学生作为对照进行1∶1配对研究。采用放射免疫分析法(Radioimmunoassay,RIA)测定病例组和对照组青少年唾液中皮质醇(CORT)、睾酮(T)、催乳素(PRL)、生长激素(GH)含量。结果:男、女有攻击行为青少年睾酮水平明显高于无攻击行为青少年(P<0.05),男性有攻击行为青少年皮质醇水平明显低于无攻击行为青少年(P<0.05),催乳素、生长激素水平两组比较均无显著性差异。男生攻击性与皮质醇浓度呈负相关(P<0.05),女生攻击性与睾酮浓度呈正相关(P<0.01)。皮质醇是男性青少年攻击行为倾向的预测因子,其水平越高,男生攻击性越小。结论:皮质醇、睾酮是影响青少年攻击性的内分泌因素,青少年的攻击行为的发生和发展与内分泌激素具有密切的关系。     

中学生生活压力事件人格特质与攻击行为的关系

目的 探讨生活压力事件、人格特质与攻击行为之间的互动关系,为青少年攻击行为的预防和心理健康提供理论依据.方法 采用攻击问卷、青少年大五人格特质问卷和生活压力事件问卷,对从广州市整群随机抽取的4所中学的844名学生进行问卷调查,考察青少年生活压力事件、人格特质和攻击行为的关系.结果 青少年攻击行为在年级、性别间差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).青少年和师长同伴交往的压力对他们的攻击行为表现影响最为广泛,而神经质、宜人性与外倾性对青少年的攻击也有广泛的预测力.青少年体验到的压力会通过影响神经质、宜人性和严谨性3种特质影响其攻击行为的发生.结论 生活压力事件和攻击行为存在显著相关,并且人格特质中的神经质、宜人性和严谨性在生活压力事件和攻击行为之间存在中介作用.     

社区青少年暴力行为与儿童期被教师虐待经历的关系

目的探讨儿童虐待对社区青少年暴力攻击行为的影响,为减少青少年暴力攻击行为的发生提供依据。方法采用病例对照研究的方法,对在儿童期遭受的来自教师的虐待与社区青少年暴力攻击行为之间的关联程度进行分析。结果被教师虐待过的社区青少年发生暴力攻击行为的危险性是未被虐待过的2倍左右,其中被教师打过(OR=1.917)、被教师罚跑(OR=2.125)、被教师罚劳动(OR=2.353)等项目的暴露比值比差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。结论社区青少年发生暴力攻击行为的危险性因儿童期遭受教师虐待而增加,儿童虐待与社区青少年暴力攻击行为之间为正关联。     

家庭因素与儿童青少年攻击行为关系探讨

目的 探讨与儿童青少年攻击行为明显相关的家庭因素，为预防儿童青少年攻击行为的发生提供理论依据。方法 采用Achenbach儿童行为量表（CBCL）、家庭环境量表中文版（FES-CV）对湖北省5个地区4010名中小学生进行调查。结果 母亲文化程度、父母职业、家庭类型、父母对孩子的教育态度、管教方式与儿童青少年攻击行为的发生有显著关系；多因素logistic回归分析显示：儿童青少年攻击行为的主要危险因素为父母教育态度不一致，孩子与同学、邻居关系不好，家庭矛盾性评分高。结论 家庭因素主要通过父母管教方式、家庭环境质量对儿童青少年攻击行为产生影响。     

济宁市双生子心理行为发育状况及遗传度分析

目的 了解山东省济宁市11～17岁双生子心理和行为发育现况,探讨影响青少年心理和行为发育的遗传和环境因素.方法 采用青少年自评量表对济宁市210对11～17岁的双生子进行问卷调查.结果 双生子儿童心理行为问题的得分低于普通儿童;除违纪症状外,各综合征得分均随年龄增长而增加;男性自评症状得分高于女性,且违纪(t=2.569,P=0.011)、攻击(t=2.665,P=0.008)和外向(t=2.927,P=0.004)3个因子在性别之间差异有统计学意义.经遗传分析显示,退缩、主诉、焦抑、社交、思维、注意、违纪、攻击和内外向症状的遗传度分别为0.085,0.159,0.054,0.043,0.126,0.002,0.086,0.076,0.001和0.081.结论 双生子儿童心理行为问题发生率低于普通儿童;在青少年心理行为发育的影响因素中,环境为主要因素.     

青少年攻击行为和社会支持的相关性研究

  目的  探讨青少年攻击行为与社会支持的相关性及其性别差异，为预防和改善青少年攻击行为提供科学依据。  方法  采用分层随机整群抽样方法，抽取黑龙江、湖北、安徽、广东、云南5省15 623名初中生和高中生为研究对象，采用《青少年心理行为健康状况调查问卷》调查攻击行为、社会支持、生活事件、心理特征、家庭情况以及一般人口学特征等。  结果  青少年高水平攻击行为的检出率为23.5%(3 670/15 623)，男生(24.4%)高于女生(22.5%)，差异有统计学意义(χ2=19.30，P < 0.01)。单因素分析显示，社会支持与青少年攻击行为的相关有统计学意义(χ2=620.68，P < 0.01)；在控制省份、年级、性别、民族、家庭收入、家庭结构、父母教育程度、教育方法、独生子女、生活事件、情绪管理、心理韧性等因素后，青少年攻击行为与社会支持水平的相关有统计学意义(OR=1.27~1.84)，且关联强度存在剂量反应关系(P值均 < 0.05)。攻击行为与社会支持水平的性别差异无统计学意义(ROR=1.02~1.10，P>0.05)。  结论  青少年攻击行为与社会支持显著相关，增加青少年的社会支持水平可能可以减少攻击行为的发生。     

河南省某高校大学生攻击行为影响因素的通径分析

目的 以心理应激理论为模式探讨大学生生活事件、社会支持及相关因素对攻击行为的影响,为正确认识及预防攻击行为提供理论依据.方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取河南省某高校的861名大学生作为研究对象,运用攻击行为问卷、青少年生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表进行调查.结果 不同人格类型、家庭教养方式及宽恕性水平的大学生总攻击行为得分差别有统计学意义(P＜0.0l),生活事件与社会支持均对大学生攻击行为有直接和间接影响.结论 生活事件、社会支持、家庭教养及人格是攻击行为的影响因素.     

家庭因素与儿童青少年攻击行为关系分析

目的针对青少出现的攻击性行为,对行为出现的原因探究,基于家庭因素分析青少年攻击行为因何产生,与家庭因素有着怎样的关系。方法针对某小学,选取200名具有攻击性行为的学生,筛查出100名学生,并邀请学生的家长共同参调查,以评级测试的方法,测试学生和家长的反应,并对其反应行为进行记录。并基于家庭因素探讨攻击产生倾向。结果儿童在面对言语攻击时,产生的分数最高,儿童的产生的攻击性行为,男生产生的攻击倾向明显要大于女生。同时,儿童攻击倾向与年龄也有关系;家庭教育背景因素,也使得儿童攻击行为存在差异。家庭中,父母教育方式也对儿童的攻击行为造成影响,存在差异。结论通过对家长和学生的测试,可以很明显的看出青少年存在的暴力倾向,与家长的言行举止、家庭教育、家长文化素养等都有关系。根据测试记录,有效验证了儿童攻击行为产生因素与家庭的联系,想要减少青少年攻击性行为出现,需要家长为青少年提供温馨的成长环境,保障青少年身心共同发展。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.