沉淀过程对锰孔雀石结构及其演化过程的影响

锰孔雀石中的Mn含量对其后续演变和Cu-Mn催化剂的活性有重要的影响。本文利用搅拌釜反应器和微反应器制备了铜锰的碱式碳酸盐共沉淀物，研究了混合过程对Cu²⁺、Mn²⁺的共沉淀反应过程及共沉淀产物的后续演变过程的影响。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、热重质谱联用（TG-MS）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）分析了前体、催化剂的结构及演变过程。研究发现，在混合较好的微反应器制备的样品中，锰孔雀石中的极限Mn质量分数为25%左右，明显高于文献研究从搅拌釜中得到的数值。通过对扩散-反应过程的分析发现，反应过程中的混合效果越好，制备得到的前体中锰孔雀石的含量越多且其中的锰含量越高。高锰含量的锰孔雀石在焙烧时会形成更多的Cu-Mn界面，进而产生更多的高温碳酸盐，最终的铜锰催化剂中Cu、Mn相互作用更强，催化活性更高。     

微反应器研究陈化过程对铜锰催化剂的影响

陈化过程是共沉淀法制备Cu-Mn复合催化剂的关键步骤,沉淀物在形成初期快速的结构变化过程是研究的难点和盲点。采用微反应器制备Cu-Mn催化剂,并利用延长管进行陈化以研究极短陈化时间对Cu-Mn沉淀物及催化剂结构的影响,采用高倍电镜（HRTEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、热重分析（TG）、拉曼光谱（Raman spectra）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对不同陈化时间的沉淀物和催化剂的理化性质进行分析。结果显示,在陈化过程中沉淀物中的MnCO₃在数分钟内快速完成了从无定形到结晶态的转变,而Cu²⁺进入结晶态MnCO₃结构的过程需要数十分钟才能完成。结晶态MnCO₃的形成使Cu和Mn相互分离,而Cu-Mn复合碳酸盐的形成使得Cu-Mn分散性又逐渐变好。这导致了催化剂的结构参数呈现规律变化,使催化剂性能随陈化时间呈现先迅速变差后缓慢变好的规律。     

微反应器研究陈化过程对铜锰催化剂的影响

陈化过程是共沉淀法制备Cu-Mn复合催化剂的关键步骤,沉淀物在形成初期快速的结构变化过程是研究的难点和盲点。采用微反应器制备Cu-Mn催化剂,并利用延长管进行陈化以研究极短陈化时间对Cu-Mn沉淀物及催化剂结构的影响,采用高倍电镜（HRTEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、热重分析（TG）、拉曼光谱（Raman spectra）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对不同陈化时间的沉淀物和催化剂的理化性质进行分析。结果显示,在陈化过程中沉淀物中的MnCO₃在数分钟内快速完成了从无定形到结晶态的转变,而Cu²⁺进入结晶态MnCO₃结构的过程需要数十分钟才能完成。结晶态MnCO₃的形成使Cu和Mn相互分离,而Cu-Mn复合碳酸盐的形成使得Cu-Mn分散性又逐渐变好。这导致了催化剂的结构参数呈现规律变化,使催化剂性能随陈化时间呈现先迅速变差后缓慢变好的规律。     

炭化活化条件对Cu/AC表面Cu价态及其催化降解苯酚的影响

采用前体浸渍法研制了生物质基载铜活性炭催化剂（Cu/AC），利用N₂-吸附脱附、X射线光电子能谱等技术对Cu/AC性质进行了表征，在固定床反应器中研究了不同炭化活化条件所得Cu/AC催化湿式氧化降解苯酚性能。结果表明：Cu/AC表面Cu物种以Cu²⁺和（Cu⁺+Cu⁰）共存。随着制备Cu/AC炭化温度的升高，炭化过程中产生更多的挥发分，促进Cu²⁺还原为Cu⁺和Cu⁰，（Cu⁺+Cu⁰）含量增大，Cu/AC降解苯酚催化活性逐渐升高；随着炭化时间延长，（Cu⁺+Cu⁰）含量下降，Cu₂O、CuO较好地并入载体使晶格氧含量增加，催化活性先升高后下降；随着活化温度升高和活化时间延长，Cu/AC比表面积达到1096.1m²/g并有大量微孔生成，大量含氧官能团分解将炭化过程中还原生成的（Cu⁺+Cu⁰）氧化为Cu²⁺，晶格氧含量增加，催化活性随着活化温度的升高而升高，随着活化时间的延长先升高后下降。催化湿式氧化降解苯酚过程中，Cu/AC具有良好的稳定性和低的Cu离子浸出浓度。Cu/AC的最优制备条件为炭化温度800℃，炭化时间2h，活化温度880℃，活化时间为2h，所得Cu/AC在反应8.5h时实现98.5%的苯酚转化率和91.1%的COD转化率。     

微通道反应过程对铜锌催化剂微结构的影响

采用微通道反应器制备了铜锌催化剂,并利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段进行了表征。HRTEM和XPS分析表明,微反应器样品中 CuO和ZnO之间的相互分散性更好,两者之间的接触更为紧密,液相合成气制甲醇实验表明其活性高于传统共沉淀法催化剂。对比微通道反应器和传统共沉淀法的反应历程表明,微混合器内强烈的湍动和极小的空间,使Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺的沉淀过程更为均匀,增强了铜锌相互分散,强化了铜锌相互作用;同时,Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺在微反应器内经历了更为均匀一致的反应历程,得到的催化剂在结构上更加均匀。通过研究稳定段长度的影响发现,铜锌催化剂前驱体形成后需要经过30 s的停留时间,其结构才能基本稳定。     

除锰细菌的分离鉴定及其固定化除锰研究

自含锰土壤中筛选得到2株具有除锰能力的革兰氏阳性菌S1、S2，比对16S rRNA序列结果，推测2株细菌可能为巨大芽孢杆菌(Baciulls megaterium)和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)。在质量浓度为260 mg/L的Mn²⁺培养基中培养6 d后，2株细菌对Mn²⁺的去除率均可达95%以上。扫描电镜能谱(SEM-EDS)分析、X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明这2株细菌是通过将Mn²⁺转化为MnCO₃实现对Mn²⁺的去除。采用海藻酸钠和活性炭作为包埋剂将菌体制成固定化微胶囊，在含锰废水Mn²⁺质量浓度为150 mg/L时胶囊固定菌的除锰率远高于游离菌相应的值，利用正交实验优化胶囊固定菌的除锰条件后菌株的除锰率均高于96%,3轮循环除锰实验后胶囊固定菌仍有较好的除锰率，可见胶囊固定菌具备一定的重复利用性能。     

Ti-Al复合载体载锰催化剂同时脱硝脱汞实验

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列TiO₂、TiO₂-Al₂O₃（TiAl）、MnO₂/TiO₂（MnTi）和MnO₂/TiO₂-Al₂O₃（MnTiAl）样品,在固定床实验装置上研究了MnTi和MnTiAl催化剂的脱硝、脱汞性能,并对相应的样品进行了BET、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS表征分析。表征结果表明,Al₂O₃掺入TiO₂后能极大提高载体的比表面积,提升催化剂氧化还原性能,且有利于高价态锰离子（Mn³⁺和Mn⁴⁺）和化学吸附氧（O*）在催化剂表面富集。固定床实验结果表明,在反应温度范围内,MnTiAl催化剂脱硝、脱汞性能均优于MnTi催化剂,MnTiAl催化剂在200℃时脱硝、脱汞效率分别高达88.5%和96.1%。MnTiAl脱除烟气Hg⁰过程中,将Hg⁰氧化为Hg²⁺的同时,催化剂表面Mn³⁺、Mn⁴⁺和O*浓度均被消耗,同时烟气中的O₂能将催化剂表面较低价态的锰离子（Mn²⁺和Mn³⁺）重新氧化为高价态锰离子（Mn³⁺和Mn⁴⁺）,并且能补充催化剂表面的化学吸附氧（O*）,进而实现催化剂催化氧化Hg⁰过程。     

铜锰氧化物水煤气变换催化剂的还原与催化性能

以CuSO₄·5H₂O和MnSO₄·H₂O为前驱物,NaOH为沉淀剂,选用共沉淀工艺,添加Al₂O₃、BaO+Al₂O₃、ZrO₂+Al₂O₃或CeO₂+Al₂O₃粉末作为催化助剂,制备了4种铜锰氧化物水煤气高温变换催化剂。X射线衍射分析表明,4种铜锰氧化物催化剂的主要化学成分为氧化铜和氧化锰系化合物以及锰钡、铜锰和铜锰铝复合氧化物;在催化水煤气变换反应(WGSR)后,4种铜锰氧化物的化学成分发生了变化。H2还原实验结果表明,在4种铜锰氧化物中,添加ZrO₂+Al₂O₃的铜锰氧化物H₂还原效率最好;而添加CeO₂+Al₂O₃的铜锰氧化物H2还原效率最小。对WGSR出口气中CO体积分数进行对比分析可知,分别添加Al₂O₃和CeO₂+Al₂O₃铜锰氧化物催化剂的变换活性较好。     

微反应器中水层对Cu-Zn共沉淀过程的影响

探索了利用扩散反应的耦合制备更均匀的铜锌共沉淀物的方法。通过在微反应器中引入水层并调节水层占总流量的比例,制得了高催化活性的Cu/ZnO共沉淀催化剂。采用高倍电镜线扫（HRTEM/EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、热重分析（TG）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、N₂O化学反应法分析催化剂微结构的差异以及演变关系。结果显示,水层占比增加,初始沉淀物Cu-Zn分布更加均匀,陈化得到的前体中锌含量增大,焙烧得到的氧化物CuO和ZnO接触面积增加,相互作用力不断增强,最终提升了催化剂催化活性。通过模型数值分析发现,Zn²⁺较快的扩散速率部分抵消了其反应速率慢导致的不均匀性;随着水层占比增加,形成均匀沉淀的扩散-反应动态平衡区域增加,产物中均匀沉淀物的比例得以提高。     

铁锰复合氧化膜对水中双酚A的去除及影响因素

前期研究已发现表面负载铁锰氧化膜的石英砂滤料,对水中常见污染物（氨氮、铁、锰等）具有较高的催化氧化能力。本文利用中试过滤系统研究成熟滤料对水中双酚A（BPA）的去除能力,同时考察进水中Mn²⁺的负荷变化对去除水中BPA的影响。结果表明：该系统在仅有BPA负荷时,可去除ΔC_BPA为0.48mg/L,去除率高达95.6%,消耗溶解氧（DO）为5.44mg/L;进水中同时投加BPA和Mn²⁺,当Mn²⁺浓度达到2.0mg/L时,在滤柱前65cm处即可去除ΔC_BPA为0.56mg/L,BPA在后半段无法有效去除。由扫描电子显微镜（SEM）可知,BPA氧化后生成了某种物质,阻塞在氧化膜的孔隙结构中,造成滤料板结,同时发现少许氧化膜裂开脱落;能谱仪（EDS）能谱图显示投加BPA后,C、O元素的含量分别由之前的12.14%、18.50%增加到21.10%、22.58%,而Mn元素由之前的63.18%减少至42.49%,导致氧化膜表面锰氧化物减少;X射线光电子能谱（XPS）能谱图显示,在不同阶段氧化膜的主要化学形态为Mn₃O₄和MnFe₂O₄,而投加BPA后,有机物[—CH₂—H(OH)]_n覆盖在氧化膜表面及空隙中,降低了氧化膜表面的有效活性位,导致了BPA去除效果下降。     

Controllable synthesis of novel nanoporous manganese oxide catalysts for the direct synthesis of imines from alcohols and amines

A novel template-free oxalate route was applied to synthesize different mesoporous manganese oxides (amorphous manganese oxide (AMO), Mn₅O₈, Mn₃O₄, MnO₂) in the narrow temperature range from 350℃ to 400℃ by controlling the calcination conditions, which were employed as the efficient catalysts for the oxidative coupling of alcohols with amines to imines. The chemical and structural properties of the manganese oxides were characterized by the methods of thermogravimetry analysis and heat flow (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen sorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) techniques. The structures of different manganese oxides were confirmed by characterization. The M-350 (AMO) presented the maximum surface area, amorphous nature, the lowest reduction temperature, the higher (Mn³⁺ + Mn⁴⁺)/Mn²⁺ ratio, and the higher adsorbed oxygen species compared to other samples. Among the catalysts, M-350 showed the best catalytic performance using air as an oxidant, and the conversion of benzyl alcohol (BA) and the selectivity of N-benzylideneaniline (NBA) reached as high as 100% and 97.1% respectively at the lower reaction temperature (80℃) for 1 h. M-350 had also the highest TOF value (0.0100 mmol·mg^-1·h^-1) compared to the other manganese oxide catalysts. The catalyst was reusable and gave 95.8% conversion after 5 reuse tests, the XRD pattern of the reactivated M-350 did not show any obvious change. Lattice oxygen mobility and (Mn³⁺ + Mn⁴⁺)/Mn²⁺ ratio were found to play the important roles in the catalytic activity of aerobic reactions.     

自蔓延燃烧法制备锰氧化物催化剂及其催化燃烧炭烟颗粒

柴油机尾气中的炭烟颗粒是城市雾霾的主要来源之一,严重污染环境和危害人体的健康。因此,降低和消除柴油车尾气中的炭烟颗粒具有重要的意义。本文以高锰酸钾和一水柠檬酸为原料,通过自蔓延燃烧法成功制备了一系列锰氧化物催化剂。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、N₂吸附-脱附、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、O₂程序升温氧化（O₂-TPD）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了该系列催化剂催化炭烟颗粒燃烧的活性。结果表明,制备的锰氧化物催化剂均具有良好的催化燃烧炭烟活性。当高锰酸钾与一水柠檬酸的摩尔比为12∶1、煅烧温度为450℃时,制备的催化剂具有较低的还原峰温度,较大的比表面积和孔径以及化学吸附氧和Mn⁴⁺含量,从而表现出最佳催化燃烧炭烟颗粒的性能,其催化燃烧炭烟温度T₁₀、T₅₀和T₉₀分别为284℃、327℃和360℃。     

Nanosized perovskite-type oxides La1−xSrxMO3−δ (M = Co, Mn; x = 0, 0.4) for the catalytic removal of ethylacetate

Nanometer perovskite-type oxides La_1−xSr_xMO_3−δ (M = Co, Mn; x = 0, 0.4) have been prepared using the citric acid complexing-hydrothermal-coupled method and characterized by means of techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The catalytic performance of these nanoperovskites in the combustion of ethylacetate (EA) has also been evaluated. The XRD results indicate that all the samples possessed single-phase rhombohedral crystal structures. The surface areas of these nanomaterials ranged from 20 to 33 m² g⁻¹, the achievement of such high surface areas are due to the uniform morphology with the typical particle size of 40–80 nm (as can be clearly seen in their HRSEM images) that were derived with the citric acid complexing-hydrothermally coupled strategy. The XPS results demonstrate the presence of Mn⁴⁺ and Mn³⁺ in La_1−xSr_xMnO_3−δ and Co³⁺ and Co²⁺ in La_1−xSr_xCoO_3−δ, Sr substitution induced the rises in Mn⁴⁺ and Co³⁺ concentrations; adsorbed oxygen species (O⁻, O₂⁻, or O₂²⁻) were detected on the catalyst surfaces. The O₂-TPD profiles indicate that Sr doping increased desorption of the adsorbed oxygen and lattice oxygen species at low temperatures. The H₂-TPR results reveal that the nanoperovskite catalysts could be reduced at much lower temperatures (<240 °C) after Sr doping. It is observed that under the conditions of EA concentration = 1000 ppm, EA/oxygen molar ratio = 1/400, and space velocity = 20,000 h⁻¹, the catalytic activity (as reflected by the temperature (T_100%) for EA complete conversion) increased in the order of LaCoO_2.91 (T_100% = 230 °C) ≈ LaMnO_3.12 (T_100% = 235 °C) < La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO_3.02 (T_100% = 190 °C) < La_0.6Sr_0.4CoO_2.78 (T_100% = 175 °C); furthermore, there were no formation of partially oxidized by-products over these catalysts. Based on the above results, we conclude that the excellent catalytic performance is associated with the high surface areas, good redox properties (derived from higher Mn⁴⁺/Mn³⁺ and Co³⁺/Co²⁺ ratios), and rich lattice defects of the nanostructured La_1−xSr_xMO_3−δ materials.     

XPS studies on the oxygen species of LaMn1−xCuxO3+λ

The electronic states of LaMn_1−xCu_xO_3+λ (x=0–0.4) have been studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The valence states of substituted copper ions were Cu²⁺ and the manganese ions were a highly mixed state of Mn³⁺ and Mn⁴⁺. The nonstoichiometry and electronic state of lattice oxygen have been studied. The samples at x=0 and 0.1 had an excess of lattice oxygen but those at x=0.2–0.4 had lattice oxygen deficiency. A modified Auger parameter (Δ′) was used to evaluate the electronic states of oxygen ions. The Δ′ of lattice oxygen increased with increasing substitute quantity. This increase of Δ′ reflected the decrease of ionic bond character of lattice oxygen. The adsorbed oxygen species on LaMn_1−xCu_xO_3+λ was assigned mainly as O⁻ from the peak positions of spectra for the O 1s and O KLL levels, and the Δ′ of this O⁻ decreased with x. This decrease, i.e., the increase of ionic bond character of adsorbed oxygen was correlated well with the value of nonstoichiometry of lattice oxygen.

The rate of CO oxidation at 448 K was increased by the substitution till x=0.4. We consider that this enhancement of reactivity comes from the change of electronic state of adsorbed oxygen, O⁻ itself, i.e., a weak interaction between O⁻ and low coordinated metal site brings about a high reactivity.     

The effect of the Ce content on the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over CrOy-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 catalysts

A series of CrO_y (17.5 wt%)-CeO₂ (X wt%)/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts (X=0, 0.5, 2, 5, 8) with various Ce contents were prepared by a wetness impregnation method and were applied to the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene at 550℃ and 0.1 MPa. The prepared catalysts were characterized by BET, H₂-TPR, O₂-TPD, XPS, XRD, SEM-EDS and Raman spectroscopy. Among the prepared catalysts, the 17.5Cr-2Ce/Al catalyst with the largest amount of lattice oxygen exhibited the best catalytic performance for the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene with lattice oxygen. The decreased presence of oxygen defects and reducibility were the factors responsible for the improved dehydrogenation activity of the catalysts. The CeO₂ layer could inhibit the evolution of lattice oxygen (O^2-) to electrophilic oxygen species (O₂^-), and the oxygen defects on the catalyst surface were reduced. The inhibited lattice oxygen evolution prevented the deep oxidation of propane or propylene, the average CO_x selectivity decreased from 24.41% (17.5Cr/Al) to 5.71% (17.5Cr-2Ce/Al), and the average propylene selectivity increased from 60.15% (17.5Cr/Al) to 85.05% (17.5Cr-2Ce/Al).