老年人结直肠腺瘤癌变的特点及外科治疗

目的探讨老年人结直肠腺瘤癌变的临床特点及合理的外科治疗。方法回顾分析1990～2004年收治的76例70岁以上的结直肠腺瘤癌变患者的诊断和治疗情况。结果本组平均发病年龄77.5岁,男女比例为2.8∶1,平均病程2.6年。DukesA期占22.4%,B期占63.2%,C期占14.5%。术前并存疾病的发生率为68.4%,并存2种以上疾病者为40.8%。主要采取根治性切除及肠段切除术,分别占46.1%和43.4%。术后并发症发生率为32.9%,术后死亡率为2.6%,手术切除率100%。5年以上生存率为47.4%。结论对老年人结直肠腺瘤癌变患者,选择适当的手术方式,加强术前并存疾病的处理和术后监测,可以提高手术耐受性和治愈率,降低手术风险和并发症发生率。     

高龄大肠癌手术治疗体会

目的探讨高龄大肠癌围手术期处理的有关问题,提高外科手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析1990年1月～2004年6月90例70岁以上的大肠癌病人的外科治疗资料。结果多数大肠癌病人术前并存疾病多(75.6%),肿瘤切除率为85.6%,根治性切除率为66.7%,术后并发症发生率为47.8%,围手术期死亡6例,病死率为6.7%。结论外科手术切除是多数大肠癌首选治疗方法,术前对并存疾病的合理有效治疗以及围手术期的严格监测处理是减少术后并发症、降低病死率、提高治疗效果的关键。     

80岁以上高龄结直肠癌患者的术后并发症相关因素分析

目的分析80岁以上高龄结直肠癌术后并发症发生的相关因素,探讨围手术期的治疗。方法回顾性分析湖州市中心医院2008月12月至2018年12月期间收治并行手术治疗的90例80岁以上高龄结直肠癌患者的临床资料。结果择期手术79例(88%),急诊手术11例(12%);平均手术时间145.7分钟,平均获取淋巴结16.8枚,手术中平均出血量65ml。共35例(39%)出现术后并发症,其中5例患者因心肌梗死、肠瘘伴腹腔感染、呼衰、肺部感染或心衰死亡。高龄结直肠肿瘤患者术后发生并发症与有无合并肿瘤梗阻、基础疾病类型及手术方式有关(均P0.05)。结论 80岁以上高龄结直肠癌患者尽管术后并发症发生率较高,但经充分术前评估、积极治疗基础疾病以及术后处理,能够很好耐受手术。     

高龄胃癌的诊断与外科治疗(附56例报告)

目的探讨高龄胃癌的临床病理特征,旨在提高手术切除率,改善其预后。方法对我院2000年12月至2005年12月间收治的56例高龄胃癌病例进行回顾分析。结果本组56例均为进展期胃癌;并存其他疾病47例(83.9%);原发癌位于胃底或贲门部26例(46.4%);肿块直径大于3cm41例(73.2%);伴淋巴结转移43例(76.8%);高、中分化腺癌45例(80.4%);手术切除率为85.7%,其中根治性切除率55.2%;并发症发生率为33.9%;3年生存率为55.4%,5年生存率为37.5%。结论早期诊断、选择合理的手术方式、术前积极处理伴发病及加强术后护理是改善老年胃癌患者预后的关键。     

高龄患者腹腔镜下行前列腺癌根治性切除术围手术期并发症及预后研究

目的 探讨高龄患者行腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术（LRP）围手术期并发症发生及预后。方法 选取2012年1月至2017年12月在本院收治的116例高龄前列腺癌（PCa）患者（≥75岁），均行LRP术，分析围手术期发生并发症、手术时间、术中出血量和术后住院时间等情况。围手术期并发症定义为术后30 d内发生的并发症。结果 平均手术时间175.8 min，平均出血量154.7 mL。术后平均住院时间15.9 d。围手术期并发症发生率33.6%（39例），包括尿漏、尿路感染、肺炎、下肢静脉血栓、肺栓塞等。结论 LRP术仍有较高的并发症发生率，术前应积极治疗基础疾病，术中严格操作，术后采取相应预防措施以防止出现严重并发症，并根据患者情况选择合适的治疗方案。     

经腹高龄贲门癌切除38例临床分析

目的探讨高龄贲门癌患者的特点与手术方法。方法对38例70岁以上的贲门癌患者经认真术前准备,采取经腹手术,当癌肿侵及食管下段,但不超过3cm时,向剑突方向切开部分膈肌,确保食管切缘和下纵隔淋巴结的清扫。结果全组手术切除率92%,并发症发生率26.3%,病死率2.6%。病检肿瘤两切缘均无癌细胞残留。结论高龄贲门癌患者只要全身情况许可,应积极采取手术治疗,切口选择以经腹径路效果较好。     

高龄胃癌患者的临床特点及围手术期处理

目的：探讨高龄胃癌患者的临床表现、治疗特点及其对术后并发症的影响,以及高龄胃癌患者的围手术期处理。
方法：回顾性分析手术治疗的101例高龄胃癌患者的临床资料,着重分析术前合并症与术后并发症的治疗。
结果：大于70岁的高龄胃癌患者（高龄组）有临床表现多无特异性、病变部位及范围不同、术前合并症多等临床特点。高龄组术前合并症发生率为49.5%(50例),对照组（小于70岁的胃癌患者）为21.3%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);高龄组术后并发症发生率为18.8%,对照组为15.2%,但两组无统计学差异(P>0.05);高龄组胃癌手术切除98例(97.0%),其中根治性切除87例(86.1%)。
结论：高龄胃癌患者术前合并症较多,术后并发症发生率也较高。加强此类患者的围手术期处理,对减少术后并发症,提高生存率和生活质量有重要意义。     

老年人贲门癌的临床病理特点及治疗原则

目的探讨老年人贲门癌的临床病理特点及治疗原则。方法回顾性分析我院1995～2002年70岁以上老年贲门癌72例患者的临床资料。结果本组患者平均发病年龄72.6岁,男女比例6.2∶1。术前合并心肺功能异常57例(79.2%)。病理类型以高、中分化腺癌为主(40例,55.5%);Borrmann分型Ⅱ～Ⅲ型64例(88.9%);PTNM分期Ⅱ～Ⅳ期68例(94.4%)。经腹手术68例,其中根治性手术54例;胸腹联合切口4例。术后出现并发症9例(15.5%),其中肺部感染4例,切口感染裂开1例,吻合口瘘2例,心肺功能不全2例。死亡2例。结论高龄贲门癌患者病理类型以中高分化腺癌为主,术前合并症多,手术应强调规范化与个体化兼顾的原则。     

老年胆道外科疾病手术适应证与时机问题

目的 研究胆道疾病手术适应证和手术时机，减少术后并发症，降低死亡率。方法 160例60岁以上老年胆道疾病患者全部行外科手术治疗．择期手术87例(54．37%)；急诊手术73例(45.63%)。术前伴随一种并存病88．75%(三种以上并存病20．63%)。结果 术后并发症32．75%，死亡率6．25％．6例ACST术后死于MODF．4例胆道肿瘤衰竭死亡。结论 掌握手术的适应证和手术时机．处理并存病，争取择期手术．避免急诊手术盲目性是外科治疗老年胆道疾病，减少并发症，降低死亡率的关键。     

高龄患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的围手术期处理

目的探讨高龄患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的并存疾病的围手术期处理。方法回顾性分析1998年4月～2003年12月间行LC的70岁以上高龄患者154例临床资料。结果154例中伴1种以上合并症者114例，完成LC130例，中转24例。术后发生各种并发症19例，均治愈，无死亡病例。结论高龄患者胆囊疾病在术前重视并存疾病的治疗、术中及术后监测的基础上LC更能显示其创伤小、恢复快的优越性，是高龄患者安全可靠的手术方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.