腺苷诱导人食管癌EC109细胞凋亡及其内质网分子机制

目的探讨内质网应激途径在腺苷诱导食管癌EC109细胞凋亡中的作用。方法腺苷2 mmol.L-1作用于EC109细胞24～72 h或腺苷0.5～4 mmol.L-1作用于EC109细胞36 h,MTT法观察腺苷对EC109细胞存活率的时效和量效关系;免疫荧光法检测葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78),胱天蛋白酶4,胱天蛋白酶3,转录因子CHOP和核因子κB(NF-κB)的表达及亚细胞定位;原位末端转移酶标记技术检测细胞凋亡;Western蛋白印迹法检测内质网应激相关蛋白表达。结果腺苷对EC109细胞生长具有明显的抑制作用。腺苷2 mmol.L-1与EC109细胞作用24,36,48和72 h,细胞存活率分别为(57.7±15.0)%,(56.5±11.1)%,(43.8±5.7)%和(28.8±4.1)%,呈时间依赖性下降(r=0.9192,P<0.01);腺苷0.5,1,2和4 mmol.L-1与EC109细胞作用36 h,随药物浓度增加,细胞存活率依次为(83.1±11.2)%,(67.9±6.7)%,(55.3±5.0)%和(45.4±5.4)%,呈浓度依赖性降低(r=0.8252,P<0.01)。腺苷0.5～4mmol.L-1与EC109细胞作用36 h,细胞凋亡率分别为(15.5±1.1)%,(28.2±0.8)%,(40.1±2.2)%和(50.6±1.3)%,与对照组(2.1±0.3)%相比均明显增加(P<0.05)。腺苷2 mmol.L-1与EC109细胞作用36 h,与正常对照组相比,GRP78、胱天蛋白酶4、胱天蛋白酶3和CHOP表达明显增强(P<0.05,P<0.01),胱天蛋白酶4,胱天蛋白酶3和CHOP发生核易位。GRP78、胱天蛋白酶4、胱天蛋白酶3、CHOP和NF-κB表达呈浓度依赖性增加(rGRP78=0.9471,r胱天蛋白酶4=0.8977,r胱天蛋白酶3=0.968,rCHOP=0.9762,rNF-κB=0.9471,P<0.05)。结论腺苷可诱导人食管癌EC109细胞凋亡,其分子机制可能与内质网应激凋亡途径的启动有关。     

内质网应激在纳米材料毒性效应中的作用研究进展

活性氧生成和氧化应激是纳米材料引发细胞毒性的主要作用机制之一。内质网作为细胞内蛋白质合成、加工以及钙储存的重要场所,对细胞应激十分敏感并参与氧化应激诱导的细胞损伤。氧化应激、钙稳态失衡等可诱导内质网应激(ERS),激活未折叠蛋白反应,从而促进细胞内稳态的恢复。但持续或严重的ERS可触发细胞凋亡信号通路,导致细胞死亡。已有研究表明,ERS是纳米材料毒性效应的早期、敏感指标。这一发现为纳米材料毒作用机制研究提供了新角度。此外,纳米材料诱导ERS的水平与颗粒理化性质、作用模式、细胞类型等有关。本文对ERS在纳米材料毒性效应中的作用及其机制进行简要综述。     

腺苷通过内质网应激途径诱导HepG2细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨腺苷(ADO)诱导人类肝癌HepG2细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法将不同浓度的ADO(0～6mmol.L-1)作用于HepG2细胞36h,采用MTT法测定ADO抑制细胞增殖效应。将HepG2细胞暴露于不同浓度的ADO(0～4mmol.L-1)作用36h或2mmol.L-1ADO作用不同时间(0～48h),观察细胞核的形态学改变;观察2mmol.L-1ADO处理12h和24h后细胞周期的变化;观察2mmol.L-1ADO作用前后Caspase-3和CHOP的亚细胞定位的变化;用West-ernblot检测不同浓度ADO作用后HepG2细胞Caspase-3,Caspase-4,CHOP,JNK的蛋白表达变化。结果ADO对HepG2细胞生长有明显的抑制作用,不同浓度ADO(0.5,1,2,4,6mmol.L-1)处理HepG2细胞36h后,与对照组相比,相对细胞存活数分别下降13.48%±0.12%,27.92%±0.25%,35.21%±0.42%,51.46%±0.24%,71.42%±0.58%,呈现剂量依赖性;不同浓度ADO作用36h或2mmol.L-1ADO作用不同时间(0～48h)后,随着ADO浓度的增加或作用时间的延长,HepG2细胞核发生典型核固缩、核碎裂、核分解等凋亡形态学改变;2mmol.L-1ADO作用12h或24h后,细胞周期分析出现亚二倍体峰,提示细胞发生凋亡,对照组、ADD处理12h及24h组细胞凋亡率分别为1.55%±0.12%、10.96%±0.07%和21.04%±0.26%;2mmol.L-1ADO诱导Caspase-3和CHOP表达增加,并从胞质易位进入胞核内;随着ADO浓度的升高,Caspase-4,Caspase-3,CHOP的表达均升高,均呈现剂量依赖性;而JNK的表达则没有变化。结论腺苷诱导HepG2细胞凋亡与内质网应激途径有关。     

大黄素抗肝纤维化的细胞学研究

目的 研究大黄素对大鼠肝星状细胞(HSC)T6增殖和细胞外基质合成的影响.方法 应州肝星状细胞株HSC-T6,观察各组细胞在不同浓度大黄素干预后在增殖程度和细胞周期等的变化.通过测定培养液上清中透明质酸(HA)和层黏蛋白(LN)的含量,采用3H-脯氨酸掺入法研究大黄素对HSC胶原合成的影响.结果 5～15 mg/L浓度大黄素能够抑制HSC-T6细胞的增殖.显著降低HA的表达以及胶原合成,这种效应具有浓度依赖性.流式细胞仪检测发现,大黄素能够对细胞的细胞周期产生浓度依赖性阻滞作用,G0/G1期细胞比例则逐渐上升.结论 大黄素在体外对于大鼠肝星状细胞HSC-T6的增殖和细胞外基质合成均具有明显的抑制作用,可能是其抗肝纤维化的机制之一.     

抑制MEK对内质网应激诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡的增敏作用

目的探讨抑制MEK/ERK信号通路对人乳腺癌细胞内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)应激途径细胞凋亡的影响,以期为乳腺癌化疗提供新的靶点。方法不同浓度(0、1.5、3、6、9、12μmol.L-1)衣霉素(tunicamycin,TM)处理乳腺癌细胞SK-BR-3,48h后溴化丙啶(propidium iodide,PI)染色检测细胞凋亡率;TM(3μmol.L-1)处理SK-BR-3细胞不同时间(0、6、12、24、36h),Western blot检测葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose-regulated protein78,GRP78)、ERK1/2、pERK1/2的表达;MEK抑制剂U0126(20μmol.L-1)预处理1h后再给予TM(3μmol.L-1)同上处理,检测上述指标,比较U0126作用前后上述指标的变化。结果SK-BR-3细胞对TM诱导的细胞凋亡率<20%,且TM上调GRP78的表达;TM没有诱导ERK1/2的进一步激活;U0126明显增加TM诱导的细胞凋亡率(78%),同时下调GRP78的表达和阻断TM对GRP78的上调作用。结论MEK/ERK信号通路的抑制增强人乳腺癌细胞SK-BR-3对ER应激途径细胞凋亡的敏感性,抑制非折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)的诱导。     

活性氧与内质网应激

内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)是细胞加工蛋白质和贮存Ca2+的主要场所,对应激极为敏感,其功能紊乱时出现错误折叠与未折叠蛋白在腔内聚集以及Ca2+平衡紊乱的状态,称为内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)。活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)作为第二信使,在细胞生物学功能的调节中起着重要作用。细胞内氧化还原状态的改变促进了ROS的产生和凋亡诱导因子的激活,致使细胞凋亡的同时又加剧了细胞内氧化还原状态的改变。研究发现细胞内氧化还原水平的改变在ERS介导的细胞凋亡过程中承担重要的角色,推测ROS可能是ERS介导的凋亡通路的上游信号分子,该文就ROS与ERS之间的关系作一综述。     

内质网应激在脑缺血复灌中的作用研究

目的内质网是细胞内重要的细胞器,脑缺血过程中伴随着内质网应激,然而其在脑缺血复灌过程中的作用尚不明确。方法本实验采用小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型和大鼠皮质原代神经元氧糖剥夺(OGD)模型,以tunicamy-cin(TM)和thapsigargin(TG)作为内质网应激的激动剂,4-PBA Salt和Salubrinal作为内质网应激抑制剂。MCAO 1 h血流复灌时侧脑室给予不同剂量的TM(3μg,6μg)和TG(0.02μg,0.06μg),对照组注射相同体积人工脑脊液,24 h后分别以TTC染色方法和18氟-脱氧葡萄糖microPET影像学技术检测小鼠脑梗死体积及代谢功能,记录神经行为学症状并评分。在体外培养8 d的大鼠皮质神经元OGD模型中,对神经元OGD 2 h,于复糖复氧时孵育各浓度TM(0.04～1 ng.L-1),TG(0.08～2 nmol·L-1)和4-PBA Salt(6～150 nmol·L-1),Salubrinal(0.2～5 nmol·L-1),复灌24 h后以TUNEL和MTT方法分别检测细胞凋亡和细胞活力。结果与MCAO手术对照组相比,TG,TM可剂量依赖地减少脑梗死体积,缓解脑缺血引起的葡萄糖代谢降低并改善神经行为学症状。神经元OGD复灌模型中,TM(0.2～1 ng.L-1)和TG(0.08～2 nmol·L-1)均可浓度依赖地减少OGD引起的细胞凋亡,而4-PBA Salt(6～150 nmol·L-1)和Salubrinal(1 nmol·L-1)均可显著提高OGD引起的细胞凋亡数及细胞活力降低。结论在脑缺血复灌过程中,内质网应激可能发挥了重要的神经保护作用。     

细胞凋亡与内质网应激机制

内质网应激介导的细胞凋亡是一种新的凋亡途径,不同于死亡受体信号途径和线粒体途径.短期的内质网应激有保护细胞的作用,但是长期的内质网应激将激活一些凋亡信号分子如CHOP、JNK、Caspase,而诱导细胞凋亡.     

黄芪甲苷抑制内质网应激及CHOP信号通道改善衣霉素诱导的系膜细胞凋亡

目的 观察黄芪甲苷对衣霉素诱导的系膜细胞凋亡、内质网应激标志蛋白和CHOP信号通路表达的影响,从系膜细胞凋亡角度探讨黄芪甲苷治疗早期糖尿病肾病的可能机制.方法 采用衣霉素诱导大鼠系膜细胞产生内质网应激,分为模型对照组、黄芪甲苷小剂量组(AS-IVL,50 μg·mL-1)、黄芪甲苷大剂量组(AS-IVH,100 μg·...     

内质网应激与心房颤动研究进展

心房颤动（AF）是临床常见的持续性心律失常,是卒中和心力衰竭的独立危险因素,然而其具体发病机制尚不完全清楚。内质网是调控蛋白质合成、细胞内Ca2+浓度、氧化应激水平、诱导细胞凋亡信号通路的主要细胞器,在心律失常发生和发展中的作用日益受到重视。多种致病因素可导致内质网应激（ERS）,其主要通过未折叠蛋白反应（UPR）来恢复内质网稳态。ERS的过度激活可导致心房肌细胞Ca2+超载、氧化应激失衡和细胞凋亡,在AF的发病机制中发挥重要作用。本文对ERS和AF研究进展进行了综述。     

The ER function BiP is a master regulator of ER function

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a command center of the cell that is second only to the nucleus in terms of the breadth of its influence on other organelles and activities. It is a major site of protein synthesis, contains the cellular calcium stores that are an essential component of many signaling pathways, and is the proximal site of a signal transduction cascade that responds to cellular stress conditions and serves to maintain homeostasis of the cell. All eucaryotic cells possess an ER, which can comprise nearly 50% of the membranes of a cell. Its functions can be divided into those that occur on the cytosolic side of the membrane (where protein translation and signal transduction cascades occur) and the luminal space (where most other ER functions take place). Our studies during the past several years have revealed that the ER molecular chaperone BiP is a master regulator of ER function. It is responsible for maintaining the permeability barrier of the ER during protein translocation, directing protein folding and assembly, targeting misfolded proteins for retrograde translocation so they can be degraded by the proteasome, contributing to ER calcium stores, and sensing conditions of stress in this organelle, to activate the mammalian unfolded protein response.     

内质网应激与神经元退行性变

内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)是蛋白质修饰、折叠和钙贮存的场所。ER内未折叠或错折叠蛋白积聚和钙平衡失调均可导致ER应激。早期的ER应激或未折叠蛋白反应,是一种自身代偿过程,对细胞起到保护作用,而长期、严重的ER应激则会诱导细胞凋亡及死亡。研究发现,ER应激在许多神经退行性疾病的病理机制中起重要作用。然而,确切的机制目前仍不清楚。该文就ER应激在神经元退行性变中的作用作一综述。     

The novel ER stress inducer Sec C triggers apoptosis by sulfating ER cysteine residues and degrading YAP via ER stress in pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is one of the most lethal malignancies. Although gemcitabine (GEM) is a standard treatment for PAAD, resistance limits its application and therapy. Secoemestrin C (Sec C) is a natural compound from the endophytic fungus Emericella, and its anticancer activity has not been investigated since it was isolated. Our research is the first to indicate that Sec C is a broad-spectrum anticancer agent and could exhibit potently similar anticancer activity both in GEM-resistant and GEM-sensitive PAAD cells. Interestingly, Sec C exerted a rapid growth-inhibiting effect (80% death at 6 h), which might be beneficial for patients who need rapid tumor shrinkage before surgery. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) reverse assays show that Sec C sulfates cysteines to disrupt disulfide-bonds formation in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins to cause protein misfolding, leading to ER stress and disorder of lipid biosynthesis. Microarray data and subsequent assays show that ER stress-mediated ER-associated degradation (ERAD) ubiquitinates and downregulates YAP to enhance ER stress via destruction complex (YAP–Axin–GSK–βTrCP), which also elucidates a unique degrading style for YAP. Potent anticancer activity in GEM-resistant cells and low toxicity make Sec C a promising anti-PAAD candidate.     

ER stress‐induced autophagy in melanoma

The activation of RAF‐MEK–extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascade by v‐raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF)^V600E mutation is a key alteration in melanoma. Although BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) has achieved remarkable clinical success, the positive response to BRAFi is not sustainable, and the initial clinical benefit is eventually barred by the development of resistance to BRAFi. There is growing evidence to suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐induced autophagy could be a potential pro‐survival mechanism that contributes to genesis of melanoma and to the resistance to BRAFi. ER stress‐induced autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved membrane process. By degrading and recycling proteins and organelles via the formation of autophagous vesicles and their fusion with lysosomes, the autophagy plays a key role in homeostasis as well as pathological processes. In this review, we examine the autophagy phenomenon in melanocytic nevus, primary and metastatic melanoma, and its significance in BRAFi‐resistant melanoma.     

Targeting ASK1 in ER stress-related neurodegenerative diseases

The accumulation of malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces ER stress, leading to the disturbance of ER function. To restore ER function and ER homeostasis, cells possess a highly specific ER quality control system termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), which increases the capacity of protein folding and reduces the amount of malfolded proteins. In case of prolonged ER stress or malfunction of the UPR, apoptosis signaling is activated. ER stress-induced apoptosis has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of various conformational diseases. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a member of the MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K) family, is activated by ER stress and mediates apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that the ASK1 pathway is involved in ER stress-induced neuronal cell death and contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of the UPR and ER stress-induced apoptosis and the possible roles of ASK1 activation in neurodegenerative diseases.