Real-time structural health monitoring of a supertall building under construction based on visual modal identification strategy

This paper presents a real-time structural health monitoring technique for a supertall building under construction, Lotte World Tower (LWT), the tallest building in Korea. To evaluate the state and safety of the supertall building under construction, this study presents a visual modal identification method to identify mode shape and damping ratio based on modal responses from the monitoring system. In the method, mode shape and damping are visually identified from the time history plotting of well-filtered modal responses in real time. Since the presented method does not include a kind of complex calculation for measured data required in the previous SI methods, it can avoid time consuming in system identification (SI) as well as variation in value of modal parameter extracted from measurement. An ambient vibration test on the LWT under construction was performed in 2015. Using the test data, the presented method identified the mode shapes and damping of the LWT visually with small variations without any complicated computations. Further, this study presents a model updating method with a simplified pseudo frame model to construct a baseline model for the LWT under construction using measured modal responses. The validity of the updated model for the LWT was verified through estimations of mode shape and structural responses.     

Model Updating Technique Based on Modal Participation Factors for Beam Structures

This article proposes a model updating technique based on modal participation factors for a beam structure. In this model updating technique, the error functions of the dynamic characteristic differences between measurement and model are generated as the number of modes under consideration and minimized using the multiobjective optimization techniques. A modal influence factor defined by modal participation factors for each mode is presented for the selection of the best solution from among Pareto solutions. The selection rule represented in this article makes it possible to reflect the contributions of each mode on the behavior of a structure. The model is updated using natural frequencies measured in an impact hammer test of a beam structure and the validity of the updated model is confirmed by the strain responses measured from the test. It is found that the bending stiffness of the beam structure as the parameter for model updating can be identified by the proposed techniques. Furthermore, through comparing the models updated by the simple sum model updating and the technique in this research, it is verified that the proposed technique is more appropriate for the model updating.     

Damage Identification of a Composite Beam Using Finite Element Model Updating

Abstract:   The damage identification study presented in this article leveraged a full-scale sub-component experiment conducted in the Charles Lee Powell Structural Research Laboratories at the University of California, San Diego. As a payload project attached to a quasi-static test of a full-scale composite beam, a high-quality set of low-amplitude vibration response data was acquired from the beam at various damage levels. The Eigensystem Realization Algorithm was applied to identify the modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping ratios, displacement and macro-strain mode shapes) of the composite beam based on its impulse responses recorded in its undamaged and various damaged states using accelerometers and long-gage fiber Bragg grating strain sensors. These identified modal parameters are then used to identify the damage in the beam through a finite element model updating procedure. The identified damage is consistent with the observed damage in the composite beam.     

Modal Identification for High‐Rise Building Structures Using Orthogonality of Filtered Response Vectors

The modal parameters of civil structures (natural frequency, mode shape, and mode damping ratio) are used for structural health monitoring (SHM), damage detection, and updating the finite element model. Long‐term measurement has been necessary to conduct operational modal analysis (OMA) under various loading conditions, requiring hundreds of thousands of discrete data points for estimating the modal parameters. This article proposes an efficient output‐only OMA technique in the form of filtered response vector (frv)‐based modal identification, which does not need complex signal processing and matrix operations such as singular value decomposition (SVD) and lower upper (LU) factorization, thus overcoming the main drawback of the existing OMA technique. The developed OMA technique also simplifies parameters such as window or averaging, which should be designed for signal processing by the OMA operator, under well‐separated frequencies and loading conditions excited by white noise. Using a simulation model and a 4‐story steel frame specimen, the accuracy and applicability were verified by comparing the dynamic properties obtained by the proposed technique and traditional frequency‐domain decomposition (FDD). In addition, the applicability and efficiency of the method were verified by applying the developed OMA to measured data, obtained through a field test on a 55‐story, 214‐m‐tall high‐rise building.     

Identifying the Modal Parameters of a Structure from Ambient Vibration Data via the Stationary Wavelet Packet

Ambient vibration tests are conducted widely to estimate the modal parameters of a structure. The work proposes an efficient wavelet‐based approach to determine the modal parameters of a structure from its ambient vibration responses. The proposed approach integrates the time series autoregressive (AR) model with the stationary wavelet packet transform. In addition to providing a richer decomposition and allowing for an improved time–frequency localization of signals over that of the discrete wavelet transform, the stationary wavelet packet transform also has significantly higher computational efficiency than the wavelet packet transform in terms of decomposing time‐shifted signals because the former has a time‐invariance property. The correlation matrices needed in determining the coefficient matrices in an AR model are established in subspaces expanded by stationary wavelet packets. The formulation for estimating the correlation matrices is shown for the first time. Because different subspaces contain signals with different frequency subbands, the fine filtering property enhances the ability of the proposed approach to identify not only the modes with strong modal interference, but also many modes from the responses of very few measured degrees of freedom. The proposed approach is validated by processing the numerically simulated responses of a seven‐floor shear building, which has closely spaced modes, with considering the effects of noise and incomplete measurements. Furthermore, the present approach is employed to process the velocity responses of an eight‐storey steel frame subjected to white noise input in a shaking table test and ambient vibration responses of a cable‐stayed bridge.     

基于能力谱法原理的改进模态静力弹塑性分析

模态静力弹塑性分析法中,动力时程分析部分的可操作性较差,且分析结果不稳定.用能力谱法替代原有的动力时程分析,在现行规范加速度反应谱基础上计算结构各振型等效单自由度体系各性能水平的位移反应,然后将其转化为相应多自由度结构的位移反应,并通过平方和开方法求得结构的总位移反应,用其与结构某一性能水平的位移(层间位移角)限值进行...     

Dynamic investigation of a concrete footbridge using finite element modelling and modal analysis

In this article, the application of a manual updating method for finite element (FE) model updating of a concrete footbridge using modal analysis approach is described in detail. An FE model was developed using DIANA (FEM software package) to estimate the response of structure under free-vibration analysis. Afterwards, ambient vibration test (AVT) was conducted to extract the dynamic properties. The fundamental mode shapes of the structure were successfully identified applying ARTeMIS (modal analysis computer program). The mode shape pairs of initial FE model and a complete set of test results were employed for manual updating. A parametric study was carried out to specify the most sensitive parameters of the model. For this purpose, boundary conditions, mass density and Young's modulus of elasticity were examined as uncertain parameters. Attempts to calibrate the primary FE model revealed that the spring constants of supports were the most effective parameters for updating process. The FE model was calibrated considering three main criteria consisting of combination of natural frequencies/mode shapes and modal assurance criteria (MAC)/mode shapes. The calibration strategy performed in the present study, including parametric study on uncertain parameters of initial FE model, parameter and target response selection and MAC calculation based on modified formulation, has been discussed. The updated FE model and the measured mode shape counterparts exhibited very good correlation.     

基于时-频域信息的结构系统识别方法研究

结构响应的时域、频域信息均可用来对结构模型进行修正。该文提出频域信息与时域信息相结合的方法,对结构参数以及荷载进行评估。首先,从结构测量加速度信息中提取结构的频域特性,对结构模型进行较为粗略的修正,优化结构模型的振型、频率,使其与测量信息一致。其次,利用时域信息,在状态空间对结构运动微分方程进行零阶离散化,采用正则化方法对模型进行荷载识别,同时基于约束优化方法对结构模型参数进行进一步修正。应用模型缩聚方法,保证计算精度的情况下减少结构模型参数修正和荷载识别的计算量。在数值仿真计算中,基于框架结构的不完备地震时程响应记录,对结构损伤状况进行评估。结果证明,即使在有噪声的情况下,该文提出的结构状态方法依然能够很好地识别结构损伤程度、位置。最后,通过14层加层隔震剪力墙结构的振动台试验进一步验证该文提出的结构参数与荷载识别方法。     

Variational mode decomposition based modal parameter identification in civil engineering

An out-put only modal parameter identification method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) is developed for civil structure identifications. The recently developed VMD technique is utilized to decompose the free decay response (FDR) of a structure into to modal responses. A novel procedure is developed to calculate the instantaneous modal frequencies and instantaneous modal damping ratios. The proposed identification method can straightforwardly extract the mode shape vectors using the modal responses extracted from the FDRs at all available sensors on the structure. A series of numerical and experimental case studies are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and highlight the superiority of the proposed method in modal parameter identification using both free vibration and ambient vibration data. The results of the present method are compared with those of the empirical mode decomposition-based method, and the superiorities of the present method are verified. The proposed method is proved to be efficient and accurate in modal parameter identification for both linear and nonlinear civil structures, including structures with closely spaced modes, sudden modal parameter variation, and amplitude-dependent modal parameters, etc.     

高层建筑结构直接基于位移的抗震设计方法

首先对结构进行自由振动分析,求出各阶振型的弹性自振周期及相应的振型值;然后根据各振型的自振周期,由位移反应谱导出单自由度体系的等效位移,接着由等效原理反推出结构各振型的弹性位移,振型组合后得到结构的位移曲线;再由与性能水平相应的结构层间侧移角限值确定结构各振型目标侧移,对其分别进行分析计算,振型组合求得结构层间剪力,实现了考虑高振型影响的高层建筑结构直接基于位移的抗震设计。通过算例介绍了方法的全过程,并由弹塑性时程分析验证了方法的可行性,为高层建筑结构直接基于位移的抗震设计提供了一个可供参考的思路。     

Wind load identification using wind tunnel test data by inverse analysis

The method for modal wind load identification from across-wind load responses using Kalman filter is presented and verified using the wind tunnel test data. The Kalman filter is utilized for the inverse identification from limited measured responses and the closed-form of Kalman filter gain in modal space is derived for different types of measured response solving the Riccati equation. The wind induced responses used for the verification are measured responses from an aeroelastic wind tunnel test of a rectangular shaped concrete chimney. The displacement responses of the top part of the model are measured and used for the wind load identification, but the acceleration responses obtained by numerical differentiation of displacement are also used in order to evaluate the effect of response type on the identification result. It is found from the identification results that the proposed method identifies the modal across-wind load from measured responses with quite accuracy and the acceleration response yields more accurate wind load identification than displacement response.     

Operational Modal Parameter Identification from Power Spectrum Density Transmissibility

Abstract: Operational modal analysis subjected to ambient or natural excitation under operational conditions has recently drawn great attention. In this article, the power spectrum density transmissibility (PSDT) is proposed to extract the operational modal parameters of a structure. It is proven that the PSDT is independent of the applied excitations and transferring outputs at the system poles. As a result, the modal frequencies and mode shapes can be extracted by combing the PSDTs with different transferring outputs instead of different load conditions where the outputs from only one load condition are needed. A five‐story shear building subjected to a set of uncorrelated forces at different floors is adopted to verify the property of PSDTs and illustrate the accuracy of the proposed method. Furthermore, a concrete‐filled steel tubular half‐through arch bridge tested in the field under operational conditions is used as a real case study. The identification results obtained from currently developed method have been compared with those extracted from peak‐picking method, stochastic subspace identification, and finite element analysis. It is demonstrated that the operational modal parameters identified by the current technique agree well with other independent methods. The real application to the field operational vibration measurements of a full‐sized bridge has shown that the proposed PSDTs are capable of identifying the operational modal parameters (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of a structure.     

环境振动下的钢管混凝土拱桥试验与分析

环境振动试验是检测大型桥梁结构的主要方法,检测得到的模态参数是判定桥梁健康状况的重要依据.本文基于随机振动理论,从雁滩黄河大桥在环境激励下获得的加速度测试信号中提取高信噪比的响应信号,采用频域峰值法和时域随机子空间法识别得到了该桥的固有频率、阻尼比和振型等模态参数,并与有限元模型计算结果进行了对比,验证了识别结果的可靠...     

基于位移模式的改进能力谱法结构位移反应分析

能力谱法是基于性能抗震设计方法中结构位移反应分析的有效方法之一。为了克服常规的能力谱法在评估结构地震反应时只考虑结构第一振型的局限性,本文作者提出了基于位移模式的改进能力谱法,引入考虑多振型的位移模式,介绍了该方法的实施步骤,基于位移模式对结构进行Pushover分析得到体系的能力曲线,采用等效阻尼比和延性系数得到需求谱,从而计算结构的位移响应,并通过算例验证本文所提出方法计算结果的可靠性。     

Prediction of nonlinear seismic demands of high‐rise rocking wall structures using a simplified modal pushover analysis procedure

This study presents a simplified analysis procedure for the convenient estimation of nonlinear seismic demands of high‐rise rocking wall structures. For this purpose, the displacement modification approach used in the nonlinear static procedure of ASCE/SEI 41‐13 is adopted. However, in the current study, this approach is extended to every significant vibration mode of the structure whereas the displacement modifying coefficients for different modes are calculated using the typical flag‐shaped hysteresis behavior of rocking walls. The parameters of this hysteresis behavior are selected to represent rocking walls with a practical range of energy dissipation capacity and postgap‐opening stiffness. The computed peak inelastic‐to‐elastic displacement ratios are presented as mean spectra, which can be used for the convenient estimation of pushover target displacement for every significant vibration mode. The accuracy of proposed procedure is examined using the seismic demands obtained from the nonlinear response history analysis of a 20‐story case study rocking wall structure. Furthermore, a modal decomposition technique is used to determine the individual modal seismic demands. The proposed procedure is found to predict both the combined and the individual modal demands with a reasonable accuracy and can serve as a convenient analysis option for the design and performance evaluation of high‐rise rocking wall systems.     

结构动力模型的改进直接修正方法及工程应用

直接模型修正方法是一类经典的解析动力模型修正技术,该方法具有计算高效和精确匹配目标模态参数等优点,但仅考虑与频率和振型相关的约束,导致修正模型预测的模态参与因子与实际识别值存在差异。针对该模态参数匹配不完备问题,提出了一种改进的直接模型修正方法。改进方法考虑模态参与因子在质量矩阵中的修正,采用约束最小化技术,推导了质量矩阵的最优解,并结合已有的刚度矩阵修正技术实现结构模型修正。以一栋实际消能减震建筑结构为应用对象,利用结构地震监测数据估计的模态参数,采用改进方法修正结构初始有限元模型,验证了改进修正方法的准确性。     

基于优化理论的某钢框架模型修正研究

提出一种基于振动测试和优化理论的两阶段模型修正方法。首先对一个3层钢框架进行振动台试验,通过对试验数据的分析,识别出该框架的动力特性（前3阶频率和振型）。随后基于优化理论进行有限元模型修正,先采用零阶方法进行初步修正,缩小搜索范围后采用一阶方法进行精确修正。结果表明,该两阶段模型修正方法简单、有效,可广泛应用于土木工程结构的损伤识别及健康监测。     

Modal parameter identification of Tsing Ma suspension bridge under Typhoon Victor: EMD-HT method

This paper aims to identify the natural frequencies and modal damping ratios of the Tsing Ma suspension bridge during Typhoon Victor using the newly emerged empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method in conjunction with the Hilbert-transform (HT) technique. Stationary tests on the acceleration responses of the bridge recorded at different locations and in different directions during Typhoon Victor are first carried out to classify the recorded response data. Natural frequencies and modal damping ratios identified by the EMD-HT method are then compared with those obtained by the traditional fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based method. The modal parameters identified by the EMD-HT method from the bridge responses recorded at different locations are compared with each other to check their consistency. Furthermore, the variations of natural frequency and total modal damping ratio with vibration amplitude and mean wind speed are examined. The results demonstrated that the EMD-HT method is applicable to modal parameter identification of large civil structures under typhoons. The EMD-HT method and the FFT-based method produced almost the same natural frequencies but the FFT-based method gave higher modal damping ratios than the EMD-HT method in general.     

Identification and characterization of galloping of Tsuruga test line based on multi-channel modal analysis of field data

In spite of several signal processing and system identification techniques, discussion on field-observed galloping of overhead transmission lines is still based on primitive form of field data such as time series, Lissajous diagrams and power spectra. Any form of large amplitude vibration in ice storms is defined as galloping and an attempt has seldom made in identifying whether such vibrations are self-excited modal responses. In doing so, there are always possibilities of misinterpreting gust response as galloping. In this study, a method of multi-channel modal analysis consisting of random decrement method (RDM) and eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA) is proposed to identify galloping, which is self-excited modal response based on a typical field-monitored data of wind-induced vibration of the Tsuruga Test line. RDM was used to transform the field data into non-forced response component, which is similar to free vibration response, and ERA was used to extract modal parameters from the non-forced components. Based on these modal parameters, galloping events were identified, and characteristics of galloping such as coupled translational and rotational motions, and nature of full span vibration, oscillation envelopes and influence of geometry of the line section to its occurrence are discussed. Result of analysis has confirmed well-known mechanism of bundle conductor galloping, which is galloping of bundle transmission lines involves significant coupling of vertical and torsional motions. As for the characteristics of bundle conductor galloping, the most likely galloping mode in deadend span is found as first asymmetric mode and large amplitude of galloping occurs when torsion is in-phase with vertical velocity. Furthermore, it is found that deadend span line section is more prone to galloping than semi-suspension span line section. Finally, performance of proposed method was tested by introducing usual buffeting analysis, and it is confirmed that it has immense potential to identify and characterize galloping based on field data.     

结构水平-扭转耦合振动控制研究

运用调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)对结构水平-扭转振动进行控制。建立了扭转耦合结构控制的三维有限元模型;为了提高TMD的有效性,使模态位移响应的均方值之比(结构有无TMD)最小化,对TMD参数进行优化。数值算例表明本文方法对长宽比较大的结构切实有效。