两级反应器制备Mg-Al-CO_3 LDHs纳米粉工艺研究

采用一种自制的具有上下两个反应室的两级反应器,将盐溶液MgCl_2·6H_2O、AlCl_3·6H_2O和沉降剂Na_2CO_3、NaOH进行反应来合成了镁铝型层状双氢氧化物(简称Mg-Al-CO_3 LDHs)纳米粉.研究了反应物浓度、搅拌速度、表面活性剂种类对晶体结构、颗粒尺寸、和粒度分布的影响.TEM、XRD、激光粒度分布测试仪的检测结果表明:最佳反应条件下所得产物的形貌为片状,最小平均粒径为30～50 nm,尺寸分布比较均匀且结晶度较高.反应物浓度增加,颗粒尺寸变小且均匀性提高;搅拌速度增加,颗粒尺寸降低且粒度分布变窄.研究表明不同种类表面活性剂对晶体结构影响很大.     

种分槽改进Intermig桨搅拌性能的实验研究

为了研究改进的Intermig桨的搅拌性能,在无挡板的氧化铝种分搅拌槽内,采用PC6D颗粒浓度测量仪对水-玻璃珠液-固体系在不同条件下的颗粒轴向和径向局部浓度进行了测量与分析.结果表明,较高的搅拌转速和体系粘度更有利于固体颗粒的悬浮.粘度μ=3.50×10-3Pa·s、转速n=172 r/min时,实验浓度平均值是理论...     

超声波清洗对石英砂粒度和白度影响的研究

利用超声波仪在不同的条件下对凤阳县不同粒度湿法石英砂进行清洗,结果显示所有石英砂的粒度减小、白度增加,其中粒度和白度改变最大的是80～100目石英砂.在清洗过程中,超声波的频率和功率、草酸浓度、石英砂的粒度、清洗时间、清洗温度、搅拌器转速等参数对石英砂的粒度和白度都会产生影响,其中超声波的频率和草酸浓度对试验结果影响最大.利用扫描电子显微镜对清洗前后石英砂的形貌进行了观察和分析,结果显示清洗后的石英砂表面吸附的杂质颗粒比清洗前明显减少,有裂痕的石英砂颗粒都被粉碎,清洗后的石英砂表面出现了“微坑”,说明超声波清洗对石英砂有粉碎作用,从而使石英砂的粒度和白度发生变化,试验数据显示,在超声波频率(20～40 kHz)和功率(180～300 W)一定的条件下,超声波使石英砂粒度减小1.15％-5.69％,白度增加2.01％～6.98％.     

空化作用改善褐煤水煤浆成浆性的试验研究

介绍了水力空化作用机理,利用水力空化技术对褐煤水煤浆的成浆特性进行了研究;分析了浆体空化前后不同静置条件下粘度、粒度的变化趋势;通过空化试验前后样品分析,对比粘度、粒度测试数据;结果表明,空化后的褐煤成浆性优于常规处理工艺的水煤浆,空化后的粘度测试数值重现性非常好,浆体的流变特性比较稳定,浆体中细粒级煤增加,颗粒分散程度得到改善,保持了良好的悬浮稳定性。     

超临界CO2法制备超细HMX颗粒

考察了预膨胀压力、HMX丙酮溶液初始浓度、取样停留时间及其他因素对制备HMX超细微粒粒度和晶体性质的影响.制备的超细HMX微粒平均粒径在350 nm以下,一部分微粒粒度小于100 nm.结果表明,预膨胀压力对HMX颗粒尺寸的影响较大,压力增加,HMX平均粒度变小,粒度分布变窄;HMX丙酮溶液初始浓度对HMX的粒度和粒度分布有很大影响,初始浓度越小平均粒径就变小,粒度分布变窄.停留时间及喷嘴尺寸对颗粒粒度、粒度分布及其形貌都有不同程度的影响.     

基于连续和脉冲超声波对SiC颗粒粒度表征的对比

为了研究连续和脉冲超声波2种不同激励方式对颗粒粒度表征的影响,设计了2套分别基于连续和脉冲超声波对颗粒粒度表征的实验系统,在相同实验条件下,利用一对水浸式探头构成一发一收的模式,采用变声程法,对4种不同浓度的SiC悬浊液声衰减谱进行测量. 结果表明,2套系统所测的声衰减谱趋势相同,连续波激励下的声衰减谱数值偏大10%左右. 结合反演算法得出了SiC微粉颗粒的粒度分布,发现不同激励方式下的颗粒粒度分布吻合程度较好,偏差均在5%以内,说明不同激励方式对颗粒粒度表征最终结果影响不大.     

竖直圆管内纳米流体自然对流沸腾的临界热通量研究

对大气压下纳米流体在竖直细小圆管内自然对流沸腾特性和临界热通量(CHF)进行了试验研究.工质使用了水和水-氧化铜的纳米流体.试验中加热管长L=200～500 mm,管径d =2.1～5.4 mm和纳米流体浓度=0.1～1.0 %(wt).试验主要研究了不同浓度的纳米流体对CHF的影响.试验结果表明:相对于纯水而言,随着纳米浓度的增加,纳米流体的沸腾特性有所劣化,这主要是因为纳米颗粒在传热面上形成吸附层降低了传热表面的粗糙度,减少了表面活性核化密度,增加了传热面热阻,因此降低了传热能力.随着纳米浓度的增加,纳米流体的临界热通量也随之增加.纳米流体的临界热通量不仅与管长与管径比有关,而且还与纳米浓度有关;氧化铜颗粒质量浓度为1 %(wt)的纳米流体的CHF比纯水的增加了30%以上.     

正丁烷氧化制顺酐流化床催化剂的喷雾成型

对正丁烷氧化制顺酐流化床催化剂的颗粒成型进行了研究,在不同类型的粘合剂和喷雾成型的条件下,实验获得了不同颗粒尺寸和粒度分布的流化床催化剂。利用正交实验设计方法探讨了喷雾操作条件对催化反应活性的影响及其变化规律,同时确定了最佳喷零操作条件。研究发现,催化剂颗粒尺寸在20～200μm,平均粒径在70～80μm左右的催化剂对正丁烷流化床催化反应的效果最好。     

水力旋流器内颗粒运动的几个问题

简要论述了水力旋流器内颗粒运动的几个主要问题,包括固液两相以及颗粒间的相互作用,旋流器内不同区域的颗粒运动特征,颗粒运动与流体运动的联系与区别,流体湍流对颗粒运动的影响,颗粒粒度与浓度在旋流器内的分布等。     

低压条件下纳米流体的沸腾换热特性

在不同低压压力和不同纳米流体浓度下对光滑传热面上的水基纳米流体的池内沸腾特性进行了试验研究.纳米流体由平均直径50 nm的氧化铜粒子加入去离子水中组成,没有加入任何添加剂.研究主要针对7.2 kPa到100kPa的压力区间和0.1%到2%的质量浓度区间内压力和颗粒浓度对光滑表面沸腾换热特性的影响,研究结果表明:压力对纳米流体的沸腾换热特性有强烈影响,沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度(CHF)强化率随着压力的降低而大幅度增加.纳米流体浓度对沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度(CHF)有重要影响,并且在质量浓度约1%附近存在一个最佳颗粒浓度.研究结果显示由与去离子水相比,质量分数为1%,压力为7.2 kPa的纳米流体在光滑表面上的沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度都得到了显著提高.     

Beiträe zur künstlichen bewitterung von PVC

The concentration dependences of particle size of the dispersed phase on rheological properties of the components were investigated by scanning electron microscopy for blends of polypropylene and ethylene-propylene elastomers obtained by melt mixing. At very low concentrations the minority component is dispersed the more finely the lower its viscosity is. With increasing concentration of the dispersed phase the size of its particles in the given matrix increases the more quickly the lower the viscosity of the dispersed phase is. With increasing viscosity of the matrix the particle size of the minority phase decreases at all compositions of the blend. The results obtained were interpreted as a result of dynamic equilibrium between the break up and coalescence of particles in flow. At elastomer concentrations higher than 15% the differences between impact strength values of the blends are determined by the size of inclusions of the elastomeric modifier. Dispersions finer than the optimal one with respect to impact strength can be reached only with the polypropylene matrix possessing high viscosity.     

Particle dimensions in polystyrene/polyethylene blends as a function of their melt viscosity and of the concentration of added graft copolymer

Apparent particle dimensions in blends of low density polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) made by mixing in the molten state have been measured and have been shown to depend on the viscosity of the mixed system. At a certain shearing rate small particles of the dispersed polymer are obtained if the polymer in excess has a high viscosity. At a higher concentration however this effect is counteracted completely if the dispersed phase has a low viscosity and thus lowers the overall viscosity. Coalescence is affected in the same way and the size of the particles increases greatly with increasing concentrations. If a highly viscous polymer is dispersed in a low viscosity polymer matrix relatively large particle sizes will be found at the preset shearing rate mentioned above. With increasing concentration of the highly viscous dispersed phase the particle size decreases due to the increasing viscosity. This effect is counteracted by coalescence leading to a relatively slow increase of particle size with concentration. Addition of surfactants such as graft copolymers based on PS and PE leads to smaller particle sizes as expected.     

声波与喷雾对于飞灰颗粒团聚的影响

为了研究声波团聚的影响因素,以燃煤飞灰细颗粒作为声波团聚的实验对象,使用光学颗粒物粒径谱仪测量颗粒的粒径分布与浓度,主要研究了声波频率与喷雾对声波团聚的影响。结果表明：在声波的作用下,细颗粒浓度显著减少,且声波团聚效果对频率较为敏感;无论在高声压还是低声压级下,1400Hz的频率下能获得最佳的团聚效果;在加入喷雾后,颗粒物浓度显著减小,且随着喷雾量增大,颗粒物浓度越小;分析了喷雾增强团聚效果的机理：在加入喷雾后,细颗粒间的相对运动增强;同时喷雾颗粒增大了颗粒浓度,增大了细颗粒碰撞概率;此外,喷雾改变燃煤飞灰细颗粒的表面特性,使颗粒的表面黏性增大,有助于团聚体形成。     

Modulus evaluation of particulate composites using generalized viscosity model for solutions with suspended particles

The theoretical relationship between the shear modulus of a particulate reinforced composite and the viscosity of a solution with suspended particles was first proposed by Goodier. Since that time several partially successful attempts have been made in the literature to derive equations to describe the available relative shear modulus–particulate concentration data. Recently a new generalized suspension viscosity equation appeared in the literature which for the first time addresses the detailed effects of particle size, particle size distribution, and packing fraction. This new viscosity equation was applied to available modulus literature on particulate composites in this study. Four significant particulate composite modulus derivations in the literature were all shown in this study to yield the same theoretical “intrinsic modulus” of a particulate composite. The generalized viscosity–modulus equation yielded an excellent fit of the shear modulus–particulate concentration data of both Smallwood and Nielsen using a variable intrinsic modulus. Some fillers predicted the Einstein limiting value of the intrinsic modulus while other fillers yielded intrinsic modulus values that were either larger or smaller than this value. The intrinsic modulus for carbon black in rubber was much larger than Einstein's predicted value. However, intrinsic modulus values smaller than Einstein's prediction were obtained at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the matrix. Unfortunately, the previously obtained direct relationship between the particle interaction coefficient and particulate size for suspension viscosities with a constant intrinsic viscosity was not obtaind for shear modulus—particulate concentration data using a variable intrinsic modulus. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

PREDICTION OF A GAS-PARTICLE TURBULENT JET WITH THE FLUCTUATION-SPECTRUM-RANDOM-TRAJECTORY MODEL

A numerical treatment for determining the particle velocity and the trajectories in a two-phase flow is described herein and this new fluctuation-spectrum-random-trajectory (FSRT) model is proposed to account for the turbulent diffusion of particles. It is predicted for the flow of a turbulent axisymmetric gaseous jet laden with spherical solid particles of nonuniform size. The particle velocity and the concentration field are obtained by the revised volume average method. The predictions are compared with experiment.     

Synthesis of high solid content waterborne polyurethanes with controllable bimodal particle size distribution

A series of waterborne polyurethane dispersions were synthesized by one‐pot reaction and step‐wise reaction, respectively. The effects of synthetic methods and DMPA content on the particle size distribution (PSD), solid contents and viscosity were studied by laser particle size analyzer, Brookfield viscometer and TEM analysis. High solid content and low viscosity waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) with controllable bimodal PSD were prepared by one‐pot reaction using 2,2‐dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) as the only self‐emulsifier. Meanwhile, 40% solid content WPUs with unimodal PSD were obtained by step‐wise reaction at the same formula. With the increment of DMPA content, the ratio of large particles to small particles decreased and two peaks of the particle size finally became one peak by one‐pot reaction while the PSD remained unimodal by step‐wise reaction. The reason leading to the difference of PSD between one‐pot reaction and step‐wise reaction was analyzed and the relationships among PSD, viscosity and solid content were discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40420.     

Low-temperature synthesis of redispersible iron oxide nanoparticles under atmospheric pressure and ultradense reagent concentration

Highly dispersed α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles ca. 3 to 8 nm in diameter were prepared at atmospheric pressure, low temperature, and at an ultradense reagent concentration by titrating an aqueous ammonia solution into a dense iron oleate/toluene mixture. A transparent suspension was obtained by redispersing the prepared particles in nonpolar solvents since they were redispersible to primary particles without aggregate formations. The prepared particles were characterized by TEM, XRD, and FT-IR, and their dispersion stability in organic solvents was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and viscosity measurements. In order to analyze the formation process of the highly dispersed α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles, time-course measurements of DLS and viscosity during the nanoparticle synthesis in toluene were carried out. A significant increase in the suspension viscosity and the formation of an aggregated structure were observed as soon as the titration of the aqueous ammonia solution. The suspension viscosity and aggregated particle size gradually reduced with continuous vigorous stirring; finally, α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles that were completely redispersible in nonpolar solvents were obtained after ca. 24 h. The particle size could be controlled by the synthesis temperature, and such redispersible α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles were obtained even when the reagent concentration was increased to 2.8 mol/L.     

Quantitative characterization of dispersed particle size,size distribution,and matrix ligament thickness in polypropylene blended with metallocene ethylene–octene copolymers

The average rubber particle size, size distribution, and matrix ligament thickness between particles in polypropylene blends containing metallocene catalyzed ethylene–octene copolymers have been quantitatively analyzed, as functions of blend composition and phase viscosity ratio. Comparison has been made between experimental data and those predicted from a number of theoretical models. All blends showed two‐phase morphology, with interestingly a bimodal distribution of the rubber particle size. The ranges and averages of rubber particle size were mainly determined by blend composition and viscosity ratio between the phases, irrespective of comonomer content along the rubber chains. The logarithmic relationship between the matrix ligament thickness and rubber concentration was observed. The values of ligament thickness obtained from the experiments and theoretical models were not in agreement. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2140–2149, 2001     

粒度级配对神华煤成浆特性影响的试验研究

为了研究粒度级配对神华煤成浆特性的影响,通过筛分和干法调浆,探讨了不同粒度分布煤粉的成浆性,结果表明:在添加剂用量为0.3%(干基/干煤)时,具有连续级配特征的原始煤粉可制备出质量分数为61%的煤浆;利用筛分法,分别去除原始煤粉中0.045 mm以下、0.045 mm^0.15 mm、0.15 mm^0.3 mm和0.045 mm^0.3 mm部分,得到4种具有不连续级配特征的样品,其所制煤浆流变性发生了较大变化,其中去除0.045 mm^0.3 mm部分的样品的成浆质量分数提高了3个百分点,在黏度符合要求的前提下流动性大幅提高;连续级配和非连续级配的煤浆均存在黏度与流动性不统一的现象,当级配中粗细颗粒粒径差较大且细颗粒含量达到一定值时,这种现象更加明显。采用粒度级配技术制浆,其细颗粒含量存在一个合理的区间。     

Influence of a few important parameters on the rheological behaviour of silicon carbide nanoparticles dispersed aqueous suspension

In this study, investigations have been carried out on the effect of a few important parameters such as molecular weight and concentration of dispersant (polyethyleneimine) as well as that of pH on the rheological behaviour of aqueous suspension comprising silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles. In addition to this, the effect of particle size and addition of finer SiC particles on the rheological behaviour of SiC suspension have been examined. It is observed that viscosity of suspension increases with the increase in molecular weight of dispersant and decreases as the concentration of dispersant increases. Further, it is noticed that viscosity of the suspension progressively increases below the pH ≈?7.6 and above the pH ≈?9.3, indicating that minimum viscosity i.e. maximum stabilization of suspension is obtained within the pH range of ≈ 7.6–9.3. It has been observed that variation of SiC particle size from submicrometer to nanometer range and addition of nanometric SiC powder in SiC suspension containing coarser particles increase the viscosity significantly.