结构动力模型的改进直接修正方法及工程应用

直接模型修正方法是一类经典的解析动力模型修正技术,该方法具有计算高效和精确匹配目标模态参数等优点,但仅考虑与频率和振型相关的约束,导致修正模型预测的模态参与因子与实际识别值存在差异。针对该模态参数匹配不完备问题,提出了一种改进的直接模型修正方法。改进方法考虑模态参与因子在质量矩阵中的修正,采用约束最小化技术,推导了质量矩阵的最优解,并结合已有的刚度矩阵修正技术实现结构模型修正。以一栋实际消能减震建筑结构为应用对象,利用结构地震监测数据估计的模态参数,采用改进方法修正结构初始有限元模型,验证了改进修正方法的准确性。     

预应力连续箱梁桥的动力有限元模型修正

以张家港河大桥为对象,建立主桥的初始有限元模型,基于频率指标和振型相关系数指标,定义了相比传统更合理的目标函数,利用实数编码加速遗传算法,基于环境激励模态试验的前7阶模态参数,对其初始有限元模型进行修正,并利用后3阶模态参数,对修正后有限元模型的预测能力进行评估。由修正结果和预测能力可知,采用上述指标定义的目标函数和实数编码加速遗传算法,对预应力混凝土连续梁桥的有限元模型进行修正,获得准确反映其实际动力行为的有限元模型。     

基于模态柔度输入的结构模型智能修正研究

讨论了如何基于输入参数选择和样本收集来进行结构模型的神经网络修正。提出了利用模态频率、模态振型和模态柔度组合指标作为神经网络修正的输入参数。并用悬臂梁数值模拟和巴东长江公路大桥实桥模型来进行分析验证,分别比较了不同输入参数的修正精度。最后验证了结合模态柔度可以有效地对实际结构进行修正,保证模型修正效果。     

基于贝叶斯的钢筋混凝土梁模型修正方法

本文提出了一个基于贝叶斯原理的钢筋混凝土梁有限元模型修正方法。针对钢筋混凝土梁模型修正中的方程病态问题及模态测试中测点信息不完整和模态信息不完备的实际情况,建立了适用于有限测点的目标函数和似然函数,且在目标函数中同时考虑了频率和振型信息。采用延迟拒绝自适应算法(DRAM)对待修正参数的后验概率进行了计算。数值算例表明本方法在仅使用低阶测量模态信息和不完整振型信息的情况下,仍能准确修正结构参数;实验算例表明,修正后的钢筋混凝土梁有限元模型的动力特性和测量结果一致,修正后的模型参数值和梁的轻微裂缝的位置及大小基本对应,说明了本文方法的有效性。     

环境激励下钢板组合梁桥模态参数识别

结构模态参数识别是结构健康监测领域的重点研究问题之一,主要应用于结构损伤识别、安全评估、模型修正等多个方面。文章以一座四跨连续钢板组合梁桥为例,根据设计图纸,利用SAP2000有限元软件建立其初始有限元模型。根据健康监测系统采集得到的加速度时程数据,分别利用随机子空间方法(SSI)和基于离散解析模式分解方法(DAMD)对实际结构的频率、振型、阻尼比进行识别,并将识别结果和有限元法计算结果进行对比。研究结果表明,文章所述的两种参数识别方法对桥梁固有频率均有较好的识别效果,对于所测得的加速度响应时程较短的工况条件下,利用基于离散解析模式分解的方法相比于传统随机子空间方法可以更准确地识别出桥梁结构的阻尼比。     

钢桁梁悬臂施工状态模态试验及有限元分析

为了获得钢桁梁在悬臂拼装施工状态的振动特性参数,以便对钢桁梁施工阶段的有限元计算模型进行校核;加工制作了某钢桁梁试验模型,采用DASP动态测试系统实测了模型梁的频率和振型,基于实测结果采用有限元计算软件MIDAS对钢桁梁模型进行了有限元分析,间接识别了螺栓的连接刚度。模型试验结果表明:模态试验测得钢桁梁悬臂施工状态的前3阶振型与有限元计算的振型基本吻合;基于修正后的有限元计算模型模态分析结果与实测结果误差小于4%,修正后的模型较好地模拟了结构的实际状态。     

网架模型结构模态分析的试验研究

实验模态分析是综合运用线性振动理论、动态测试技术、数字信号处理和参数识别等手段,进行系统识别的过程。模态分析是有效的结构检测和安全评估的方法之一,它是根据测量模态参数(固有频率、阻尼比、振型、模态刚度、模态质量)相对于正常值产生的变化,并通过相关分析与识别来判断结构安全程度的一种先进方法。本文通过对网架模型结构进行试验模态分析,研究了试验模态技术在实际运用中的试验方法,识别系统的模态参数并与有限元分析进行比较,有限元结果与实测频率有一定的不同,但前四阶模态频率的差值百分比均在9%以内,说明实测的结果与有限元分析是比较吻合的。     

环境激励下结构模态参数的识别方法

传统的模态参数识别方法同时需要已知激励和响应信号,但对实际建筑结构,激励施加存在困难。探讨了基于环境激励下的模态参数识别方法,提出采用随机减量法和ITD（Ibrahim Time Domain）法相结合来识别实际结构的模态参数。数值仿真算例识别结果表明,该方法不仅能准确的识别出结构的模态频率和阻尼比,也能准确的提取结构的模态振型,适合于环境激励下的结构工作模态参数识别。     

HHT结合NExT法识别结构参数

信号处理方法在地震工程领域有着广泛的应用,尤其是在结构参数识别方面。Hilbert-Huang变换（HHT）是一种新的信号处理方法,它与NExT法相结合可以识别结构的模态频率、阻尼比和振型。对于剪切型结构,本文基于柔度法推导了层间刚度的计算公式,公式表明,只要已知任一完整模态,就能计算出所有层的层间刚度。在此基础上,本文根据堆聚质量法的原理将喜来登环球旅馆简化四层剪切结构,利用其在1994年北岭地震中所取得的强震记录,通过HHT与NExT法相结合,识别了结构的前三阶模态频率、阻尼比和振型,并计算出其层间刚度。最后,应用弹性时程分析法,利用已识别出的结构参数,计算结构的地震反应,计算结果与强震记录对比表明,识别出的结构参数是有效的。     

藏式宫殿建筑门厅结构动力特性识别与有限元模型修正

门厅结构是藏式宫殿建筑地垄结构中唯一的木构架承重结构。由于木构架的残损,可导致其刚度和承载能力均有所降低。为研究某藏式宫殿门厅结构的动力特性及安全性能,通过环境激励下的结构动力特性现场测试识别了门厅结构的东西向和南北向振动的前3阶模态参数。按照实际尺寸建立门厅结构的精细化有限元模型,通过模型设计参数灵敏度分析,确定边界弹簧刚度参数和顺纹承压木构件材性参数作为模型修正参数,基于实测结果采用参数型模型修正方法,使修正后模型的各阶模态频率计算值与实测值的误差小于5%,振型残差小于0.3,振型模态置信准则(modal assurance criterion,MAC)值大于0.9,表明修正后的模型可以较好地反映门厅结构的真实动力特性,可用于后续藏式宫殿门厅结构的状态评估。     

Earthquake analysis of reinorced concrete minarets using ambient vibration test results

This paper describes a Turkish style reinforced concrete minaret, its finite element model, modal testing, finite element model updating and earthquake behaviour, before and after model updating. The minaret of a mosque located in Trabzon, Turkey is selected as an application. A three‐dimensional (3D) model of the minaret and its modal analysis is performed to obtain analytical frequencies and mode shapes using ANSYS finite element program. The ambient vibration tests are conducted on the minaret under natural excitations such as wind effects and human movement. The output‐only modal parameter identification is carried out by Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods in Operational Modal Analysis software and in doing so, dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios) are determined. A 3D finite element model of the minaret is updated to minimize the differences between analytical and experimental modal properties by changing some uncertain modelling parameters such as material properties and boundary conditions. The earthquake behaviour of the minaret is investigated using 1992 Erzincan earthquake before and after finite element model updating. Maximum differences in the natural frequencies are reduced from 21% to 8%, and good agreement is found between analytical and experimental natural frequencies. In addition to this, it is realized that finite element model updating is effective on the earthquake behaviour of the minaret. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic investigation of a concrete footbridge using finite element modelling and modal analysis

In this article, the application of a manual updating method for finite element (FE) model updating of a concrete footbridge using modal analysis approach is described in detail. An FE model was developed using DIANA (FEM software package) to estimate the response of structure under free-vibration analysis. Afterwards, ambient vibration test (AVT) was conducted to extract the dynamic properties. The fundamental mode shapes of the structure were successfully identified applying ARTeMIS (modal analysis computer program). The mode shape pairs of initial FE model and a complete set of test results were employed for manual updating. A parametric study was carried out to specify the most sensitive parameters of the model. For this purpose, boundary conditions, mass density and Young's modulus of elasticity were examined as uncertain parameters. Attempts to calibrate the primary FE model revealed that the spring constants of supports were the most effective parameters for updating process. The FE model was calibrated considering three main criteria consisting of combination of natural frequencies/mode shapes and modal assurance criteria (MAC)/mode shapes. The calibration strategy performed in the present study, including parametric study on uncertain parameters of initial FE model, parameter and target response selection and MAC calculation based on modified formulation, has been discussed. The updated FE model and the measured mode shape counterparts exhibited very good correlation.     

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis of Damage Identification Results Obtained Using Finite Element Model Updating

Abstract: A full‐scale seven‐story reinforced concrete shear wall building structure was tested on the UCSD‐NEES shake table in the period October 2005–January 2006. The shake table tests were designed so as to damage the building progressively through several historical seismic motions reproduced on the shake table. A sensitivity‐based finite element (FE) model updating method was used to identify damage in the building. The estimation uncertainty in the damage identification results was observed to be significant, which motivated the authors to perform, through numerical simulation, an uncertainty analysis on a set of damage identification results. This study investigates systematically the performance of FE model updating for damage identification. The damaged structure is simulated numerically through a change in stiffness in selected regions of a FE model of the shear wall test structure. The uncertainty of the identified damage (location and extent) due to variability of five input factors is quantified through analysis‐of‐variance (ANOVA) and meta‐modeling. These five input factors are: (1–3) level of uncertainty in the (identified) modal parameters of each of the first three longitudinal modes, (4) spatial density of measurements (number of sensors), and (5) mesh size in the FE model used in the FE model updating procedure (a type of modeling error). A full factorial design of experiments is considered for these five input factors. In addition to ANOVA and meta‐modeling, this study investigates the one‐at‐a‐time sensitivity analysis of the identified damage to the level of uncertainty in the identified modal parameters of the first three longitudinal modes. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the level of confidence in the damage identification results obtained through FE model updating, is a function of not only the level of uncertainty in the identified modal parameters, but also choices made in the design of experiments (e.g., spatial density of measurements) and modeling errors (e.g., mesh size). Therefore, the experiments can be designed so that the more influential input factors (to the total uncertainty/variability of the damage identification results) are set at optimum levels so as to yield more accurate damage identification results.     

Effect of the model updating on the earthquake behavior of steel storage tanks

In this paper, effect of the finite element model updating on the earthquake behavior of steel storage tanks considering fluid-structure interaction is investigated. For this purpose, a cylindrical steel storage tank filled some liquid fuel oil located in Trabzon, Turkey is selected as an example. Initial finite element model of the storage tank is developed by ANSYS software and dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies, and mode shapes) are determined analytically. Ambient vibration tests are conducted on the storage tank under natural excitations to obtain dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios), experimentally. Peak Picking technique in the frequency domain is used to extract experimental dynamic characteristics. When the analytically and experimentally identified dynamic characteristics are compared to each other, some differences are found between both results. To minimize these differences, initial finite element model of the storage tank is updated according to experimental results using some uncertainties modeling parameters such as elasticity modulus. To investigate the effect of finite element model updating on the earthquake behavior of the storage tank, earthquake analyses are performed before and after model updating. In the earthquake analyses, YPT330 component of 1999 Kocaeli earthquake is selected and applied to the models in the horizontal directions. It is seen from the analyses that the displacements and the stresses after model updating are more effective than the displacements and the stresses before model updating.     

Real-time structural health monitoring of a supertall building under construction based on visual modal identification strategy

This paper presents a real-time structural health monitoring technique for a supertall building under construction, Lotte World Tower (LWT), the tallest building in Korea. To evaluate the state and safety of the supertall building under construction, this study presents a visual modal identification method to identify mode shape and damping ratio based on modal responses from the monitoring system. In the method, mode shape and damping are visually identified from the time history plotting of well-filtered modal responses in real time. Since the presented method does not include a kind of complex calculation for measured data required in the previous SI methods, it can avoid time consuming in system identification (SI) as well as variation in value of modal parameter extracted from measurement. An ambient vibration test on the LWT under construction was performed in 2015. Using the test data, the presented method identified the mode shapes and damping of the LWT visually with small variations without any complicated computations. Further, this study presents a model updating method with a simplified pseudo frame model to construct a baseline model for the LWT under construction using measured modal responses. The validity of the updated model for the LWT was verified through estimations of mode shape and structural responses.     

Modal Response‐Based Visual System Identification and Model Updating Methods for Building Structures

This article proposes a new system identification (SI) method using the modal responses obtained from the dynamic responses of a structure for estimating modal parameters. Since the proposed SI method visually extracts the mode shape of a structure through the plotting of modal responses based on measured data points, the complex calculation process for the correlation and the decomposition for vibration measurements required in SI methods can be avoided. Also, without dependence on configurations of SI methods inducing variations of modal parameters, mode shapes and modal damping ratios can be stably extracted through direct implementation of modal response. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, the modal parameters of a shear frame were extracted from modal displacement data obtained from a vibration test, and the results were compared with those obtained from the existing frequency domain SI method. The proposed method introduces the maximum modal response ratio of each mode computed by modal displacement data, and from this, the contribution of each mode and each measured location to the overall structural response is indirectly evaluated. Moreover, this article proposes a model updating method establishing the error functions based on the differences between the analytical model and measurement for the natural frequencies and the modal responses reflecting both mode shape and modal contribution. The validity of the proposed method is verified through the response prediction and modal contributions of the models obtained from model updating based on dynamic displacement from a shaking table test for a shear‐type test frame.     

Candidate model construction of a cable-stayed bridge using parameterised sensitivity-based finite element model updating

An efficient method for constructing multiple candidate finite element (FE) models which are consistent with the measured dynamic properties of a civil structure is presented. A parameterised sensitivity-based FE model updating method was developed to permit a feasible FE model set for the target structure to be produced. In this method, an aggregated multi-objective function, which is defined by the weighted sum of the error functions, is parameterised by its relative weighting factors. By introducing multiple parameter sets for the weighting factors, a number of optimal updated FE models are produced that permit both the natural frequency errors and mode shape errors to be simultaneously minimised. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by an example using an existing cable-stayed bridge. The findings show that error-minimised, well-distributed FE models can be obtained in terms of modal frequency errors and mode shape errors. The high quality of the candidate model sets is also verified by observations showing that the distributions of the structural parameters are consistent through each updated FE models, and the characteristic features of the target structure such as non-symmetric mode shapes are relatively well captured.     

台风激励下海口市某高层建筑模态参数识别

对2014—2017年期间一栋由4根巨柱支撑、高108m的32层塔楼在台风影响下的楼顶风场和动力响应进行同步监测，获得台风“威马逊”、“海鸥”、“彩虹”、“莎莉嘉”和“卡努”影响下该楼顶部的风速、风向和不同楼层沿长、短轴向的加速度响应时程，分析了加速度响应的时域和频域特性，采用ERA-NExT、RDT、有限元法识别了实测高层建筑的模态参数，研究了与加速度幅值相关的模态频率和阻尼比。统计结果表明：强风作用下高层建筑模态频率低于静风状态下的模态频率，当加速度均方根小于10mm/s²时，顺、横风向前三阶模态频率随加速度幅值增大而减小，顺风向前三阶模态阻尼比随加速度幅值增大而增大；当加速度均方根大于10mm/s²时，顺、横风向前三阶模态频率减小速率逐步减小，顺风向前三阶模态阻尼比未出现明显增大。当峰值加速度达到最大时，沿长、短轴向一阶模态阻尼比约为2.0%、1.9%，相比静风状态下前三阶模态频率下降了约11%、12%、10%，并提出了考虑相对加速度幅值(加速度均方根与测点离地高度比值)参数影响的高层建筑基频预测公式，为台风多发区域高层建筑基频的估算提供参考。     

Response surface‐based finite‐element model updating of a historic masonry minaret for operational modal analysis

This study aimed to use the response surface (RS) method for finite element (FE) model updating, using operational modal analysis (OMA). The RS method was utilized to achieve better agreement between the numerical and field‐measured structure response. The OMA technique for the field study was utilized to obtain modal parameters of the selected historic masonry minaret. The natural frequencies and mode shapes were experimentally determined by the enhanced frequency domain decomposition (EFDD) method. The optimum results between the experimental and numerical analyses were found by using the optimization method. The central composite design was used to construct the design of experiments, and the genetic aggregation approach was performed to generate the RS models. After obtaining the RS models, an attempt was made to converge the natural frequency values corresponding to the five‐mode shapes with the frequency values identified by the experimental analysis. ANSYS software was used to perform 3D finite element (FE) modeling of the historic masonry minaret and to numerically identify the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the minaret. The results of the experimental, initial, and updated FE model were compared with each other. Significant differences can be seen when comparing the experimental and analytical results with the initial conditions.