HIV抗体筛查实验室弱阳性血清的制备及其应用

目的：探索HIV抗体弱阳性对照血清简便、易行、准确的制备方法及HIV抗体室内质控图的应用。方法：用正常人阴性血清按不同稀释倍数梯度稀释HIV抗体阳性血清后，制备出弱阳性血清。结果：用双抗原夹心ELISA法进行HIV抗体检测后找出S／CO值在2—3倍之间的血清稀释倍数，连续检测20次，制出室内质控图。结论：制作弱阳性对照血清时，用不同稀释倍数逐渐降低阳性血清抗体滴度能准确简便地找出弱阳性对照血清孔数。     

HIV抗体弱阳性质控血清的制备及应用评价

目的 掌握抗HIV弱阳性外部对照质控血清的制备方法,有效运用到试验过程中。方法 用HIV抗体阴性血清成倍比稀释强阳性血清,采用酶联免疫吸附检验(ELISA)来检测各稀释度OD值,并计算S/CO值来确定某一稀释度为配置稀释度(即临界值2-3倍)。结果 采用倍比稀释法,可获得所需外部质控所用血清浓度,并且连续检测20次,绘制出室内质控图。结论 制备适合自己试验室的弱阳性的外部质控血清方法简单,使用起来方便,也易于保存,适用于HIV初筛实验室日常检测的室内质量控制工作。     

弱阳性外部对照质控血清的制备方法

[目的]掌握弱阳性外部对照质控血清的制备方法。[方法]用抗-HIV抗体阴性的血清倍比稀释抗-HIV抗体阳性血清，采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测各稀释度血清，计算S／OD值。依据所需外部对照质控血清的强弱来确定某一稀释度为配制稀释度，按配制稀释度的年需求量来配制弱阳性外部对照质控血清。[结果]采用倍比稀释法可获得均匀、无菌、稳定的弱阳性外部对照质控血清。(结论)倍比稀释法是制备弱阳性外部对照质控血清的1种方便、快捷、可靠的方法。     

HIV抗体检测质控方法探讨

目的探讨外部对照质控血清的制备,及HIV抗体检测质量控制图的绘制方法,以保证HIV抗体检测的质量。方法只设置一个弱阳性外部对照质控血清,绘制检测质控图,以控制HIV抗体检测质量。结果结合操作实例介绍HIV抗体检测质量控制方法,成功地制备了弱阳性外部对照质控血清,绘制出了理想的质量控制图,确保了HIV抗体检测的质量。结论本方法浅显易懂,可操作性强,易于掌握,是控制HIV抗体检测质量的有效方法。     

供多年使用、多厂家试剂共用的HIV抗体干血棉球质控品应用研究

[目的]研究设计一种供多年使用,多厂家ELISA检测HIV抗体试剂盒共用的干血棉球质控品。[方法]用HIV抗体阴性血清稀释HIV抗体强阳性血清,制备成较高S/CO值的干血棉球质控品。根据不同厂家ELISA检测HIV抗体试剂盒敏感性的差异,标定出不同试剂盒检测干血棉球质控品S/CO值2～3时溶解液的各自用量。实验时,不同厂家试剂盒用不同用量的溶解液溶解干血棉球质控品,使之成为该厂家试剂盒S/CO值2～3的弱阳性质控血清,用于室内质量控制。[结果]干血棉球质控品置-20℃历时3年,经多个厂家的ELISA检测HIV抗体试剂盒对干血棉球质控品20次检测结果,其S/CO值的变异系数(cv)均﹤20%。[结论]使用干血棉球质控品大大减少了制备频次,简化了操作程序,为各级艾滋病检测实验室ELISA检测HIV抗体的室内质量控制提供了极大的方便。     

酶联免疫吸附试验中HIV抗体室内质控品的制备及应用

目的制备酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测中HIV抗体室内质控品。方法用HIV抗体阴性血清,按1∶1、1∶2、1∶4、1∶8稀释ELISA试剂盒中HIV阳性对照品,检测不同稀释度的HIV抗体,选择S/CO=2～4倍临界值作为弱阳性质控品的稀释倍数,大批量配制,分装,-20℃储存。将自制质控品与日常血清样品同时检测HIV抗体,每月统计检测S/CO均值、标准差和变异系数,监测其均一性和稳定性。结果经单因子方差分析自制的弱阳性质控品均一性无显著性差异,12个月中HIV抗体S/CO均值在2～3之间,变异系数20%,稳定性良好。结论自制的HIV抗体质控品均一性、稳定性良好,保存期达12个月,可作为ELISA检测中弱阳性质控品使用。     

绵阳市2006年HIV抗体筛查质控结果分析

[目的]通过开展室内质控,以外部对照质控血清监测检测结果的可靠性和重复性。[方法]针对北京吉比爱ELISA法试剂的特点,自己配制弱阳性外部对照质控血清,每次实验均带外部对照质控血清检测,绘制质控图,并评价实验结果的可靠性。[结果]前20次外部对照质控血清的S/CO值建立质控框架图,从21次开始外部对照结果的S/CO值进入质控状态,曾出现位移现象,经分析找到原因后,位移现象消失,质控图分布正常,实验结果可被接受。[结论]保证HIV抗体初筛实验检测的可靠性,必须建立一系列质控体系,并持续开展室内质控,同时应注意检测中常出现的问题,并及时解决。     

ELISA检测HIV抗体弱阳性外部质控血浆的制备和应用

目的 制备HIV抗体检测的弱阳性外部质控血浆并进行应用,确保HIV初筛实验室的检测质量.方法 用不同个体HIV阴性血浆稀释不同个体的HIV阳性血浆得到弱阳性外部质控血浆,用荷兰生物梅里埃试剂检测20次后得到的S/CO值在Eexcle表格上绘制质控图.结果 自制的弱阳性外部质控血浆经1年使用后稳定性好,变异系数＜20％.结论 自制适合自己实验室的弱阳性外部质控血浆方法简单,经济实惠,使用方便,易于保存,适用于HIV初筛实验室日常检测的质量控制工作.     

HIV抗体阳性血清梯度稀释系列用于实验室质控和试剂评价探讨

目的探讨HIV抗体阳性血清梯度稀释系列用于实验室质控和试剂评价。方法确认阴性血清梯度稀释HIV抗体确认阳性血清,系列的最高稀释度应含HIV抗体确认实验不确定结果,用第三代双抗原夹心法HIV抗体ELISA检测试剂进行检测,寻找稀释度与OD值间的关系,然后应用于实验室质控和试剂评价。结果在一定稀释度范围内-log[稀释度]与OD值呈线性关系。实验系列用于质控,各实验室均正确报出样品的阴阳性结果,但灵敏度(回归曲线斜率/残差标准差)不同,依此对实验室进行排序;同时,没能正确报出检测结果的试剂其确定系数和灵敏度较底。结论HIV抗体阳性血清梯度稀释系列可用于实验室质控和试剂评价。但灵敏度的合适范围还需继续探讨。     

HIV抗体ELISA检测室内质控品的制备及应用

目的探讨自行配置HIV抗体弱阳性血浆样本作为酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)室内质控品的方法,力求保证HIV抗体的筛查质量。方法将3份HIV抗体阳性血浆样本等体积混匀,用1份HIV抗体阴性血浆样本倍比稀释该混匀样本,再用ELISA检测。根据稀释倍数和S/CO比值的散点图,确定弱阳性反应的稀释样本和相应的稀释倍数,制备和分装室内质控品,并对室内质控品做均一性评价、稳定性评价和冻融实验。评价后,连续20 d检测室内质控品,建立L-J质控图并分析实验结果。结果根据散点图,稀释到2~(15)的样本的S/CO值为3.066,确定将HIV阳性混合血浆样本稀释至2~(15)来制备弱阳性室内质控品。均一性评价中,室内质控品的变异系数(CV)为5.66%;稳定性评价中,分别放置于37℃、室温(22~25℃)、2~8℃、-20℃的室内质控品的CV均小于10%,并随着温度降低,CV减小;冻融实验的CV小于10%。L-J质控图的控制限为1.46±0.06(1_(1s))、1.46±0.12(1_(2s))、1.46±0.18(1_(3s)),连续10 d的室内质控品检测结果均在控。结论自制的室内质控品均一性、稳定性好,可反复冻融3次,可作为商品化质控品的替代品保证实验室HIV抗体ELISA检测的质量。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.