1993~2019年我国各省水泥工艺碳排放量统计分析

在国内外双碳目标和形势下，我国水泥工业碳达峰与碳中和形势更为紧迫。本文详细介绍了水泥工艺碳排放量的计算方法，并结合国家统计局提供的1993~2019年水泥生产数据及中国温室气体排放研究给出的水泥工艺碳排放因子，采用区域平均的计算方法，得出各省1993~2019年水泥工艺碳排放量数据，并进行了区域统计分析及不确定度分析，以期对我国水泥工业碳达峰与碳中和路径提供参考。     

水泥行业碳达峰行动方案和路线图视频座谈会在京召开

为贯彻党的十九届五中全会精神、落实中央经济工作会议部署,推动水泥行业提前实现碳达峰、推进碳中和的目标,制定水泥行业碳达峰行动方案和路线图,提出碳达峰措施,2021年1月22日,中国水泥协会受工业和信息化部原材料工业司委托,主持召开了水泥行业碳达峰行动方案和路线图视频座谈会。工信部原材料工业司建材处处长岳全化,节能与综合利用司综合处处长郭丰源,中国水泥协会执行会长孔祥忠、秘书长王郁涛等出席会议并讲话。中国水泥协会副秘书长、碳减排专委会秘书长李琛主持会议。     

水泥行业碳达峰碳中和标准体系建设研究

依据《碳达峰碳中和标准体系建设指南》等文件,提出了我国水泥行业碳达峰碳中和标准体系,研究分析了标准体系中基础通用、核算与核查、技术与装备、监测、管理与评价等子体系的标准制修订进展及缺失原因。“十四五”是我国水泥行业实现碳达峰、进军碳中和的关键时期,水泥行业应优先健全碳核算核查标准子体系,加快突破技术与装备、监测标准研制,稳步推进基础通用、管理与评价类标准制修订,持续完善碳达峰碳中和标准体系,支撑水泥行业实现绿色低碳、安全高质量发展。     

水泥行业碳达峰碳中和科技发展路径探讨

碳达峰碳中和“3060”目标对水泥行业的影响,既有碳排放量大、污染防治难度大等负面影响,也有技术装备升级、产业关联加强等正面影响。建材行业设定提前碳达峰目标,将倒逼水泥行业进一步实施技术创新和优化升级,推进我国水泥行业走可持续发展之路。本文将对水泥行业碳达峰碳中和科技发展路径进行探讨。     

我国烯烃行业碳达峰、碳中和路径分析

结合我国烯烃行业碳排放情况和特点、估算了烯烃行业碳排放总量;研究了碳达峰、碳中和背景下烯烃行业的竞争格局变化趋势;重点分析了蒸汽裂解和煤制烯烃两大工艺减碳的技术方向,以及碳达峰、碳中和阶段具有可操作性的实施路径;介绍了碳达峰、碳中和背景下其他新兴烯烃生产工艺路线的发展机会.     

硫铝酸盐水泥碳排放核算

人类活动产生的温室气体引起气候异常已成为全球共识。水泥生产排放大量温室气体，2018年水泥生产碳排放占全球碳排放的8.7%。硫铝酸盐水泥由于原材料石灰石用量的减少和较低煅烧温度带来的碳排放比硅酸盐类水泥低的特点，在全球碳达峰和碳中和战略目标下，具有潜在的发展空间。基于生命周期评价理论与方法，建立了碳排放核算模型，对我国典型工艺生产1 t 42.5级硫铝酸盐水泥的碳排放进行了定量核算，同时与欧美等发达国家相关研究结果进行了比较，为水泥企业和行业制定碳减排、碳达峰路径及发展提供参考。     

论水泥企业碳中和的路径

在2030年前碳排放达峰、2060年前实现碳中和的目标下,水泥企业需要采取减排措施,制定碳中和计划。水泥企业的碳中和路径应从降低碳排放总量、制定监测并精确核算、减排技术应用等方面着手,以期在组织层次上清除生产碳排放从而达到零排放。     

对我国水泥工业减碳技术措施及其效果的分析与建议

水泥工业的碳排放占全球人为二氧化碳排放总量的7.5%,而在我国其占比却高达13.75%。为了履行我国实现“3060”的庄严承诺,水泥工业的减碳任务面临严峻挑战。水泥工业是我国实现碳达峰碳中和目标中的重要行业,具有全局性的影响。我们必须坚决圆满地完成这个光荣而艰巨的历史使命。     

中国平板玻璃工业碳减排途径分析研究

环境问题是影响人类生存与发展的社会问题之一。碳达峰、碳中和已经成为我国的国家发展战略。我国的平板玻璃产业相应制定了本行业实现碳达峰、碳中和的路线图。玻璃制造需要经历高温热工过程,使其能耗和污染排放都很高。近年我国玻璃工业CO₂总排放量呈现逐年升高的趋势,平均单位产品碳排放量呈现逐年下降的变化。通过分析我国平板玻璃产业实现双碳的途径及需要经历的4个阶段,分析氢能在玻璃工业中应用的可行性,表明玻璃行业利用氢能替代化石燃料以降低碳排是未来发展重要方向之一。     

卫星遥感碳监测技术研究进展

为了支撑城市“碳达峰、碳中和”工作,需要完善和提升碳排放监测能力,构建系统的碳监测体系。卫星遥感碳监测技术在探测大气中的二氧化碳浓度和分布对全球气候环境变化具有重要意义。文章综述了国内外碳卫星监测技术和光学载荷的研究进展,总结了遥感碳监测卫星的关键参数展望了新一代星载高光谱碳监测卫星的未来发展趋势,并为其它区域推进碳达峰碳中和工作提供示范参考。     

Sharp indentation behavior of carbon/carbon composites and varieties of carbon

Sharp indentation tests on carbon fiber and carbon matrix composites (C/C composite) were carried out over a wide load range from 0 to 2 N on three different cross sections: normal, parallel and inclined to the fiber axis. For comparison purposes, a variety of carbons including HOPG, glassy C, and pyrocarbon films was also examined. Both the fibers and the matrices displayed first a purely elastic response and second crack-induced damage. A purely elastic behavior was also observed with most of the varieties of carbon considered. Young’s modulus was extracted from the indentation curves either at maximum or at various forces, using the Sneddon equation of elastic response on loading (elastic indentation) or a classical equation based on elastic recovery on unloading (elastoplastic indentation). Results are discussed with respect to features of structure and heterogeneity of material in the stressed volume.     

Pulsed electrodeposition of carbon nanotubes-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for carbon/carbon composites

Carbon nanotubes-hydroxyapatite (CNTs-HA) composite coatings, which behaved like single composites, were synthesized by a combined method composed of electrophoretic deposition and pulsed electrodeposition. The phase compositions and the microstructure of the composite coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies showed that the CNTs-HA composite coatings protected the bare carbon/carbon composites from corrosion in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. The adhesion strength of CNTs-HA composite coating prepared by the combined method is 14.57±1.06 MPa achieved at the CNTs EPD time of 10 min. Compared to the other CNTs-HA composite coatings with different content of CNTs, the CNT-HA composite coating with the electrophoretic deposition of 10 min showed the best corrosion resistance. The morphology of CNTs-HA composite coatings immersed in SBF solution rendered the formation of HA crystallites. In addition, in vitro cellular responses to the CNTs-HA composite coatings were assessed to investigate the proliferation and morphology of mouse cells 3T3 cell line.     

Kinetics of pyrolytic carbon infiltration for the preparation of ceramic/carbon and carbon/carbon composites

Carbon/carbon and zeolite/carbon composites have been prepared by pyrolytic carbon infiltration of organic and inorganic substrates with different porous structures. The chemical vapour infiltration kinetics of these substrates has been studied in a thermogravimetric system at atmospheric pressure, using benzene as pyrolytic carbon precursor. The rate of pyrolytic carbon infiltration seems to depend on the porosity of the substrate available to the pyrolytic carbon precursor, irrespective of the nature of the substrate studied. Activation energy values of about 180 kJ/mol were found for the different substrates used in the temperature range of 700-800 °C, where the cracking reaction of benzene takes place, predominantly, in a heterogeneous form. At higher temperatures homogeneous reactions compete with heterogeneous ones and higher values of activation energies (280-380 kJ/mol) were obtained. The oxidation of the pyrolytic carbon deposited on the different substrates studied takes place in the same range of temperature, which suggests the presence of a similar pyrolytic carbon structure on substrates of different nature or a similar accessibility to the deposited layer.     

Friction behaviors of carbon/carbon composites with different pyrolytic carbon textures

Friction and wear properties of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites with a smooth laminar (SL), a medium textured rough laminar (RL) and a high textured RL pyrolytic carbon texture were investigated with a home-made laboratory scale dynamometer to simulate airplane normal landing (NL), over landing (OL) and rejected take-off (RTO) conditions. The morphology of worn surfaces at different braking levels was observed with scanning electron microscopy. The results show that C/C composites with RL have nearly constant friction coefficients, stable friction curves and proper wear loss at different braking levels, while friction coefficients of C/C composites with SL pyrolytic carbon decrease intensely and their oxidation losses increase greatly under OL and RTO conditions. Therefore, C/C composites with a high and medium textured RL pyrolytic carbon may satisfy the requirements of aircraft brakes. The good friction and wear properties of C/C composites with RL are due to the properties of RL, which leads to a uniform friction film forming on the friction surface.     

Microstructure of carbon/carbon composites reinforced with pitch-based ribbon-shape carbon fibers

Carbon/carbon composites were prepared with ribbon-shape pitch-based carbon fibers serving as reinforcement and thermosetting PFA resin and thermoplastic pitch as matrix precursors. The composites were heat treated to 1000, 1600 and 2700 °C. Microstructural transformations taking place in the reinforcement, carbon matrix, and the interface were studied using polarized optical and scanning electron microscopy. The fiber/matrix bond and ordering of the carbon matrix in heat-treated composites was found to vary depending on the heat treatment temperature of the fibers. Stabilized fiber cleaved during carbonization of resin-derived composites. In contrast, fibers retain their shape during carbonization of pitch matrix composites. Optical activity was observed in composites made with carbonized fibers; the extent decreases with increased heat treatment of the fibers. Studies at various heat treatment temperatures indicate that ribbon-shape fibers developed ordered structure at 1600 °C when co-carbonized with thermosetting resin or thermoplastic pitches.     

Mechanical behavior of two-dimensional carbon/carbon composites with interfacial carbon layers

Effect of interfacial carbon layers on the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of two-dimensional carbon fiber fabrics reinforced carbon matrix composites were investigated. Phenolic resin reinforced with two-dimensional plain woven carbon fiber fabrics was used as starting materials for carbon/carbon composites and was prepared using vacuum bag hot pressing technique. In order to study the effect of interfacial bonding, a carbon layer was applied to the carbon fabrics in advance. The carbon layers were prepared using petroleum pitch with different concentrations as precursors. The experimental results indicate that the carbon/carbon composites with interfacial carbon layers possess higher fracture energy than that without carbon layers after carbonization at 1000°C. For a pitch concentration of 0.15 g/ml, the carbon/carbon composites have both higher flexural strength and fracture energy than composites without carbon layers. Both flexural strength and fracture energy increased for composites with and without carbon layers after graphitization. The amount of increase in fracture energy was more significant for composites with interfacial carbon layers. Results indicate that a suitable pitch concentration should be used in order to tailor the mechanical behavior of carbon/carbon composites with interfacial carbon layers.     

Consolidation of carbon nanofibers with pyrolytic carbon

A strategy of industrial-scale manufacture for a wide range of carbon materials based on carbon nanofibers is proposed. It was shown that porous materials with a high sorption capacity can be obtained with the use of carbon nanofibers by means of conventional manufacturing operations. The results of studying of consolidation of carbon nanofibers with pyrolytic carbon are reported. It was found that the nature of carbon material has a substantial effect on the rate of deposition of pyrolytic carbon. The most appropriate temperature range in which carbon nanofibers should be consolidated for the preparation of materials with a high catalytic activity was determined.     

Nanographite-reinforced carbon/carbon composites

Carbon/carbon composites (C/Cs) with nanographite platelets (NGP) filler in a matrix derived from phenolic resin were produced. Different weight concentration (0.5, 1.5, 3, 5 wt.%) NGP were introduced by spraying the NGP during the prepreg formation. The NGP-reinforced C/Cs were characterized for effect of NGP concentration on microstructure, porosity, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), flexural, ultrasonic and vibration damping behavior. At 1.5 wt.% NGP C/C, the highest values of ILSS observed was 10.5 MPa (increased by 22%), flexure strength of 142.4 MPa (increased by 27%), flexural modulus of 59.2 GPa (increased by 68%) and porosity of 18.8% (reduced by 17.5%) in comparison to neat (without NGP) densified C/C. Ultrasonic testing revealed an average increase of 15% through the thickness Young’s modulus of NGP-C/C; (3.12 GPa at 1.5 wt.% NGP). A 20% average decrease in the damping ratio of the first four modes of vibration was observed in 1.5 wt.% NGP densified C/C. At low concentration (⩽1.5 wt.%) the NGP filled in the pores, cracks and debonded interface but at concentration higher than 1.5 wt.% NGP lost their effectiveness due to agglomeration. The required cycles for desired density/properties are projected to be less compared to neat C/C due to less porosity observed in ⩽1.5 wt.% NGP concentration C/C.