Methane aromatization using Mo-based catalysts prepared by microwave heating

Mo/HZSM-5 and Cu–Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts for the non-oxidative aromatization of methane have been prepared by microwave heating method. The effects of Mo loading, the molar ratio of Cu/Mo and preparation method on the catalytic performance of catalysts were studied. The results were compared with those for the methane aromatization over catalysts prepared by conventional heating. Both two kinds of catalysts have the maximum methane conversion when the Mo loading is 6%. The catalysts prepared by microwave heating exhibited higher selectivity to benzene than that prepared by conventional heating. The addition of metal Cu to Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst prepared by microwave heating enhanced the lifetime of catalyst, and gave rise to a little increase in methane conversion. The molar ratio of Cu/Mo influenced the methane conversion, and the maximum value was attained when Cu/Mo = 0.05, whereas no significant influence on the benzene selectivity was observed with the increase molar ratio of Cu/Mo. N₂ adsorption results showed that the catalysts prepared by microwave heating have the larger surface area and the similar pore volume compared with the catalysts prepared by conventional heating. This fact revealed that the more Mo species located on the outer surface of catalysts prepared by microwave heating is the main reason why they have better catalytic performance. XRD analysis indicated that the Mo species are highly dispersed on HZSM-5 zeolite. The addition of Cu influenced the dispersion. The actual active phase Mo₂C can be identified on the catalyst surface after reaction. TEM analysis revealed the carbonaceous deposition to have the form of carbon nanotube after reaction, with a uniform size range of 10–20 nm. TG analysis indicated that carbonaceous deposition on the catalysts prepared by microwave heating is lower than that by conventional heating, and the metal Cu further prompts the stability of catalyst. Most of the carbonaceous deposition on catalysts prepared by microwave heating is formed at low temperature and it is easy to burn-off. Coke accumulation at high temperature is the main reason of catalyst deactivation. The carbonaceous deposition formed on the catalysts for non-oxidative aromatization of methane is different from those formed on the catalysts for partial oxidation of methane.     

La_(1-x)Cu_x MnO_3/HZSM-5催化乙醇制正丁醛

采用改进的柠檬酸络合法制备La_(1-x)Cu_xMnO_3系列复合氧化物,研磨法制备La_(0.8)Cu_(0.2)MnO_3/HZSM-5催化剂,用X射线粉末衍射进行物相分析,考察无氧条件下对乙醇制正丁醛的催化活性。结果表明,在反应温度500℃和空速3 184 h~(-1)的条件下,La_(1-x)Cu_xMnO_3系列复合氧化物中La_(0.8)Cu_(0.2)MnO_3催化活性较高,乙醇转化率为47.53%,正丁醛选择性为37.72%;对于La_(0.8)Cu_(0.2)MnO_3/HZSM-5催化剂,当HZSM-5的质量分数为14%时,催化效果最好,乙醇转化率为60.42%,正丁醛选择性为46.81%。     

改性HZSM-5催化剂上甲苯-甲醇的烷基化反应的研究

采用浸渍法制得了P、B、Cu、Mg单组分及Mg、P、Si多组分复合改性的HZSM-5催化剂,通过XRD、BET、NH3-TPD等手段对改性前后催化剂的结晶度、孔结构及表面酸性进行了表征,在常压连续流动固定床反应装置上考察了改性HZSM-5在甲苯-甲醇烷基化制备对二甲苯反应中的催化性能,并对其微结构、表面酸性与择形选择性进行了关联。结果表明,P、B、Cu、Mg单组分改性的HZSM-5催化剂中,质量分数20%MgO改性使HZSM-5催化剂微孔面积和微孔容大幅下降,强酸显著降低,目标产物对二甲苯选择性明显提高(>60%);Mg、P、Si复合改性的HZSM-5催化剂中,改性剂之间的酸碱等相互作用对改性催化剂的开孔和表面酸性位的影响较大,与单组分改性相比复合改性效果不明显。     

Methane and ethane activation without adding oxygen: promotional effect of W in Mo-W/HZSM-5

The conversions of methane and ethane over Mo/HZSM-5 and W/HZSM-5 catalysts are compared. A reaction model for hydrocarbon formation over Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts is proposed, which involves heterolytic splitting of methane and a molybdenum-carbene intermediate. Ethene is shown to be the initial product of methane conversion, and it undergoes further reaction to form aromatics in a solid acid environment. The promotional effect of addition of tungsten in the Mo-W/HZSM-5 catalyst in methane conversion reaction suggests the formation of Mo-W mixed oxide. The product selectivity patterns of Mo/HZSM-5 and W/HZSM-5 catalysts in ethane conversion reaction are consistent with a dual-path model involving dehydrogenation and cracking (or hydrogenolysis) of ethane. The rates of both these reactions over Mo/HZSM-5 are higher than over W/HZSM-5.     

Zn 助剂对WC/HZSM-5催化正己烷芳构化性能影响

以WC/HZSM-5为前驱体制备了一系列不同Zn含量的Zn-WC/HZSM-5催化剂,采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、N₂物理吸附、傅里叶变换红外光谱和热重分析等手段对Zn-WC/HZSM-5的晶相、形貌、比表面积、酸性质、积炭量等进行了表征,并研究了正己烷芳构化的催化性能,探究了助剂Zn与WC在反应过程中的作用。结果表明,Zn的引入可以提高催化剂的芳烃选择性和芳烃收率。当Zn负载量为1.5%(质量分数)时,所制备的Zn-WC/HZSM-5催化剂芳构化活性最佳,芳烃收率达到36.18%。Zn的引入不仅改变了WC/HZSM-5表面的酸性分布,而且可以减少WC/HZSM-5催化剂的积炭量。     

苯和乙烯一步法合成苯乙烯反应研究

首次采用苯和乙烯在无氧存在下, 于多种固体酸和金属负载HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上反应直接得到苯乙烯与其它固体酸相比, HZSM-5分子筛催化剂表现出最高的反应活性和较高的对苯乙烯的选择性。HZSM-5分子筛负载不同金属后, 苯乙烯的选择性均有明显提高, 其中以Co/HZSM-5、Fe/HZSM-5和Pd/HZSM-5催化剂显示出较高的反应活性和苯乙烯选择性。反应温度、苯烯比、金属负载量、液空速、催化剂的焙烧及还原温度均会不同程度地影响反应转化率和产物分布。     

A Facile and Effective Method for the Distribution of Mo/HZSM-5 Catalyst Active Centers

Post-steaming treatment of Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts results in more molybdenum species migrating into and residing in the HZSM-5 zeolite channels. This is confirmed by XRF and XPS measurements. ¹H MAS NMR and ²⁹Si MAS NMR also demonstrate that the number of free Brönsted acid sites decreases in the Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts that underwent post-steaming treatment, compared to untreated Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts. As a result, the deactivation rate constant (k _d) on the Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst after post-steaming treatment for 0.5h is much smaller, and the catalyst therefore shows remarkable stability in the probe reaction of methane dehydro-aromatization. The results suggest that a more beneficial bi-functional balance between active Mo species for methane activation and acid sites for the following aromatization is developed over those Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts that have experienced post-steaming treatment for 0.5h, in comparison with the untreated Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts.     

钙负载量对Ca/HZSM-5甲醇制烯烃催化性能的影响

以浸渍法制备不同负载量的Ca/HZSM-5催化剂,并采用NH_3-TPD和Py-IR对改性前后样品进行表征。在连续流动固定床反应装置上,详细考察了其甲醇制烯烃(MTO)的催化性能。催化评价结果表明,Ca改性提高了催化稳定性与低碳烯烃(C_2~=～C_4~=)选择性,但负载过多的Ca不利于甲醇制烯烃反应,Ca负载量存在最佳值,约为6%。关联评价结果与酸表征数据,发现HZSM-5上几乎所有的B酸与Ca物种作用后,催化性能达到最佳。通过与Na/HZSM-5和2Ca/1Na/HZSM-5催化性能的比较,探讨了Ca在催化反应中的作用,提出Ca物种与B酸结合形成了催化活性中心,参与甲醇的催化转化。     

Promotion effects of Pt and Rh on catalytic performances of Mo/HZSM-5 and Mo/HMCM-22 in selective methane-to-benzene reaction

The promotion effects of Pt and Rh on catalytic performances of Mo/HZSM-5 and Mo/HMCM-22 in selective methane-to-benzene reaction were studied in the presence of additive H₂. The selectivity to naphthalene was effectively suppressed and highly selective and stable benzene formation was obtained by the addition of noble metal to the Mo/HZSM-5 and Mo/HMCM-22 catalysts, due to the suppression of carbon deposition on the Brønsted acid sites of zeolite.     

高温水蒸汽处理对HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯的影响

考察不同硅铝比的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂和经过高温水蒸汽处理后的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂在甲醇制丙烯反应中的催化性能,考察温度和空速对催化反应的影响。结果表明,随着HZSM-5分子筛硅铝比的增加,产物中丙烯选择性增大,可能是分子筛的酸性降低所致;经过高温水蒸汽处理后的HZSM-5分子筛表面酸性降低,提高了催化剂的催化性能。在反应温度450 ℃和空速1.0 h^-1条件下,600 ℃高温水蒸汽处理后的催化剂HT-600的丙烯选择性从改性前的26.8%提高到33.5%。     

Hydrogenation of CO2 to dimethyl ether on La-, Ce-modified Cu-Fe/HZSM-5 catalysts

Cu–Fe–La/HZSM-5 and Cu–Fe–Ce/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts were prepared and applied for the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from CO₂ and H₂. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption–desorption, H₂-temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that La and Ce significantly decreased the outer-shell electron density of Cu and improved the reduction ability of the Cu–Fe catalyst in comparison to the Cu–Fe–Zr catalyst, which may increase the selectivity for DME. The Cu–Fe–Ce catalyst had a greater specific surface area than the Cu–Fe–La catalyst. This promoted CuO dispersion and decreased CuO crystallite size, which increased both the DME selectivity and the CO₂ conversion. The catalysts were stable for 15 h.     

The study of methanol aromatization on transition metal modified ZSM-5 catalyst

In this article, transition metals of Cu, La and Zn were used as adjuvant to prepare modified HZSM-5 by impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, NH₃-TPD and Py-IR to reveal the microstructure and acid property. The catalysis performances of methanol aromatization of catalysts were investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results show that the strength and distribution of acid center of these catalysts are significantly influenced by the species of transition metal. There are more mediate strong Lewis acid center in Zn modified HZSM-5 catalyst and therefore exhibits higher selectivity to aromatic, benzene, toluene and xylenes in the MTA reaction..     

Interaction between ammonium heptamolybdate and NH4ZSM-5 zeolite: the location of Mo species and the acidity of Mo/HZSM-5

Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts show high reactivity and selectivity in the activation of methane without using oxidants. Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts with Mo loading ranging from 0 to 10% were prepared by impregnation with an aqueous solution of ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM). The samples were dried at 393 K, and then calcined at different temperatures for 4 h. The interaction between Mo species and NH₄ZSM-5 zeolite was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and temperature programmed decomposition (TPDE) and NH₃-TPD at different stages of catalyst preparation. The results showed that if Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts were calcined at a proper temperature, the Mo species will interact with acid sites (mainly with BrØnsted acid sites) and part of the Mo species will move into the channel. The Mo species in the form of small MoO₃ crystallites residing on the external surface and/or in the channel, and interacting with BrØnsted acid sites may be responsible for the methane activation. Strong interaction between Mo species and the skeleton of HZSM-5 will occur if the catalyst is calcined at 973 K. This may lead to the formation of MoO ₄ ^2– species, which is detrimental to methane activation.     

Highly effective P-modified HZSM-5 catalyst for the cracking of C4 alkanes to produce light olefins

A series of HZSM-5 zeolites modified by different amounts of phosphorus (P/HZSM-5) were prepared. The physicochemical features of P/HZSM-5 catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, BET, NH₃-TPD, FT-IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine, etc., and their performances for the catalytic cracking of the mixed C₄ alkanes to produce light olefins were investigated. The results indicated that phosphorus (P) modification not only modulated the amount of acidic sites and the percentage of weak acidic sites in total acidic sites, but also regulated the acid type, i.e., the ratio of L/B (Lewis acid/Brönsted acid). The introduction of P also altered the basic characteristics of HZSM-5 which was evidenced by CO₂-TPD analysis. Consequently, P modification with suitable amount was favorable for enhancing the selectivity to light olefins, especially to propene. At the temperature of 650 °C, the maximum yields of propene and ethene were achieved 25.6 and 33.9%, which were higher than those over parent HZSM-5 by 7 and 4.5%, respectively. Aromatics yield was found to be decreased with the increasing P loading due to the reduction of strong acid and the formation of new basic site which inhibited the hydrogen transfer reaction. All this indicates that P-modified HZSM-5 zeolites are effective catalysts for the cracking of mixed C₄ alkanes to produce more light olefins.     

Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化加氢丙酮合成甲基异丁基酮

以HZSM-5为载体,采用浸渍法制备系列Pd/HZSM-5催化剂,在高压连续流动固定床反应器中考察Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化加氢丙酮一步法合成甲基异丁基酮性能,并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,当HZSM-5载体上Pd负载质量分数为0.5%时,在反应温度140 ℃、氢压1 MPa、空速0.48 h^-1和氢酮物质的量比为1条件下,Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化活性较高,丙酮转化率为45.91%,甲基异丁基酮选择性为94.33%。采用XRD、H₂-TPD、SEM、EDS和TGA等对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,负载质量分数0.5%的Pd在HZSM-5分子筛表面分散均匀,且0.5%Pd/HZSM-5催化剂具有较高氢吸附能力,失活的主要原因为催化剂表面积炭,采用流化床反应器取代传统的固定床反应器可以很好的解决催化剂积炭问题。     

Effect of addition of Zn on the catalytic activity of a Co/HZSM-5 catalyst for the SCR of NOx with CH4

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x by methane in the presence of excess oxygen was studied on a Zn-Co/HZSM-5 catalyst. It was found that the addition of Zn could improve effectively the selectivity of methane towards NO_x reduction. When prepared by a coimpregnation method, the Zn-Co/HZSM-5 catalyst showed much higher catalytic activity than the two catalysts of a Zn/Co/HZSM-5 and Co/Zn/HZSM-5 prepared by the successive impregnation method. It is considered that there exists a cooperative effect among the Zn, Co and zeolite, which enhances the reduction of NO to NO₂ reaction and the activation of methane.     

多孔ZSM-5沸石负载Ni2P催化剂对苯乙炔的选择性加氢性能

以酸性多孔ZSM-5沸石(HZSM-5-M)和高比表面积的氧化硅(SiO2)为载体，采用等体积浸渍法制备了负载Ni2P催化剂(Ni2P/HZSM-5-M和Ni2P/SiO2)，对比研究了它们在苯乙炔选择性加氢反应中的催化性能。采用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、NH3-TPD、H2-TPR、SEM和TEM对载体及其负载的Ni2P催化剂进行了表征。催化剂活性结果为：当反应时间为2 h，苯乙炔在Ni2P/HZSM-5-M催化剂的转化率为98.5%，而在Ni2P/SiO2催化剂上仅为45.6%。说明Ni2P/HZSM-5-M催化剂的加氢活性显著高于Ni2P/SiO2催化剂。这是因为，与Ni2P/SiO2催化剂相比，在Ni2P/HZSM-5-M催化剂上形成了小颗粒的Ni2P活性相。同时，Ni2P/HZSM-5-M催化剂的活性具有良好的重复性。     

Production of methylamines over ZK-5 zeolite treated with tetramethoxysilane

The reaction of methonol with ammonia over catalysts, used commercially today, to give methylamines, does not occur with the desired dimethylamine selectivity. Both a thermodynamically and kinetically controlled reaction over conventional catalysts permits a maximum dimethylamine selectivity (DMA selectivity) of only about 30 mol-%. In addition to monomethylamine (MMA), a large amount of the undesirable trimethylamine (TMA) is formed. By using zeolites and taking advantage of their shap-selective properties, it is possible to achieve high MMA and DMA selectivities. Shape-selective catalysis can only take place at catalytically active centrs in the inteerior of the por system. The proportion of non-shape-selective catalysis at the active centres on the outer surfaces of zeolites is not negligible. Treatment of ZK-5 zeolite with tetramethoxysilane deactivates the outer surface of the crystallite and increases the shape-selectivity of the ZK-5 zeolite with rgard to the amination reaction. Computer simulation of the zeolite skeleton in conjuction with investigations of the reaction leads to some conclusions with respect to the reaction mechanisms and reaction sites.     

SELECTIVE FORMATION OF ALKYLAROMATICS OVER ZEOLITE CATALYSTS: ALKYLATION OF TOLUENE WITH ETHANOL

Selective formation of para-ethyltoluene by alkylation of toluene with ethanol was studied using as catalysts ZSM-8 Type zeolite which is another member of ZSM-5 family. Disproportionalion of toluene to produce xylenes increased with increasing reaction temperature, A temperature programmed desorption study snowed very strong acid sites were absent on Mg or Ba modified HZSM-8. Increased para-ethylloluene selectivity over modified ZSM-8 catalysts is interpreted in terms of a reduction in the strong acid sites and increased diffusional resistance.     

反应压力对HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上合成气经二甲醚制取芳烃反应的影响

在2个等压串联连续流动同定床反应器内考察了合成气经由二甲醚制取芳烃的反应性能.一段合成二甲醚反应采用Cu/Zn/Al_2O_3和γ-Al_2O_3复合催化剂;二段合成芳烃反应采用HZSM-5(Si/Al=38)催化剂.考察了反应压力对合成芳烃反应的影响,并分析了产物的分布规律.结果表明:在T_1=270℃,T_2=360℃,GHSV=500 h~(-1)条件下,反应压力由2 NPa增加到4 MPa时,芳烃选择性轻微降低,由86.75%降低到83.67%,同时CO转化率从72.47%升高到84.34%,产物中均四甲苯的选择性增加不明显.而当压力增加到5 NPa时,芳烃选择性降低到63.51%,而异构烷烃选择性提高5倍多.反应压力增加,反应平衡倾向于加氢异构化反应;反应压力在2～4 NPa时,有利于芳烃的合成.