80岁以上高龄结直肠癌患者的术后并发症相关因素分析

目的分析80岁以上高龄结直肠癌术后并发症发生的相关因素,探讨围手术期的治疗。方法回顾性分析湖州市中心医院2008月12月至2018年12月期间收治并行手术治疗的90例80岁以上高龄结直肠癌患者的临床资料。结果择期手术79例(88%),急诊手术11例(12%);平均手术时间145.7分钟,平均获取淋巴结16.8枚,手术中平均出血量65ml。共35例(39%)出现术后并发症,其中5例患者因心肌梗死、肠瘘伴腹腔感染、呼衰、肺部感染或心衰死亡。高龄结直肠肿瘤患者术后发生并发症与有无合并肿瘤梗阻、基础疾病类型及手术方式有关(均P0.05)。结论 80岁以上高龄结直肠癌患者尽管术后并发症发生率较高,但经充分术前评估、积极治疗基础疾病以及术后处理,能够很好耐受手术。     

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目的探讨老年人结直肠癌的外科治疗。方法对复旦大学附属肿瘤医院1985年1月至2003年12月间手术治疗的266例年龄≥75岁的老年人结直肠癌病例资料,进行临床和病理资料的回顾性分析。结果266例中,男性151例,女性115例,年龄75~91岁。病变部位以直肠和乙状结肠多见,占69.2%,但右半结肠癌仍占22.2%。94例(35.3%)术前存在心血管疾病、糖尿病等合并症。215例(80.8%)行根治性手术,35例(13.2%)行姑息性手术治疗。术后30例(11.3%)出现肠梗阻、出血、感染等并发症,其中3例(占1.1%)手术后死亡。全组随访1个月至16年,5年存活率51.3%。结论虽然老年人结直肠癌中术前合并症和术后并发症的发生率较高,但在重视围手术期的检测和处理后手术死亡率并未增加,术后5年存活率仍可达50%以上。因此,对老年人结直肠癌积极的临床诊治不容忽视。     

55例老年胃癌手术治疗分析

的探讨老年胃癌围手术期处理的有关问题及适当的手术方式。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2006年10月收治的55例60岁以上老年胃癌患者临床资料。结果55例中47例行胃癌切除术,切除率为86%。其中行根治性切除术35例（64%）,姑息性切除12例（22%）;仅行胃空肠吻合术4例（7%）;仅行探查取活检者4例（7%）。45例（82%）术前并存其他疾病。手术前有并存疾病者,术后并发症的发生率为44%（20/45）;术前无并存疾病者,术后并发症的发生率为10%（1/10）。结论老年胃癌手术方式应根据病情而定,对早期或中期胃癌力争行D2以内的根治性手术。加强围手术期处理,增加老年人耐受能力,可提高手术安全性,减少并发症的发生。     

结直肠多原发癌和结直肠癌合并其他器官恶性肿瘤临床分析

目的进一步探讨结直肠多原发癌和结直肠癌合并其他器官恶性肿瘤的临床特点。方法回顾性分析4178例手术治疗的结直肠癌患者的临床资料。结果本组病例中,同时或异时结直肠多原发癌134例,占3.2%;结直肠癌合并其他器官恶性肿瘤39例,占0.9%。结直肠多原发癌伴结直肠腺瘤96例,占71.6%,以管状腺瘤多见,全结直肠纤维镜检查可使其术前检出率从48.3%(1990年以前)提高到91.4%(1990年以后),1990年后行术后结肠镜检查并及时治疗结直肠腺瘤使术后异时癌的发生率由1.5%降至0.7%。结论结直肠多原发癌和结直肠癌合并其他器官恶性肿瘤发病率较高。应注重术前行全结直肠纤维镜检查,术中全面探查和术后随访。     

直肠绒毛状腺瘤手术方式的探讨

目的 探讨直肠绒毛状腺瘤手术方式的合理选择。方法 对70例手术治疗的直肠绒毛状腺瘤病例进行回顾性研究及随访。经肛门括约肌径路切除(Mason术)29例，直肠前切除术(Dixon术)16例，经肛门局部切除(transanal excision，TE)11例，经骶部切除(Kraske术)5例，其他手术9例。结果 25例(35．7％)直肠绒毛状腺瘤已发生癌变。70例患术后并发症发生率为15．7％，术后复发率为14．3％。Mason术后并发症发生率和复发率分别为6．9％和0。结论 选择直肠绒毛状腺瘤的手术方式应综合考虑腺瘤的具体部位、大小以及术前活检的病理结果，对于腺瘤癌变的病例还应考虑肿瘤浸润肠壁的深度。Mason术是治疗直肠中下段绒毛状腺瘤的理想术式。     

高龄大肠癌手术治疗体会

目的探讨高龄大肠癌围手术期处理的有关问题,提高外科手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析1990年1月～2004年6月90例70岁以上的大肠癌病人的外科治疗资料。结果多数大肠癌病人术前并存疾病多(75.6%),肿瘤切除率为85.6%,根治性切除率为66.7%,术后并发症发生率为47.8%,围手术期死亡6例,病死率为6.7%。结论外科手术切除是多数大肠癌首选治疗方法,术前对并存疾病的合理有效治疗以及围手术期的严格监测处理是减少术后并发症、降低病死率、提高治疗效果的关键。     

老年人大肠癌125例外科治疗体会

目的探讨70岁以上老年人大肠癌病人的外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我们于2000年10月~2005年12月手术治疗的125例70岁以上大肠癌病人的临床资料。结果全组围手术期死亡2例,术后死亡2例。术后出现并发症34例。1年生存率为85%,3年生存率为49%。结论老年人大肠癌的外科治疗复杂、风险高,除个体化的手术治疗外,应同步治疗及预防并存疾病的术后发作,降低术后死亡率和并发症的发生率。     

腹腔镜联合辅助化疗及内镜治疗进展期结直肠癌合并腺瘤的应用研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗加二期内镜下治疗结直肠癌合并根治术切除范围外结直肠腺瘤的临床应用价值。方法：2005年1月-2010年6月对54例进展期结直肠癌合并根治术切除范围外结直肠腺瘤（〉1．0cm）的患者（研究组）行腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗（FOLFOX4方案）加二期内镜下腺瘤切除的综合治疗,对同期396例单发进展期结直肠癌患者（对照组）行腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗（FOLFOX4方案）。通过并发症发生率、长期随访等评价治疗效果。结果：2组患者在年龄、性别、手术方式、手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率、平均住院时间、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、TNM分期及1、3和5年存活率差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。研究组辅助化疗后对合并腺瘤进行内镜下切除治疗,4例出血经保守治疗后成功止血,未发生穿孔、狭窄等严重并发症;3例患者术后病理组织学检查为腺瘤癌变,其中2例癌变局限于腺瘤中,1例癌细胞侵犯达黏膜下层,该例患者再次行腹腔镜下切除,术后随访无复发。结论：腹腔镜联合辅助化疗及内镜为合并结直肠癌根治术切除范围外腺瘤的患者提供了一种安全有效的微创治疗方法,值得临床推厂和应用。     

高龄贲门癌患者的临床特点及外科治疗的探讨

目的 探讨高龄贲门癌患者的临床特点及合理的外科治疗。方法 回顾分析1991-2000年收治的79例70岁以上贲门癌患者的治疗情况。结果 本组平均发病年龄74.6岁，男女发病比例为4.6：1，平均病程3.1个月。早期诊断率为2%。术前并存疾病的发生率为54%。淋巴结转移率为54%。主要采用经腹全胃切除术。根治性切除率为73%，姑息性切除率为19%。术后并发症发生率为38%，病死率为3%。结论 对高龄贲门癌患者，加强术前并存疾病和术后并发症的处理，选择适当的手术，可以降低手术风险，减少并发症。     

高龄大肠癌的手术治疗(摘要)

5年来我科共行大肠癌手术890例,其中高龄患者76例,占8.5%。年龄70~88岁,80岁以上6例。部位:直肠癌47例,结肠痛29例。组织学类型中,腺癌及腺瘤恶变占80%(61/76),Dukes分期以B、C期为多,分别为26例及41例,术前并存病者高达88%(67/76)。术后并发症发生率为21%(16/76)。讨论:高龄大肠癌特点为病程长、就诊晚,肿瘤恶性程度较高,患者体质差,并存病多,术后并发症发生率高。术前应全面详细检查,认真做好术前准备,术中详细探查,无转移及可耐受手术者应行根治术。术后应严密观察,行心电、血压、血氧、中心静脉压等监测。为防止肺部感染,应缩短胃管留置时间,常规给予雾化吸入。行静脉高营养,加强抗感染。术后适时下床活动,但须注意防止心脑血管意外的发生。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.