INVESTIGATION OF INSTABILITY OF OXIDATION OF H2 AND NH3 + H2 PLATINUM

Abstract

Kinetics of oxidation reactions of H₂; and mixture H₂ + NH₃ on Pt has been studied at atmospheric pressure using a compensative electrothermography method. Existence of multiple steady states of catalyst activity and of isothermal critical phenomena is demonstrated for the system H₂ + O₂. Regions of reaction occurence are singled out and studied. Relaxation autooscillations of activity are detected. The phenomena observed are interpreted in terms of the hypothesis of branching-chain surface process. The study of critical phenomena in the mixture H₂ + NH₃; points to a common nature of active centres at oxidation of H₂ and NH₃ on Pt. A possible explanation of physical nature of active centres (a.c.) in the branching-chain surface process is proposed; the hypothesis suggests that a.c. are represented by catalyst adatoms.     

Carbon oxidation with platinum supported catalysts

The effect of the support oxide, Pt precursor and reactant gas composition on the catalysis of soot oxidation was investigated using carbon black as a model soot and simulated exhaust gases. The Pt precursors used were Pt(NH₃)₄(OH)₂, H₂PtCl₆·6H₂O, Pt(NH₃)₄(NO₃)₂, and Pt(NH₃)₄Cl₂. The support metal oxides used were SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and ZrO₂. Pt/SiO₂ prepared from Pt(NH₃)₄(OH)₂ showed the highest carbon oxidation activity. It had much higher activity in the condition of N₂+O₂+H₂O+NO+SO₂ than without NO and SO₂.     

Inhibition effect of H2O on V2O5/AC catalyst for catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 at low temperature

The inhibition effect of H₂O on V₂O₅/AC catalyst for NO reduction with NH₃ is studied at temperatures up to 250 °C through TPD, elemental analyses, temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) and FT-IR analyses. The results show that H₂O does not reduce NO and NH₃ adsorption on V₂O₅/AC catalyst surface, but promotes NH₃ adsorption due to increases in Brønsted acid sites. Many kinds of NH₃ forms present on the catalyst surface, but only NH₄⁺ on Brønsted acid sites and a small portion of NH₃ on Lewis acid sites are reactive with NO at 250 °C or below, and most of the NH₃ on Lewis acid sites does not react with NO, regardless the presence of H₂O in the feed gas. H₂O inhibits the SCR reaction between the NH₃ on the Lewis acid sites and NO, and the inhibition effect increases with increasing H₂O content. The inhibition effect is reversible and H₂O does not poison the V₂O₅/AC catalyst.     

Potential rare-earth modified CeO2 catalysts for soot oxidation part II: Characterisation and catalytic activity with NO + O2

Ceria (CeO₂) and rare-earth modified ceria (CeReO_x with Re = La³⁺, Pr^3+/4+, Sm³⁺, Y³⁺) supports and Pt impregnated supports are studied for the soot oxidation under a loose contact with the catalyst with the feed gas, containing NO + O₂. The catalysts are characterised by XRD, H₂-TPR, DRIFT and Raman spectroscopy. Among the single component oxides, CeO₂ is significantly more active compared with the other lanthanide oxides used in this study. Doping CeO₂ with Pr^3+/4+ and La³⁺ improved, however, the soot oxidation activity of the resulting solid solutions. This improvement is correlated with the surface area in the case of CeLaO_x and to the surface area and redox properties of CePrO_x catalyst. The NO conversion to NO₂ over these catalysts is responsible for the soot oxidation activity. If the activity per unit surface area is compared CePrO_x is the most active one. This indicates that though La³⁺ can stabilise the surface area of the catalyst in fact it decreases the soot oxidation activity of Ce⁴⁺. The lattice oxygen participates in NO conversion to NO₂ and the rate of this lattice oxygen transfer is much faster on CePrO_x. In general, the improvement of the soot oxidation is observed over the Pt impregnated CeO₂ and CeReO_x catalysts, and can be correlated to the presence of Pt°. The surface reduction of the supports in the presence of Pt occurred below 100 °C. The surface redox properties of the support in the Pt catalysts do not have a significant role in the NO to NO₂ conversion. In spite of the lower surface area, the Pt/CeYO_x and Pt/CeO₂ catalysts are found to be more active due to larger Pt crystal sizes. The presence of Pt also improved the CO conversion to CO₂ over these catalysts. The activation energy for the soot oxidation with NO + O₂ is found to be around 50 kJ/mol.     

SIMULTANEOUS REACTIONS OF CO, NO, O2 AND NH3 ON Pt/γA12O3 CATALYST IN A TUBULAR REACTOR

A reliable method to continuously monitor NH₃ in a gas stream containing CO—NO—O₂ and H₂O has been developed. The method is based on a quantitative oxidation of NH₃ to NO on a Pt catalyst. The extent of this reaction is affected by temperature, excess oxygen present, and space-velocity. There is a significant effect of inlet O₂ concentration on extent of various reactions in the CO—NO—O₂—H₂O system on a Pt/γAl₂O₃ catalyst. At fixed space-velocity and catalyst temperature, and for fixed reactor inlet concentrations of CO and NO. there is negligible CO—NO reaction either in the absence of oxygen or in the presence of excess oxygen. However, short of the stoichiometric amount of O₂ required for CO oxidation, there is appreciable CO—NO (and possibly also CO—NO—H₂O) reaction whose extent increases with increasing oxygen concentration. This increase is especially dramatic in a narrow window of O₂: concentrations near the stoichiometric point. Interestingly enough, near the stoichiometric point, self-sustained isothermal oscillations in the outlet CO and NO concentrations are also observed (Subramaniam and Varma. submitted for publication)     

柴油车DOC催化剂Pt/CeZrO2载体的制备及影响

分别用氢氧化钠（NaOH）、草酸（H₂C₂O₄）和碳酸钠（Na₂CO₃）为沉淀剂制备CeZrO₂固溶体,并以此为载体制备了Pt/CeZrO₂柴油车DOC催化剂,通过XRD、BET、H₂-TPR和催化氧化反应等手段对催化剂物理化学特性进行研究。结果发现,以NaOH作为沉淀剂制备的CeZrO₂固溶体比表面积大（68.8 m²·g^-1）、氧活动性强[表面氧耗氢量达1143 μmol·（g cat（^-1],同时贵金属Pt在其表面高度分散,因此制得的Pt/CeZrO₂柴油车DOC催化剂催化效果好,特别是催化氧化碳氢化合物（C₃H₆）,T₉₀比H₂C₂O₄和Na₂CO₃为沉淀剂制备的Pt/CeZrO₂催化剂降低了将近40℃。另外载体制备方式对催化剂抗硫性影响也十分显著。故选择一种合适的载体沉淀剂可使制得的DOC催化剂具备良好的活性及抗硫性。     

Influence of CO2 and H2O on NOx storage and reduction on a Pt–Ba/γ-Al2O3 catalyst

In this paper, the effect of CO₂ and H₂O on NO_x storage and reduction over a Pt–Ba/γ-Al₂O₃ (1 wt.% Pt and 30 wt.% Ba) catalyst is shown. The experimental results reveal that in the presence of CO₂ and H₂O, NO_x is stored on BaCO₃ sites only. Moreover, H₂O inhibits the NO oxidation capability of the catalyst and no NO₂ formation is observed. Only 16% of the total barium is utilized in NO storage. The rich phase shows 95% selectivity towards N₂ as well as complete regeneration of stored NO. In the presence of CO₂, NO is oxidized into NO₂ and more NO_x is stored as in the presence of H₂O, resulting in 30% barium utilization. Bulk barium sites are inactive in NO_x trapping in the presence of CO₂·NH₃ formation is seen in the rich phase and the selectivity towards N₂ is 83%. Ba(NO₃)₂ is always completely regenerated during the subsequent rich phase. In the absence of CO₂ and H₂O, both surface and bulk barium sites are active in NO_x storage. As lean/rich cycling proceeds, the selectivity towards N₂ in the rich phase decreases from 82% to 47% and the N balance for successive lean/rich cycles shows incomplete regeneration of the catalyst. This incomplete regeneration along with a 40% decrease in the Pt dispersion and BET surface area, explains the observed decrease in NO_x storage.     

钇掺杂三氧化二铁催化剂的脱硝性能研究

为提升三氧化二铁（Fe₂O₃）催化剂的脱硝性能,扩展催化剂的活性温度窗口,采用共沉淀法引入助剂钇（Y）元素对Fe₂O₃催化剂进行改性。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、氮气等温吸-脱附（N₂-BET）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）等表征方法对样品进行了表征分析。XRD和N₂-BET结果表明,Y的掺杂使催化剂结构发生变化,比表面积增加、孔径减小。XPS和NH₃-TPD结果证明,Y掺杂Fe₂O₃具有更多的表面吸附氧（O_Ⅰ）、Fe²⁺以及更多的酸量。H₂-TPR结果表明,Y的掺杂使催化剂的氧化还原能力略有下降。测试了不同含量Y掺杂的Fe₂O₃催化剂在150~400 ℃的脱硝性能,其中Fe₉Y₁O _x 催化剂的脱硝活性最佳,在300 ℃达到81.8%。     

On the mechanism of model diesel soot-O2 reaction catalysed by Pt-containing La-doped CeO2: A TAP study with isotopic O2

Pt supported on CeO₂ and 10 wt.% La³⁺-doped CeO₂ catalysts have been prepared, characterised and tested for soot oxidation by O₂ in TGA. The reaction mechanism has been studied in a TAP reactor with labelled O₂. Isotopic oxygen exchange between molecular O₂ and ‘O’ on the support/catalyst was observed and soot oxidation is being carried out by lattice oxygen. TAP studies further show that Pt improves O₂ adsorption and, therefore, 5 wt.% Pt-containing catalysts are more active for soot oxidation than the counterpart supports. In addition, CeO₂ doping by La³⁺ leads to an improved support, since La³⁺ stabilises the structure of CeO₂ when calcined at high temperature (1000 °C) and minimises sintering. In addition, La³⁺ improves the Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ reduction as deduced from H₂-TPR experiments and favours oxygen mobility into the lattice. A synergetic effect of Pt and La³⁺ is observed, Pt-containing La³⁺-doped CeO₂ being the most active catalyst for soot oxidation by O₂ among the samples studied.     

CeO2改性再生SCR催化剂的单质汞氧化特性

对国内某1000MW燃煤发电机组失活选择性催化还原（SCR）催化剂进行CeO₂改性再生。对再生前后样品进行N₂吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对比表征分析。在自制固定床反应系统上对CeO₂改性再生催化剂（CeReCat）进行Hg⁰氧化性能测试,同时研究了SO₂、H₂O、NO和NH₃对Hg⁰氧化性能的影响。结果表明,CeO₂改性再生方法可有效清洗失活SCR催化剂表面杂质,恢复催化剂表面活性位点和孔隙结构,可使Ce、V两种活性元素得到有效负载。CeO₂改性后的样品Hg⁰氧化性能显著提升,3.0 CeReCat具有最佳Hg⁰的氧化效率。此外,烟气中加入600μL/L SO₂后,3.0 CeReCat仍具有高达74.4%的Hg⁰氧化效率,抗SO₂性能较好。烟气中的NO可轻微促进Hg⁰的氧化。由于竞争吸附作用,烟气中的H₂O和NH₃会抑制Hg⁰的氧化。CeO₂改性再生催化剂置于SCR系统下层时,由于烟气NH₃浓度较低而具有较高Hg⁰氧化效率,具有良好的应用前景。     

The CO–H2 and CO–H2O reactions over TiO2 nanotubes filled with Pt metal nanoparticles

We have investigated the catalytic behavior of Pt encapsulated TiO₂ nanotubes for the water gas shift reaction as well as the hydrogenation of CO. Pt–TiO₂ nanotube catalysts were prepared by employing fine fiber shaped crystals of [Pt(NH₃)₄](HCO₃)₂ complex as a structure determining template material. The turnover frequencies (TOF) of these nanotube catalysts were more than one order of magnitude larger than conventional impregnation Pt/TiO₂ catalysts, and the selectivity for methanol in CO–H₂ reaction was extraordinary high compared to the impregnation catalysts. The XPS and XRD analyses of the nanotubes revealed characteristic electronic state of reduced TiO₂ (Ti³⁺ in rutile structure) with zerovalent Pt even after the calcination at 773 K. In WGS reaction, electron rich Ti³⁺ on the nanotube wall may play an important role to activate water molecules for the oxidation of CO. In CO–H₂ reaction, similar promotion effect of Ti³⁺ species may be operating for selective methanol formation by supplying active OH(a).     

Pd–Pt/Al2O3 bimetallic catalysts for the advanced oxidation of reactive dye solutions

The Pd–Pt/Al₂O₃ bimetallic catalysts showed high activities toward the wet oxidation of the reactive dyes in the presence of 1% H₂ together with excess oxygen. Palladium was believed to act as a co-catalyst to spillover the adsorbed H₂ onto the surface of the oxidized Pt surface, and thereby the reducibility of the Pt increased greatly. The organic dye molecule adsorbed on the reduced Pt surface more easily than the oxidized Pt surface under the competition with excess oxygen, which is an essential step for the catalytic wet oxidation (CWO). The Pd–Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts also produced H₂O₂ from H₂/O₂ mixture, and the hydroxyl radical was formed through the subsequent decomposition of H₂O₂. Additional oxidation of the reactive dyes was obtained with hydroxyl radical. The high activities of the Pd–Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts were believed to be due to the combined effects of the faster redox cycle resulting from the increased reducibility of Pt surface and the additional oxidation of the reactive dyes with hydroxyl radical.     

MnOx对Pt/CeZrO2催化剂在水汽和CO2环境下CO氧化的影响

以CeZrO₂固溶体为载体,发现MnO_x的添加能促进Pt/CeZrO₂催化剂的CO氧化性能,并研究了MnO_x含量对催化剂CO氧化活性及抗H₂O和CO₂性能的影响。结果表明,随着MnO_x含量增加,催化剂活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在MnO_x含量为0.5%（质量分数）时活性最佳。MnO_x的添加降低了Pt颗粒尺寸并影响催化剂还原性能从而促进反应活性。水汽和CO₂对Pt/CeZrO₂催化剂的CO氧化活性有抑制作用,而MnO_x的加入能显著提高催化剂的抗水汽和CO₂的能力。反应动力学结果表明,在Pt/CeZrO₂催化剂上,反应气中引入H₂O和CO₂后,CO的反应级数有明显升高,说明H₂O和CO₂在催化剂表面与CO竞争吸附,导致CO反应活性下降;而在Pt/MnO_x/CeZrO₂催化剂上,CO的反应级数略有升高,说明MnO_x的添加能有效抑制H₂O和CO₂与CO的竞争吸附,从而改善了催化剂的抗H₂O和CO₂性能。     

MnOx/WO3/TiO2低温选择性催化还原NOx机理的原位红外研究

浸渍法制备15% MnO_x/5% WO₃/TiO₂低温脱硝催化剂,利用原位傅里叶变换红外（in situ FT-IR）设计包括多种吸附反应以及不同预处理方式的微观暂态试验与微观稳态试验,研究其NH₃-SCR脱硝反应机理,并推测反应路径。结果表明,催化剂的NH₃-SCR反应主要以Eley-Rideal机理方式进行,仅在一定温度条件下可以看到Langmuir-Hinshclwood反应路径。催化剂表面Lewis酸位的NH₃吸附是还原剂的主要来源,Brønsted酸位吸附的NH₄⁺随温度上升参与反应的比例略有提高。NH₃的吸附活化是整个反应的控制步骤,吸附态NH₃更易与NO₂发生反应,NO与催化剂表面的相互作用明显弱于NO₂。NO会在催化剂表面氧化活性中心形成大量双齿配位型硝酸盐,阻碍NH₃的吸附和活化,O₂存在条件下促进NH₃-SCR反应进行,阻止NO在催化剂表面形成双齿硝酸盐。NO与NH₃在催化剂表面存在吸附竞争,NO的吸附作用强于NH₃,温度达到100℃后吸附的NH₃方可大量活化并与NO_x发生进一步反应。     

Catalytic combustion of toluene on platinum-containing monolithic carbon aerogels

Monolithic organic aerogels were prepared by the sol–gel procedure from the polymerisation reaction of resorcinol and formaldehyde in water. The organic aerogels were heat treated in inert atmosphere at either 500 or 1000 °C to obtain the carbon aerogels. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation with an aqueous solution of [Pt(NH₃)₄]Cl₂ or by dissolving this salt in the initial aerogel mixture. Supported catalysts were pretreated in He at 400 °C or H₂ at 300 °C before their characterization by H₂ chemisorption, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or before testing their catalytic activity. Catalyst activities in toluene combustion were evaluated by conversion versus temperature (light-off curves) and conversion versus time catalytic tests. In the case of catalysts prepared by impregnation, the light-off curves for the total combustion of toluene were shifted to lower temperatures with increasing Pt particle size. This suggests that the reaction was sensitive to the Pt structure within the dispersion range of these catalysts. However, the reverse occurred with catalysts prepared by mixing the precursor in the initial aerogel mixture. Results found could be due to the different surface Pt content of these catalysts as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This difference was related to the growth of large three-dimensional Pt particles on the surface of the less dispersed catalyst. This means that there is a critical Pt particle size above which the toluene combustion activity decreases with increasing Pt particle size, due to the reduction in active surface sites available for the combustion reaction. Other effect that might influence the activity of these last catalysts is the encapsulation of some Pt particles by the carbon matrix.     

前驱体结构对多环芳烃选择性开环Pt/Beta催化剂的影响

以海绵铂为原料合成出［Pt（NH₃）₆］Cl₄络合物,采用热重分析（TG）、扫描电镜-能谱（SEM-EDS）、紫外-可见分光光度计（UV-Vis）、质谱（MS）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段确定了［Pt（NH₃）₆］Cl₄的结构组成;以H₂PtCl₆、Pt（NH₃）₄Cl₂和［Pt（NH₃）₆］Cl₄为前驱体,采用等体积浸渍法制得Pt/Beta催化剂,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、氨程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、氢氧滴定（H₂-O₂）、透射电镜（TEM）、氢气程序升温脱附（H₂-TPD）等表征了Pt/Beta催化剂的物化性质,并考察了Pt/Beta催化剂的多环芳烃选择性开环性能。结果表明,［Pt（NH₃）₆］Cl₄络合物具有更高的“抗自还原”能力,可从前驱体结构上降低铂氨前驱体受热分解时的自还原现象。前驱体结构对铂纳米颗粒的几何尺寸及分布有较大影响,一方面络合物的价态显著影响前驱体与分子筛间的静电作用,进而影响铂纳米颗粒的落位与尺寸;另一方面络合物的空间结构影响前驱体在分子筛微孔中的分布,影响铂纳米颗粒的Ostwald熟化速率。前驱体结构可调变Pt/Beta催化剂的双功能匹配关系,显著影响Pt/Beta催化剂转化甲基萘的活性、稳定性,采用［Pt（NH₃）₆］Cl₄前驱体制备的Pt/Beta催化剂具有更优的活性及长周期稳定性。     

Combined effect of H2O and SO2 on V2O5/AC catalysts for NO reduction with ammonia at lower temperatures

Combined effect of H₂O and SO₂ on V₂O₅/AC the activity of catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃ at lower temperatures was studied. In the absence of SO₂, H₂O inhibits the catalytic activity, which may be attributed to competitive adsorption of H₂O and reactants (NO and/or NH₃). Although SO₂ promotes the SCR activity of the V₂O₅/AC catalyst in the absence of H₂O, it speeds the deactivation of the catalyst in the presence of H₂O. The dual effect of SO₂ is attributed to the SO₄²⁻ formed on the catalyst surface, which stays as ammonium-sulfate salts on the catalyst surface. In the absence of H₂O, a small amount of ammonium-sulfate salts deposits on the surface of the catalyst, which promote the SCR activity; in the presence of H₂O, however, the deposition rate of ammonium-sulfate salts is much greater, which results in blocking of the catalyst pores and deactivates the catalyst. Decreasing V₂O₅ loading decreases the deactivation rate of the catalyst. The catalyst can be used stably at a space velocity of 9000 h⁻¹ and temperature of 250 °C.     

NH3-TPD and XPS studies of Ru/Al2O3 catalyst and HDS activity

The effects of pretreatment of catalyst on its surface properties and the HDS activity of a 0.49% Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst were studied in a single-pass, differential microreactor. The surface properties of the catalyst were measured by NH₃-TPD and XPS analysis. The Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst was pretreated in three ways: reduced in H₂ (Ru-R catalyst), oxidized in air and subsequently reduced in H₂ (Ru-OR catalyst), or sulfided in H₂S/H₂ (Ru-S catalyst). Three types of peaks (low, middle, and high temperatures) were observed in the NH₃-TPD study. The predominant high-temperature peak was observed for both the Ru-OR and Ru-S catalyst, pretreated at 300°C. Mass spectrometry showed that the high-temperature peak in NH₃-TPD consisted of N₂ and H₂ formed from the decomposition of NH₃ on the ruthenium sites. NO adsorption of unsaturated Ru species was related to the low-temperature peak in the NH₃-TPD. The XPS analysis showed that the peaks at 279.9 eV, 280.6 eV, and 282.5 eV were ascribed to metallic ruthenium, RuO₂, and RuO₃, respectively. The low-, middle-, and high-temperature peaks were assigned to RuO₂, acid sites on alumina, and metallic Ru, respectively. Metallic ruthenium was effective in the HDS of thiophene and the decomposition of NH₃.     

Pt/TiO_2催化二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢

二甲醚是一种理想的氢载体,可用于解决氢的储存和运输。以Pt/TiO_2为部分氧化催化剂,结合Ni/Al_2O_3重整催化剂,考察钛前驱体和焙烧温度对二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢反应的影响。结果表明,以Ti(C4H9O)4为原料制备的TiO_2为金红石相,Ti(SO4)2或Ti O(OH)2为原料制备的TiO_2为锐钛矿相;以Ti(C4H9O)4为原料制备的Pt/TiO_2-E催化剂催化性能略好,转化率接近100%,H2收率约90%,表明金红石相TiO_2负载的Pt催化剂略佳;以Ti(SO4)2为原料制备的Pt/TiO_2-S催化剂500℃焙烧可获得金红石相TiO_2。与Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂相比,Pt/TiO_2催化剂具有更好的催化性能,H2收率超过90%,而Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂H2收率约80%。     

Selective removal of H2S from coke oven gas

The catalytic performance of some metal oxides in the selective oxidation of H₂S in the stream containing water vapor and ammonia was investigated in this study. Among the catalysts tested, V₂O₅/SiO₂ and Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalyst showed good conversion of H₂S with very low selectivity to undesired SO₂. Hydrogen sulfide could be recovered as harmless solid products (elemental sulfur and various ammonium salts), and distribution of solid products was varied with types of catalyst and compositions of reactant. XRD and FT-IR analysis revealed that the salt was mixture of ammonium–sulfur–oxygen compounds. It was noteworthy that V₂O₅/SiO₂ catalyst produced elemental sulfur and ammonium thiosulfate, and that elemental sulfur was principal product on Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalyst. Small amount of ammonium sulfate was obtained with the Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalyst. In order to elucidate the reaction path, the effects of O₂/H₂S ratio and concentration of NH₃ and H₂O are also studied with the V₂O₅/SiO₂ catalyst.