放电等离子烧结AlN陶瓷

研究了放电等离子烧结氮化铝陶瓷的过程。通过对比掺与不掺烧结助剂的氮化铝陶瓷的两种烧结过程，指出了烧结助剂在放电等离子烧结氮化铝陶瓷过程中的作用。利用放电等离子烧结技术烧结氮化铝，在加Y2O3-Li2O-CaF2作为烧结助剂，1700℃的烧结温度，25MPa的压力下，仅保温5min，得到相对密度为97．3％的AlN陶瓷。SEM表明试样内部晶粒细小，结构均匀。实验表明：放电等离子烧结技术可实现快速烧结。     

先进陶瓷材料快速烧结技术发展现状及趋势

快速烧结技术在节省时间和能源方面的巨大优势使其成为一直以来的研究热点。近几十年来,快速烧结技术(如火花等离子烧结、闪电烧结、选区激光烧结、感应烧结、微波烧结和传统烧结装置中的快速烧结等)的发展,使陶瓷材料的快速烧结成为可能。本文综述了近20年来先进陶瓷领域中的快速烧结技术和烧结机理,并对火花等离子烧结中直流脉冲电流和机械压力对微观结构、材料性能和烧结机理的影响进行了深入分析和总结。同时指出,快速烧结技术今后的发展一方面是对烧结机理的进一步研究并应用到先进陶瓷材料的制备中,另一方面是解决快速烧结技术工业化生产中大尺寸、大批量生产的难题。     

液相烧结氧化铝陶瓷及其烧结动力学分析

研究了CuO TiO2复相添加剂对Al2O3陶瓷烧结性能、显微结构的影响以及添加剂形成液相时Al2O3陶瓷的烧结动力学.结果显示:添加剂的加入明显地促进了Al2O3陶瓷的烧结致密度.添加剂含量对致密有明显影响,含量越高,烧结速率越快.当添加剂(CuO TiO2)为2%(质量分数),CuO/TiO2质量比为1/2时,Al2O3样品致密度最高.添加剂的存在使Al2O3晶粒发生较快生长,晶粒形貌为等轴状.通过等温烧结动力学,确定掺杂Al2O3陶瓷烧结激活能为25.2kJ/mol,表明可能是氧离子和铝离子在液相中的扩散作用控制了烧结过程.     

脉冲电流烧结的现状与展望

脉冲电流烧结(Pulse Electric Current Sintering，PECS)技术是近十年发展起来的一种新型特殊的快速烧结技术。它具有升温速度快、烧结时间短、有利于控制烧结体的细微结构等特点。近几年来在纳米材料、复合材料等的制备中显示了极大的优越性，得到了材科学界和产业界的瞩目。本文介绍了脉冲电流烧结的特征和研究现状，并展望了在今后新材料开发中的应用前景。     

液相烧结SiC陶瓷

采用Ｙ２Ｏ３,Ａｌ２Ｏ３为烧结助剂,研究了烧结助剂的含量及组成对ＳｉＣ陶瓷的烧结性和力学性能的影响。结果表明,Ｙ２Ｏ３,Ａｌ２Ｏ３原位形成了ＹＡＧ,材料以液相烧结机制致密化,与传统的固相烧结相比,液相烧结使ＳｉＣ陶瓷性能显著提高,在较佳条件下,材料强度和韧性分别达到７０７ＭＰａ,１０．７ＭＰａ·ｍ＾１／２,显微结构观察表明,裂纹偏转和微裂纹为主要的增韧机理,这与其弱的界面结合有关,而强度的提高则得     

低温烧结的高强度刚压陶瓷

本文研究了影响烧结和制取细晶粒结构及高强度氧化铝陶瓷的因素，报道了在空气介质中于１４５０℃下烧结的强度达６００ＭＰａ陶瓷的制取概况。表明可以将Ａｌ２Ｏ３质陶瓷烧结温度降至１２００℃。     

陶瓷膜材料烧结技术研究进展

综述了国内陶瓷膜材料烧结技术研究进展,着重介绍了陶瓷膜材料烧结技术在优化烧结原料、降低烧结温度、优化烧结制度和研究烧结机理等方面的进展,并指出了今后陶瓷膜材料烧结技术的研究重点。     

纳米陶瓷烧结技术研究进展与展望

纳米化被认为是解决陶瓷脆性的有效途径之一。纳米陶瓷的特殊显微结构决定了其独特的性能,如高强度、高断裂韧性、低温超塑性等。此外,纳米效应还可赋予材料特殊的光、电、磁等功能特性。烧结是纳米陶瓷制备的关键环节,初始颗粒在高温烧结过程中极易长大,因此,合理的烧结技术和工艺是促进陶瓷致密化并控制晶粒长大的重要保证。按照是否存在外场辅助条件及辅助条件类型,本工作将纳米陶瓷烧结技术分为无压烧结、压力辅助烧结、电磁辅助烧结3大类,并结合研究实例讨论其烧结机理。通过对不同烧结技术的特点对比,提出目前纳米陶瓷烧结技术存在的主要挑战并进行展望。     

多孔陶瓷的微波烧结技术

介绍了多孔陶瓷的微波烧结技术和烧结机理 ,以及微波烧结与传统烧结的区别 ,并且阐述了微波烧结过程中遇到的棘手问题及其解决方法     

Si3N4陶瓷烧结中烧结助剂的研究进展

研究了多种烧结助剂对氮化硅烧结性能和烧结过程的影响.研究表明,多组分助剂比单一组分助剂对氮化硅的助烧效果好,其中稀土氧化物和MgO-Al2O3-SiO2体系比较受重视.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.