冈盂切迹的解剖形态学测量及临床意义

目的探讨干燥标本的冈盂切迹解剖形态学测量及其临床意义。方法收集282例干燥肩胛骨标本,观测冈盂切迹宽度(关节盂内侧缘至肩胛冈直线距离)、冈盂切迹厚度(冈盂切迹最低点厚度)、冈盂切迹深度、冈盂切迹转折角(肩胛切迹,冈盂切迹最低点连线与肩胛冈基底部所成的夹角)等。结果冈盂切迹宽度、深度分别为(12.75±1.06)mm、(11.65±1.89)mm,且右侧更宽更深,双侧对比P0.05有统计学差异;冈盂切迹厚度(9.93±1.57)mm,肩胛上切迹至冈盂切迹距离为(18.73±3.18)mm,且双侧对比P0.05;冈盂切迹转折角为(40.24±8.69)°,双侧对比P0.05有统计学差异。结论冈盂切迹的厚度、深度、宽度和转折角均是肩胛上神经卡压症的危险因素,且冈盂切迹越深,冈盂切迹转折角越小,发生肩胛上神经卡压的几率越大。本研究解剖数据可为临床在手术入路和内固定物植入位置选择等提供参考,降低术中神经损伤风险。     

肩胛上神经损伤原因的解剖学分析

目的:探讨肩胛上神经损伤的解剖学原因。方法:观察人肩胛切迹的形态,肩胛上神经和肌肉的关系,同时测量肩胛上神经在肩胛下孔处的转折角、肩胛上、下孔的横径、肩胛上、下横韧带的长度。结果:肩胛切迹U型58.82%,弧形17.65%,V型19.12%,半封闭型2.94%,全封闭型1.47%;肩胛上神经经过肩胛上孔进入冈上窝,之后经冈盂切迹进入冈下窝,此处有1个51.18°±6.93°的转折角,即肩胛上神经转折角;肩胛上孔由肩胛切迹和肩胛上横韧带围成,肩胛上孔横径(7.81±3.29)mm,韧带长(12.23±4.89)mm;肩胛下孔是由冈盂切迹和外侧的肩胛下横韧带(冈盂韧带)围成,其横径(8.79±3.96)mm,韧带长(21.26±5.45)mm。同时肩胛上神经主干主要在肌肉和肩胛骨面之间。结论:肩胛上神经自身走行的路径是其损伤的基础,肩关节反复活动对神经的牵拉是损伤的直接原因。     

肩胛骨滋养孔及血供的研究

观察并测量了520个肩胛骨冈上窝、冈下窝、肩胛下窝,以及肩胛外侧缘滋养孔的数目、大小、分布,以及旋肩胛动脉在肩胛骨外侧缘邻近处形成的压迹至肩胛下角最低点的距离。解剖了40具(80侧)成人尸体的旋肩胛动脉、肩胛上动脉和肩胛背动脉。着重观察了它们的起始、分型,并测量了各动脉的外径。从而为带血管蒂的肩胛骨部分移植提供了形态依据。     

关节镜Bristow-Latarjet术中打内固定骨道时CT定位肩胛上神经的应用价值

文题释义： Bristow-Latarjet术：是带有联合腱的喙突骨块，穿过被横断的肩胛下肌腱后，固定于肩盂前缘，是治疗复发性肩关节前脱位的有效方法。神经损伤是该术式常见并发症。 肩胛上神经：在肩胛盂上方穿过肩胛上横韧带与肩胛切迹组成的纤维骨性通道即肩胛上孔，进入冈上窝。肩胛上神经的冈上窝段紧贴着冈上肌深面向外下走行，穿过肩胛下孔(由冈盂切迹和连于肩峰根部及肩胛骨背面的肩胛下韧带构成)并绕着冈盂切迹向内下而到冈下窝，发出分支支配冈下肌。 背景：Bristow-Latarjet术是治疗复发性肩关节前脱位的可靠方法。然而据报道，其中1.6%的患者伴有神经损伤。因此全关节镜Latarjet术式越来越受欢迎，由于外科医生不能触诊神经，神经的定位和保护变得困难。 目的：研究肩胛上神经在肩胛颈后上方的CT定位，提高对Bristow-Latarjet术临床操作安全范围的认知。 方法：选用经甲醛常规固定的成年尸体上肢标本12侧，男8侧，女4侧，实验方案符合东莞市中医院对研究的相关伦理要求。解剖并使用显影线标记12侧标本肩胛上神经的主干和分支，CT水平位上测量肩胛上孔、冈盂切迹、最外侧神经分支入肌点3个位置在肩关节内旋45°和外旋45°体位时到肩胛盂前后缘连线的距离、成角以及与肩胛盂的高度比，所得数据进行统计学处理。 结果与结论：①Pearson 相关性分析：盂的高度分别与冈盂切迹、入肌点到关节面的距离呈正相关；②内旋45°与外旋45°两个体位比较：肩胛上孔处的距离和成角度数差异无显著性(P均> 0.05)；冈盂切迹处的距离和成角差异有显著性意义(P均< 0.01)，高度比差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)；入肌点处的距离、成角和高度比差异均有显著性意义(P均< 0.01)，表明与内旋位相比，外旋位具有更大的角度和距离的安全范围；③内外旋45°位时，冈盂切迹处与入肌点处的角度、距离、高度比差异均有显著性意义(P均< 0.01)，表明相比冈盂切迹，入肌点与关节面的角度更小、距离更短，相对盂的高度比更大；④提示关节镜下Bristow-Laterjet术打内固定骨道时建议外旋位操作，以减少神经损伤的发生概率。 ORCID: 0000-0002-6828-042X(袁胜超) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节；骨植入物；脊柱；骨折；内固定；数字化骨科；组织工程     

排球运动员冈下肌萎缩症的解剖学研究

观测了57侧肩胛上神经和血管、肩胛上横韧带和下横韧带,在268块肩胛骨上观测了肩胛上切迹及肩胛冈外缘的局部结构。根据解剖学资料和尸体上的摹拟观察,分析讨论了排球运动员冈下肌萎缩症的原因。认为肩胛上神经在冈盂切迹处受绞勒性损伤的可能性最大,并提出了手术治疗的意见。     

肩胛上神经卡压机制的临床解剖学研究

目的　探讨肩胛上神经卡压症的解剖学机制,为临床诊断和治疗提供解剖学依据。 方法　22具(男13具,女9具)44侧成尸标本,解剖观测肩胛上切迹,冈盂切迹的形态特点以及肩胛上神经走行、分支及分布的解剖学特点,所测数据统计学处理。 结果　肩胛上切迹类型：U型占40.91%（18侧）,浅U型占22.73%（10侧）,大弧型占27.27%（12侧）,方形占9.01%（4侧）四种。肩胛上切迹的厚度为（1.55±0.36）mm。肩胛上神经主干与冈上肌支所成角为(86.04±1.28)°。冈下肌支的入肌点,有22.73%在该肌的起点处,77.27%在中或外1/3处。冈盂切迹的厚度在（6.82±1.21）mm 。肩胛上神经自肩胛上孔穿出点至肩胛冈基底部的高度为（11.13±0.21）mm;至冈盂切迹的水平距离为（14.03±0.64）mm 。肩胛上神经转折角为（49.65±1.63）°。 结论　肩胛上切迹的类型、肩胛上切迹和冈盂切迹的厚度,肩胛上神经转折角的大小、神经主干与冈上肌支的角度以及冈下肌支的入肌点等均是肩胛上神经卡压的危险因素。     

小针刀治疗肩胛上神经嵌压症的应用解剖

目的为小针刀减压治疗肩胛上神经嵌压症提供形态学基础.方法在34侧常规固定的成人尸体标本上解剖出冈上孔、冈下孔和肩胛上神经及血管,观察冈上孔、冈下孔及其与肩胛上神经、血管的走行位置关系,测量有关数据.结果冈上孔位于锁骨锥状结节的后端深面,由肩胛切迹和横架于其上方的肩胛上横韧带围成,距体表(4.75±0.79)cm.冈下孔位于肩胛冈中外1/3交界处下方2cm处的深面,由冈盂切迹和连于肩峰根部及肩胛骨背面的肩胛下横韧带围成,距体表(3.93±0.95)cm.肩胛上神经起自臂丛上干,行向后外下,穿冈上孔人冈下窝,再向后穿冈下孔入冈下窝,沿途发支至冈上肌、冈下肌和肩关节.肩胛上血管经肩胛上横韧带的外上方入冈上窝与神经伴行.结论本文提出同时扩大或开放两孔进行治疗的新思路,提供的有关数据和定位方法,可提高小针刀治疗肩胛上神经嵌压症的准确性和安全性.     

排球运动员冈下肌萎缩症的解剖学研究

观察测量了57侧肢体的肩胛上神经和肩胛上血管、肩胛上横韧带和肩胛下横韧带;在268块肩胛骨上观测了肩胛切述和肩胛冈外侧缘的局部结构。根据解剖学资料和在尸体上的摹拟观察,分析讨论了排球运动员冈下肌萎缩症的原因,认为肩胛上神经在冈盂切述处受绞勒性损伤的可能性最大,并提出了手术治疗的意见。     

肩胛骨解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的测量肩胛骨相关解剖学参数,为临床上肩胛上神经卡压提供解剖学依据,同时为国人解剖学数据提供资料。方法选择国人成人肩胛骨标本72例,测量其肩胛切迹上横直径、最大深度,及其肩胛骨形态长度和形态宽度,并研究它们之间的关系。结果肩胛骨的形态长度为(13.110±2.191)cm,形态宽度为(10.081±1.430)cm;肩胛切迹上横直径为(1.172±0.763)cm,最大深度为(0.783±0.582)cm。回归分析显示,肩胛切迹上横直径与肩胛骨形态宽度成正相关,肩胛切迹最大深度与肩胛骨形态长度成正相关。结论肩胛骨的形态长度、宽度与肩胛切迹最大深度、上横直径存在线性关系,而肩胛切迹狭窄时易造成肩胛上神经卡压,因此为神经卡压提供解剖学依据。     

肩胛背动脉在肩胛骨内侧缘体表投影的解剖学研究

目的　通过对成人肩胛背动脉的解剖学观察及测量,研究从体表标志确定肩胛背动脉走行路线。 方法　解剖尸体26具（共52侧）,显露肩胛背动脉,测量肩胛背动脉直径及其与肩胛骨内侧缘距离,所得数据经SPSS12.0统计软件处理。 结果 肩胛背动脉与肩胛骨上角距离为(0.34±0.25) cm,与肩胛冈内侧端为(1.58±0.41) cm,与肩胛骨下角为(3.45±0.28) cm,得出肩胛背动脉走行于肩胛骨内侧缘内侧,在距离肩胛骨上角0.34 cm、肩胛冈内侧端1.58 cm、肩胛骨下角3.45 cm三点处做一连线,该连线即为肩胛背动脉的体表投影。 结论 肩胛背动脉的体表投影为医务工作者应该掌握的知识要点,可避免操作过程中的动脉损伤,并可为确定肩胛背动脉皮瓣的中轴核心提供解剖学依据。     

Anatomic study of the superior glenoid labrum

The purpose of the study was to describe the normal anatomy of the glenoid labrum to help identification of pathology and guide surgical repair. Twenty dry bone scapulae and 19 cadaveric shoulders were examined. Light microscopy was performed on 12 radial slices through the glenoid. An external capsular circumferential ridge, 7–8 mm medial to the glenoid rim marks the attachment of the capsule. A separate internal labral circumferential ridge 4 mm central to the glenoid rim marks the interface between the labrum and articular cartilage. A superior–posterior facet was found consistently on the glenoid. Two thirds of the long head of biceps arises from the supraglenoid tubercle, 6.6 mm from the glenoid face, the remainder from the labrum. The superior labrum is concave and is loosely attached to the articular cartilage and glenoid rim. Clefts and foramens are common superiorly. In contrast the anterior–inferior labrum is convex, attaches 4 mm central to the glenoid rim and has a strong attachment to articular cartilage and bone. Sublabral clefts, recesses, and holes are common, but only in the superior–anterior labrum. Lesions in other regions of the labrum are potentially pathological. A complex superior labrum tear that extends to involve the biceps anchor, should have the biceps anchor repaired to the supraglenoid tubercle (mean 6.6 mm off the glenoid face) and the labrum be repaired to the glenoid rim. The anteroinferior labrum should be repaired 4 mm onto the glenoid face. This study will aid in identifying pathological labral lesions and guide anatomic repairs. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Sexual dimorphism of the suprascapular notch – morphometric study

Introduction

The concept of the study was to compare the morphometry of the suprascapular notch (SSN) in females and males because its size and shape may be a factor in suprascapular nerve entrapment.

Material and methods

The measurements of 81 scapulae included morphological length and width, maximal width and length projection of the scapular spine, and width and length of the glenoid cavity. The width-length scapular and glenoid cavity indices were calculated. In addition to standard anthropometric measurements three other dimensions were defined and collected for every SSN: maximal depth (MD), superior (STD) and middle (MTD) transverse diameters.

Results

The analysis of the measurements allowed us to distinguish five types of SSN. Type I (26%) had longer maximal depth than superior transverse diameter. Type II (3%) had equal MD, STD and MTD. In type III (57.6%) superior transverse diameter was longer than maximal depth. In type IV (7.4%) a bony foramen was present. Type V (6%) was without a discrete notch. Types I and III were divided into two subtypes: A (MTD was longer than STD) and B (MTD < STD). Distribution of the suprascapular notch types in both sexes was similar. However, MD, STD and MTD were significantly higher in males. The superior transverse suprascapular ligament was completely and partially ossified in 7.4% and 24.7% respectively.

Conclusions

The presented classification of the suprascapular notch is simple, easy to use, and based on specific geometric parameters which allow one to clearly distinguish five types of these structures. All dimensions of SSN were significantly higher in males than in females.     

Posterior approach technique for accessory-suprascapular nerve transfer: a cadaveric study of the anatomical landmarks and number of myelinated axons

Accessory-suprascapular nerve transfer by the anterior supraclavicular approach technique was suggested to ensure transferrance of the spinal accessory nerve to healthy recipients. However, a double crush lesion of the suprascapular nerve might not be sufficiently demonstrated. In that case, accessory-suprascapular nerve transfer by the posterior approach would probably solve the problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical landmarks and histomorphometry of the spinal accessory and suprascapular nerve in the posterior approach. Dissection of fresh cadaveric shoulder in a prone position identified the spinal accessory and suprascapular nerve by the trapezius muscle splitting technique. After that, nerves were taken for histomorphometric evaluation. The spinal accessory nerve was located approximately halfway between the spinous process and conoid tubercle. The average distance from the conoid tubercle to the suprascapular nerve (medial edge of the suprascapular notch) is 3.3 cm. The mean number of myelinated axons of the spinal accessory and suprascapular nerve was 1,603 and 6,004 axons, respectively. The results of this study supported the brachial plexus reconstructive surgeons, who carry out accessory-suprascapular nerve transfer by using the posterior approach technique. This technique is an alternative for patients who have severe crushed injury of the shoulder or suspected double crush lesion of the suprascapular nerve.     

针刀微创手术治疗肩胛上神经卡压的解剖学研究

目的观测肩胛上横韧带,肩胛上动脉、肩胛上神经及其冈上肌支,为针刀治疗肩胛上神经卡压提供解剖学依据。方法解剖观测肩胛上横韧带的长度、宽度和厚度;观察肩胛上动脉和肩胛上神经以及它们的冈上肌支与肩胛上横韧带的位置关系,测量它们在肩胛切迹处的直径;以韧带内侧附着处下点的骨面为基点,确定体表穿刺点和穿刺深度。结果肩胛上横韧带下缘长(0.901±0.234)cm,韧带中间窄厚,内、外侧附着点宽薄;肩胛上神经走行于肩胛切迹内,肩胛上横韧带的下方;肩胛上动脉有16.67%走行于切迹内神经的外侧,83.33%走行在切迹外韧带外上方;肩胛上神经的冈上肌支经肩胛切迹内上角走行入冈上肌;体表穿刺定位角为(24.102±3.681)°。穿刺定位距离计算的回归方程是:Y=2.560+0.615X,穿刺深度为(4.342±0.629)cm。结论针刀切断韧带的方向应从韧带内侧部下缘切向内上,可避免损伤韧带下方的肩胛上神经和韧带外上的肩胛上动脉,且可更有效地解除对肩胛上神经及其冈上肌支的卡压;直线回归方程使穿刺的体表定位因人而异,更为准确。     

肩胛上神经阻滞穿刺点的研究及其临床意义

目的为肩胛上神经阻滞麻醉提供解剖学基础。方法解剖观察102例成人尸体肩胛区,在肩胛冈中部上方切除一长宽约8 cm的区域,显露和观察肩胛上神经、血管及肩胛上横韧带的位置及其毗邻关系;测量肩胛上神经与肩峰内侧的距离和肩胛冈上方的距离及其深度;在肩胛骨上角与肩峰的连线上,测量肩胛上神经与肩峰内侧的距离。结果肩胛上神经距离肩峰内侧（6.29±0.71）cm、上方（1.93±0.59）cm、肩胛上神经在此点距皮肤的深度为（3.63±0.55）cm。在肩胛骨上角与肩峰连线上,肩胛上神经距离肩峰内侧（6.37±0.87）cm。结论肩胛上神经阻滞麻醉穿刺点位于肩峰内侧6.29 cm、正上方1.93 cm、此点深度3.63 cm,或在肩胛骨上角与肩峰连线上,肩胛上神经距离肩峰内侧6.37 cm。     

肩胛下角的解剖形态学分型及临床意义

目的　研究肩胛下角的解剖形态学特点，从而探讨其解剖学意义。 方法　选取275例人体干燥肩胛骨标本，设肩胛下角为a点，盂下结节为b点，肩胛冈与肩胛骨内侧缘交点为c点，肩胛上角为e点，冈盂切迹为f点，经a点做cf连线的垂线，与cf交于d点；用游标卡尺、量角器分别测量a点厚度（以肩胛下角最厚处为准），ab、ac、ad长度，∠bac、∠ace（肩胛骨解剖学意义上矢状面投影）、∠ace′（肩胛骨解剖学意义上冠状面投影）角度。 结果　根据形态学特点发现肩胛下角分为3型：副角型（145，52.73%）、U型（87，31.64%）、V型（43，15.64%）。其中，副角型与V型在a点厚度、ab上有统计学差异（P<0.05）；副角型与U型，副角型与V型在ac上有统计学差异（P<0.05）；副角型与V型，U型与V型在ad上有统计学差异（P<0.05）；副角型与U型在∠ace′上有统计学差异（P<0.05）。此外，左右两侧肩胛下角在∠bac上有统计学差异（P<0.05）。 结论　在本次实验中，发现肩胛下角存在三种形态学变异，以副角型为主，其解剖形态学分型具有一定的临床指导意义。     

Ultrasonographic evaluation and morphometric measurements of the suprascapular notch

Background:  The aim of this study was to define the sonographic evaluation and morphometric measurements of the suprascapular notch. Methods  The suprascapular notch was evaluated by ultrasound on both sides in 50 volunteers (25 males, 25 females). By means of ultrasound, the notch width, the notch depth and the distance between the skin and the notch base (skin–notch base interval) were measured and imaging of the superior transverse scapular ligament was attempted. Furthermore, imaging of the suprascapular artery and vein was performed by Doppler ultrasound. Results  On the measurements performed, the notch was found to be deeper in men than in women on both the right (P = 0.022) and the left (P = 0.011) sides. Taking all volunteers into account without grouping sex, no differences were detected between the two sides with respect to the measurements of the notch width, notch depth and distance between the skin and the notch base. The superior transverse scapular ligament was demonstrated in 48 (96%) of 50 volunteers. On color Doppler ultrasound, the artery–vein complex was visualized in a total of 43 (86%) volunteers. Conclusions  Suprascapular notch measurements and the visualization of the anatomical neighborhood, which may be beneficial for the suprascapular nerve blockade procedure, can be successfully performed by the use of high-frequency ultrasound imaging.     

Variable morphology of the suprascapular notch: an investigation and quantitative measurements in Chinese population

Although several morphological variations and classification of the suprascapular notch (SSN) were reported in western populations, little attention has been paid to this anatomic issue in the Chinese population. In this research of SSN morphology in Chinese people, 295 specimens of intact dry Chinese adult scapulas were investigated and measured thoroughly and systematically. Morphological features of SSN variations were observed by visual inspection, and correlation parameters of variability and classification were measured in digital images with image processing software and bones with a vernier caliper, respectively. The incidence of different subtypes of SSN classification and comparative analysis of correlation parameters were calculated. It was interesting that a new variable morphology of SSN with a double suprascapular foramen had been found. We found the most prevalent groups were Type II (an incisura that was longer in its transverse diameter) and Type III (an incisura that was longer in its vertical diameter) which accounted for 58.16 and 28.23%, respectively. The circumference and area of Type II and Type III was larger than those of Type IV. The thickness of 1 mm below the lowest point of the SSN ranges from 0.55 to 3.00 mm. Eight cases with a narrow groove on the lowest point of SSN and four cases with bony canals formed by the ossified superior transverse scapular ligament were found. Further, the distance between the SSN and bony landmarks were varied. For AD (the distance between the lowest point of the SSN and the supraglenoid tubercle), Type I was largest, followed by the Type II, Type III, and Type IV. For AE (the distance between the lowest point of the SSN and the base of the spinoglenoid notch), Type IV was the shortest and there was no statistical difference between other types. This study reveals that SSN variations are common in Chinese population. This anatomic information is important in the management of entrapment neuropathy or interventional procedure of the SSN.     

Morphometric study of the suprascapular notch: proposal of classification

Introduction  

The size and shape of the suprascapular notch (SSN) may be a factor in suprascapular nerve entrapment. The aim of the study was to determine the variation of the SSN of 86 scapulae in the Polish people.