3 Cr3 Mo3 VNb 在热冲孔中的应用研究

高合金钢热冲孔冲头寿命关系到模具与产品成本、生产效率、自动化设备的使用,因此,应注重冲头的选材、材料制备与冲头制造工艺。 用 3 Cr3Mo3 VNb 作为高合金钢热冲孔冲头,为提高模具寿命,在材料制备上,优化了成分,采用电渣重熔冶炼,减少杂质,毛坯锻造两次,用大锻造比锻造,冲头热处理用真空炉,三次回火,热处理硬度取 HRC42 ~ 46 ,冲头表面处理采用镀铬工艺,开展了热冲孔工艺试验。 结果表明,用3 Cr3Mo3 VNb 可使冲孔冲头寿命平均达到 800 件以上。     

摆线液压马达内花键输出轴冷锻成形工艺与模具研究

目的 为了提高摆线液压马达内花键输出轴零件的加工效率及材料利用率、降低生产成本,提出一种冷精密成形的工艺与模具。方法 首先分析了摆线液压马达内花键输出轴的形状特点,初步制定了三工序冷挤压成形工艺:正挤细杆—反挤深孔—反挤花键孔,并通过数值模拟和实物实验对该成形工艺进行分析验证。在工艺实验中发现,采用线切割方法加工的第3序通体花键形状冲头,在与冲头套下端面交界处极易发生断裂。因此对花键冲头的结构和加工方法进行了调整,将冲头整体设计为圆柱台阶状,头部采用电火花加工方法加工一段花键形状,花键与圆柱部分采用锥角过渡。结果 实验结果显示,锻件成形工艺稳定,成形锻件精度较高,改进后的冲头寿命较高。结论 内花键输出轴成形工艺可行,改进的冲头结构降低了冲头产生应力集中的风险,提高了抵御偏载力的能力,成形工艺与模具满足了批量生产的考核。     

超高强度钢DP1000液压成形A柱的关键技术

目的研究超高强度钢DP1000液压成形A柱仿真技术和试验效果,解决批量生产中DP100焊管技术和同步冲孔等关键技术。方法基于Autoform有限元模拟软件,仿真分析了DP1000液压成形A柱的可行性,试验了DP1000液压成形A柱零件。通过对比高频焊管和激光焊管的液压成形零件焊缝质量,解决量产零件开裂问题,开展了DP1000液压成形A柱的Cr12MoV、ASP30和SKH51不同材料的同步冲孔效果,解决DP1000材料冲头寿命和冲孔质量问题。结果采用DP1000材料可以获得液压成形A柱,具有制造可行性。与高频焊管相比,具有较小的热影响区和硬度变化较小的激光焊管,更适合DP1000液压成形A柱使用。结论 ASP30和SKH51比传统的Cr12MoV更适合于DP1000材料液压成形A柱同步冲孔,冲头寿命提高80多倍,冲孔质量良好。     

基于分流法的大模数半轴伞轮冷精锻工艺研究

针对半轴圆锥直齿轮冷锻载荷大、模具寿命低、齿腔难充填等技术难题,采用分流法的封闭式锻造工艺冷锻半轴圆锥齿轮。研究了型腔充填规律、载荷曲线特点等,并分析了模具运行方式、冲孔连皮位置、坯料尺寸对成形结果的影响。结果表明:分流法能大幅度地降低成形载荷;闭塞式锻造工艺对成形结果没有改善;冲孔连皮的位置及坯料直径对成形结果影响较大。     

高强度钢热挤压模的失效分析

通过扫描电镜、金相试验等方法,对高强度钢深孔热挤压模具冲头的失效进行了断口形貌及金相分析,判断出了模具失效的原因,并在模具材料的热处理工艺上提出了改进措施。     

某子母弹弹体毛坯加工工艺改进

为了提高弹体毛坯的材料利用率和降低生产成本,开展了钢管一次收口工艺改进.根据钢管收口过程的变形规律,改进已有工装、模具,最终实现了弹体毛坯由钢管一次收口成形.该工艺的难点是控制收口的形状,以及收口过程中模具润滑材料的选择.工艺改进后,简化了工序,减少了工模具及刀具的消耗,改善了工作环境,降低了操作工人的劳动强度,极大地提高了材料利用率,产品质量稳定,符合制造与验收规范要求.     

基于数值模拟的筒形件成形正交试验法优化设计

分析了筒形件成形的工艺特点,采用有限元分析软件对其压型、冲孔、拔伸成形过程进行了数值模拟。以坯料加热温度、压型与冲孔冲头工作速度、拔伸滑块工作速度、冲孔毛坯外径等因素设计了正交试验,分别对各试验方案进行了模拟。以成形力、损伤加权之和作为优化目标,分析了因素对优化目标的影响,得出了优化的工艺参数值。     

模壁润滑温压工艺的研究

对模壁润滑温压工艺进行了较为系统的研究,分析了温度、粉末中润滑剂添加量、模壁润滑剂种类及其浓度等对温压效果的影响.结果表明,粉末温度在100℃时温压效果最好;Fe-1.5Cu-0.5C粉末中添入0.2%内润滑剂时效果最好,而Fe-1.5Ni-0.5Mo-0.5Cu-0.5C粉末中最佳润滑剂含量为0.3%;模壁润滑剂A、B分别适合于较低和较高压制压力条件,2种模壁润滑剂均在浓度低时温压效果较好;在686MPa时,Fe-1.5Cu-0.5C和Fe-1.5Ni-0.5Mo0.5Cu 0.5C粉末分别获得了7.48、7.39g/cm3的压坯密度;模壁润滑温压工艺较适用于压缩性良好的粉末,对压缩性较差的粉末没有优势;模壁润滑工艺的脱模压力比内润滑工艺小35%～45%,可以减少模具损耗.     

星形套冷态闭塞式精锻成形分析

目的提出星形套冷精锻成形工艺优化方案,提高模具使用寿命,对生产操作进行规范。方法分析零件结构,确定了合理的分模面;运用数值模拟方法,选取不同的冲头进给速度和冲头形状,对星形套冷精锻成形过程进行了模拟分析。结果获得了冷精锻成形过程中冲头进给速度和冲头形状对温度场、应力场、金属速度场、工作载荷和模具寿命的影响。结论通过分析冲头进给速度和冲头形状对星形套成形的影响,并对其进行控制和优化,得出了最优工艺参数区间,为实际生产提供了参考依据和理论指导。     

润滑剂在材料成形中的应用

阐述了润滑剂在材料加工过程中的分类和用途,对各类润滑剂的使用情况和优缺点进行了比较,并针对各类问题提出了产品改良的必要性。介绍了目前对一些矿物的改进方法,分析新型润滑剂在材料成形中的应用情况,并对润滑剂的发展趋势进行了初步探讨。     

Improving cytocompatibility of Co28Cr6Mo by TiO2 coating: gene expression study in human endothelial cells

Cobalt-based materials are widely used for coronary stents, as well as bone and joint implants. However, their use is associated with high corrosion incidence. Titanium alloys, by contrast, are more biocompatible owing to the formation of a relatively inactive titanium oxide (TiO₂) layer on their surface. This study was aimed at improving Co28Cr6Mo alloy cytocompatibility via sol–gel TiO₂ coating to reduce metal corrosion and metal ion release. Owing to their role in inflammation and tissue remodelling around an implant, endothelial cells present a suitable in vitro model for testing the biological response to metallic materials. Primary human endothelial cells seeded on Co28Cr6Mo showed a stress phenotype with numerous F-actin fibres absent on TiO₂-coated material. To investigate this effect at the gene expression level, cDNA microarray analysis of in total 1301 genes was performed. Compared with control cells, 247 genes were expressed differentially in the cells grown on Co28Cr6Mo, among them genes involved in proliferation, oxidative stress response and inflammation. TiO₂ coating reduced the effects of Co28Cr6Mo on gene expression in endothelial cells, with only 34 genes being differentially expressed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and protein analysis confirmed microarray data for selected genes. The effect of TiO₂ coating can be, in part, attributed to the reduced release of Co²⁺, because addition of CoCl₂ resulted in similar cellular responses. TiO₂ coating of cobalt-based materials, therefore, could be used in the production of cobalt-based devices for cardiovascular and skeletal applications to reduce the adverse effects of metal corrosion products and to improve the response of endothelial and other cell types.     

模具钢稀土硼铝共渗的研究和应用

研究了3Cr2W8V钢稀土硼铝共渗工艺，试验表明，共渗层具有高硬度（HV1800－2000），低脆性和良好的耐磨等性能，通过实际应用，取得良好效果。     

Study on the Tribological Properties and Composition of W6Mo5Cr4V2 High Speed Steel Implanted by Boron

Boron atoms were implanted into W6Mo5Cr4V2 high-speed steel (HSS) in CC-60 ion implantation machine to improve its tribological properties. The influence of boron implantation dose on the microhardness, friction coefficient and wear resistance of HSS were investigated. The experiment results showed that the implantation of boron can improve the tribological properties of W6Mo5Cr4V2 steel greatly. Then the phase and composition of implanted layer were analyzed by XRD and XPS. The analysisresult revealed that the interface between the implantation layer and substrate appeared to be mixed.With the increase of boron dose, the compound of δ-WB, CrB, BFe3 are the main additive phases, which supposed to be the main reason to improve the tribological properties of W6Mo5Cr4V2 steel.     

δ-Fe对ZG06Gr13Ni4Mo不锈钢韧脆转变温度的影响

通过分析影响ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo不锈钢材料韧脆转变温度的因素,表明δ-Fe是降低此材料的抗低温冲击能力的主要原因。对此材料进行优化,减少δ-Fe含量,使材料具有良好的抗低温冲击能力。随后通过扫描电镜得到低温冲击试样断口形貌,显示此材料在极低的温度下仍保留良好的韧窝状韧性断口形貌,随温度降低,冲击断口会呈从完全韧窝状变成韧窝-解理状,再到完全解理状的变化规律。     

低压等离子喷涂铬涂层的性能表征

钼基材料可作为动密封环的基体材料,但其在高温高速条件下的硬度及耐磨性不够,必须在密封端面覆盖一层硬度高、耐磨性能优良、可靠性高的表面保护层--铬.目前在钼基材料上制备电镀硬铬镀层的技术还不成熟.为此,以低压等离子喷涂的方法,通过调整喷涂参数和喷涂气氛,特别是适当地控制空气分压,最终获得了均匀、致密并与基体结合良好的铬涂层.结果表明,最佳空气分压为8.0～16.0 kPa,所得涂层硬度高,耐磨性能优良.     

Mo2C含量对Ti(C,N)基陶瓷力学性能和显微结构的影响

采用热压烧结工艺制备了添加微量Cr3C2的Ti(C0.5N0.5)-(Ni-Co)-Mo2C-Cr3C2系Ti(C,N）基金属陶瓷。分析三种不同Mo2C含量材料的力学性能、断口形貌和磨削表面压痕裂纹扩展情况，研究表明：材料的断裂均以沿晶断裂为主；材料的抗弯强度与Rim相有关，8wt%Mo2C含量的金属陶瓷Rim相厚度适中，抗弯强度高；0.6wt%Mo2C含量的金属陶瓷的扩展裂纹短，裂纹扩展发生偏转，断裂韧性高。     

Hardness and toughness investigations of deep cryogenic treated cold work die steel

In consideration of good results about the application of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on materials, the effect on the microstructure and properties (hardness, toughness and the content of retained austenite) of a new developed cold work die steel (Cr8Mo2SiV) was examined. The execution of the deep cryogenic treatment in different processes showed a varying effect on materials. It was shown that the hardness of the DCT specimens was higher (+0.5HRC to +2HRC) whereas the toughness was lower when compared with the conventionally treated specimens (quenching and tempering). Following the DCT process retained austenite transformed into martensite, however, not completely.     

激光熔敷钴合金涂层的抗空蚀和冲刷磨损性能

采用激光熔敷方法在20SiMn低合金钢表面制成了Co合金涂层，以两种目前水轮机转用材20SiMn低合金钢和0Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢作为对比材料，对涂层进行了空蚀，液固两相流冲刷磨损及空蚀和冲刷磨损联合作用实验，采用失重法并结合能谱分析，X射线衍射分析及显微硬度测量等手段研究了涂层的显微结构和在不同形式损伤下涂层的性能并分析了原因。结果表明：在20SiMn低合金钢表面激光熔敷形成的Co合金涂层有良好的抗空蚀性能，这与涂层在空蚀过程中发生的应力诱发马氏体相变密切相关。良好的抗空蚀性能有利于提高涂层抗空蚀和冲刷磨损联合破坏，从而使涂层表现出与0Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢接近的抗联合损伤性能。     

深冷处理对碳钢表面Mo-Cr合金层摩擦性能的影响

介绍了一种在Q235钢表面进行等离子合金化及热处理工艺,获得表面高性能强化层的技术方法.通过该技术方法的处理,使Q235钢表面含有Mo,Cr,C合金元素,成分达到或接近冶金高速钢.该工艺技术的基本原理是在真空容器中,利用辉光放电的溅射现象,首先在Q235钢表面渗入合金元素Mo,Cr,表面含量分别达到12%(质量分数,下同)和4%左右,随后进行超饱和渗碳,使表面含碳量达到2.0%以上,合金化层成分接近钼系高速钢.合金层中的碳化物细小、均匀、弥散,无粗大的共晶莱氏体组织.Q235钢表面合金化后分别采用淬火 低温回火,淬火 2h深冷处理 低温回火两种工艺.结果发现,经深冷处理的试样表面硬度达到1600HV,明显高于未经过深冷处理试样的表面硬度.摩擦磨损实验表明,经深冷处理试样的滑动摩擦系数较未经深冷处理试样的要小,经深冷处理试样的耐磨性是未经深冷处理的1.6倍.     

Creep behaviour of parent,weld and HAZ materials of new,service-aged and repaired 1/2Cr1/2Mo1/4V: 2 1/4Cr1Mo pipe welds at 640°C

Abstract

The results of a series of creep tests on the materials of CrMoV weldments, in main steam pipes, are presented in this paper. The tests were performed at 640°C, using uniaxial, notched, impression and cross-weld creep test specimens. The materials involved include service-aged and ‘as-new’ 1/2Cr1/2Mo1/4V parent materials, service-aged and new 2 1/4Cr1Mo weld metals and the HAZ materials in the new, service-aged and fully repaired welds. Based on the test data obtained, material constants in creep continuum damage constitutive equations for the parent, weld and HAZ materials were determined. Direct comparison of the test data allows the creep deformation and rupture behaviour of the parent, weld and HAZ materials to be identified. The material properties of these CrMoV weldment materials can be used in numerical FE modelling to contribute to the understanding of the performance of the new, service-aged and repaired welds in similar materials.