流域级水量调度模型研究述评

流域水量统一调度与跨流域调水是实现水资源合理配置与支撑流域可持续发展的两大重要举措。文中结合流域水量统一调度与跨流域调水的实际背景介绍了流域级水量调度模型的相关研究进展，并根据实践需求对流域级水量调度模型今后的研究趋势进行了初步展望。     

An Interval Parameter Model for Cooperative Inter-Basin Water Resources Allocation Considering the Water Quality Issues

In this paper, a new methodology based on interval optimization and game theory is developed for optimal operation of an inter-basin water transfer system considering efficiency, equity and sustainability criteria. A linear version of the agricultural water production function is proposed and used for incorporating deficit irrigation. The interval programming and cooperative game theory are utilized for equitable reallocation of benefits to water users in both water donor and receiving basins. To assess the sustainability of water allocation policies, water quality and environmental flow in the donor basin and groundwater table drawdown in the receiving basin are taken into consideration. The effectiveness of this methodology is examined by applying it to a large scale case study of water transfer from the Karoon river basin in south-west to the Rafsanjan plain in the central part of Iran.     

Incorporating Economic and Political Considerations in Inter-Basin Water Allocations: A Case Study

When an inter-basin water transfer is expected among basins with some level of unfriendliness or hostility, ignoring political considerations, which are generally not integrated in economic investigations, can impede an integrated and efficient management. In this paper, a new economic-political methodology is proposed for the optimal and efficient allocation of water resources among water users in inter-basin water transfer systems. The proposed framework quantifies both the economic payoffs using an “n-person real fuzzy cooperative game”, and the political formation prospect of any coalition, using a Modified Political Accounting System (MPAS). The proposed economic-political methodology is applied to a large scale inter-basin water allocation problem including water donor and receiving basins struggling with water scarcity. The results show how including political considerations in the study may provide a more satisfactory solution compared to the just cost-effective water allocations.     

Optimal Inter-Basin Water Allocation Using Crisp and Fuzzy Shapley Games

In recent years, uneven distribution of available water resources as well as increasing water demands and overexploiting the water resources have brought severe need for transferring water from basins having sufficient water to basins facing water shortages. Therefore, optimal allocation of shared water resources in water transfer projects, considering the utilities of different stakeholders, physical limitations of the system and socioeconomic criteria is an important task. In this paper, a new methodology based on crisp and fuzzy Shapley games is developed for optimal allocation of inter-basin water resources. In the proposed methodology, initial water allocations are obtained using an optimization model considering an equity criterion. In the second step, the stakeholders form crisp coalitions to increase the total net benefit of the system as well as their own benefits and a crisp Shapley Value game is used to reallocate the benefits produced in the crisp coalitions. Lastly, to provide maximum total net benefit, fuzzy coalitions are constituted and the participation rates of water users to fuzzy coalitions are optimized. Then, the total net benefit is reallocated to water users in a rational and equitable way using Fuzzy Shapley Value game. The effectiveness of this method is examined by applying it to a large scale case study of water transfer from the Karoon river basin in southern Iran to the Rafsanjan plain in central Iran.     

基于可控蒸散发的狭义水资源配置

以流域"天然-人工"二元水循环模式和水资源优化配置模型为基础,构建针对区域目标蒸散发(ET)的狭义水资源评估模型。结合流域分区经济耗水和生态耗水计算方法,给出评估模型分析过程,提出基于可控ET的水资源可持续利用评价指标。以湟水干流为例,利用针对区域目标ET的狭义水资源评估模型,阐述当地近5 a水资源开发利用过程中存在的问题,为社会经济发展规划和水资源配置格局提供建议。实例应用表明,基于区域目标ET的狭义水资源评估模型,可为流域分区的水资源配置和管理提供依据。     

Multi-Objective Optimization of Integrated Surface and Groundwater Resources Under the Clean Development Mechanism

Acquiring sustainable water resources for water-based development of countries is the experts? concern in this field, who seek to follow the clean development mechanism (CDM) regulations and overcome water crisis through integrated water resources management (IWRM). The Great Karun River basin is one of the major basins in the Middle East. This basin, containing six of the largest reservoir dams with a cumulative power plant capacity of more than 10,500 MW generates about 93% of hydropower of Iran. The water balance of the aquifer in the study area was simulated using MODFLOW model while water resources and surface water reserves were simulated by the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model. A separate simulation was performed with each of two models and the results of two models were coupled using a link file. The multi-objective function optimization process including the maximized supply of demands and hydropower and the minimized aquifer drawdown was completed using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). All effective system components, such as inter-basin water transfer, integrated use of water resources, variation of irrigation network efficiencies, and the effect of water shortage were studied and analyzed under the targeted scenarios. Finally, the best scenario, which was capable to supply the future needs until time horizon of 2040 was planned for the basin considering minimization of aquifer drawdown and optimal generation of hydropower resulting in a maximum decrease in emission of greenhouse gases.

     

西辽河平原区水资源供需平衡分析

西辽河平原区河道沙化现象日益突出,引发了一系列的生态环境问题,水资源匮乏是河道沙化的主要原因。利用MIKE BASIN软件,建立了西辽河平原区水资源管理规划模型,根据平原区水循环的特点,在流域关键节点径流量、供水量及水资源蓄变量3个方面对模型进行了验证,结果令人满意。利用建立的模型,基于3次平衡理论对研究区2020水平年水资源供需状况进行了分析。结果表明:西辽河平原区缺水程度为24.7%,属资源性缺水,强化节水及跨流域调水是解决本区水资源供需矛盾的有效措施。采取强化节水措施后,减少需水占一次平衡缺水的63.6%,引绰济辽跨流域调水工程实施后,受水区水资源短缺问题得以缓解,通辽市科尔沁区地下水位有望每年回升0.16 m。     

A Fair Approach for Multi-Objective Water Resources Allocation

Due to the effect of climate change, rapid population growth and widespread water pollution, fresh water becomes an increasingly scarce natural resource. Optimal allocation of water resources is one of the most effective resolutions to deal with rising water demand and insufficient freshwater resources. This study proposes a fair approach for water resources allocation by employing the Sperner’s lemma to solve the conflicts of different objectives and those of competing regions. A multi-objective optimal allocation model is firstly formulated to generate the Pareto frontier surface, which maximizes the economic interest while minimizing the amount of organic pollutants. Subsequently, the approach searches for acceptable allocation schemes over the Pareto frontier surfaces through the total water quantity and envy-free constraints. The proposed model is applied to the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang river basin in China. Results indicate that water allocation between multi-region can achieve Nash equilibrium by using the water conflict resolution method to select fair water allocation schemes, in which each region obtains its preferred water quantity. The proposed approach is proved effective for water resources management in the case study and demonstrates the potential for effective application in other basins.

     

基于鄯善县绿洲生存的水资源优化配置研究

本文以鄯善县为研究区域,以2010年水平年的数据为依据,对研究区进行了水资源利用情况分析和水均衡计算,评价不同程度退耕方案下规划水平年2020年地下水可开采量,计算出不同区域不同方案下的地下水超采量。结果表明:尽管大幅度地采取退耕还水措施(高方案),鄯善县的水资源也不能满足其社会经济发展的用水需要,南盆地地下水仍有超采。为尽快治理南盆地地下水超采现状,最重要的是要实行鄯善县产业发展模式转型,或跨流域调水,以实现鄯善县地下水水资源的可持续利用。     

A Negotiation-Based Multi-Objective, Multi-Party Decision-Making Model for Inter-Basin Water Transfer Scheme Optimization

The planning and management decisions often involve multiple objectives and multiple parties with conflicting interests due to the complexity of inter-basin water transfer systems. In this paper, the objectives, the groups involved and the corresponding conflicting interests that characterize water transfer decisions are analyzed. A multi-party, multi-objective decision/bargaining model based on the ??satisfaction principle?? is developed for inter-basin water transfer system decision-making. In order to obtain an ideal multi-party decision, bargaining is first broken down into two stages, and then decision alternatives are chosen using fuzzy pattern recognition. This model is simple, and it is more adaptable for solving practical multi-objective and multi-party decision problems. Finally, an inter-basin water transfer scheme optimization example is demonstrated by using the developed model.     

Integrated Economic-Hydrologic Assessment of Water Management Options for Regulated Wetlands Under Conditions of Climate Change: A Case Study from the Spreewald (Germany)

This paper presents an integrated economic-hydrologic approach for the assessment of water management options for wetlands. It is based on a water resources modelling framework for long-term basin planning, that is augmented to model ecosystem service provision levels of wetlands as a function of water availability and water management. The approach is applied to a case study of the Spreewald wetland that is major fen wetland in the mid-reaches of the River Spree (Germany). Different management options at the wetland and basin scale are assessed in a cost-benefit analytical framework regarding their performance under projections of future climatic conditions. The cost-benefit analysis is based on the valuation of important wetland ecosystem services: grassland fodder production, recreational boating, habitat and biodiversity conservation and regulation of greenhouse gas emissions. It is found that under future climatic conditions, regulated and drained wetlands such as the Spreewald will require an increasing amount of water to maintain the current levels of benefits derived from the wetlands ecosystem services. Additional inter-basin water transfer could compensate some of the negative effects of increased water demand. However, the assessed transfer option is not economically efficient. Water management approaches that increase the intra-annual water storage in the wetland soils by higher groundwater level regulation targets are found to generate net gains in benefits compared to the current water management without any increase of the water supply.     

基于层次分析法的水资源安全模糊综合评价模型及其应用

水资源综合评价对实现社会、经济和环境的可持续发展具有重要意义。以水贫困指数为基础,建立了水资源安全综合评价指标体系,探讨了基于层次分析法的水资源安全模糊综合评价方法,并对中国主要流域和分区的水资源安全状况进行综合评价。结果表明:黄河、海河、淮河和长江流域水资源贫困指数较小,开发潜力较小,其它流域和分区水资源贫困指数较大,有一定的开发潜力。经对比分析表明,评价结果与事实基本相符,说明本文建立的层次模糊综合评价模型是可靠有效的,能为水资源规划、跨流域调水和水利工程运行提供较可靠的水文依据。     

南水北调中线水源工程调水管理研究

跨流域调水工程的管理与运营包含了技术、经济、环境、社会等多行业和多学科的许多复杂问题,如何进行合理运行、科学调度和有效管理,是实现跨流域调水工程项目最终规划目标和获得最大综合效益的重要因素。本文介绍了国内外对跨流域调水工程管理体制的一些做法和探索性研究,分析了国内外调水工程的成功经验和存在的问题,并针对南水北调中线水源工程调水管理提出研究思路,供借鉴。     

Optimal Crop Planning and Conjunctive Use of Water Resources in a Coastal River Basin

Due to increasing trend of intensive rice cultivation in a coastal river basin, crop planning and groundwater management areimperative for the sustainable agriculture. For effective management, two models have been developed viz. groundwater balance model and optimum cropping and groundwater management model to determine optimum cropping pattern and groundwater allocation from private and government tubewells according to different soil types (saline and non-saline), type of agriculture(rainfed and irrigated) and seasons (monsoon and winter). A groundwater balance model has been developed considering mass balance approach. The components of the groundwater balance considered are recharge from rainfall, irrigated rice and non-rice fields, base flow from rivers and seepage flow from surface drains. In the second phase, a linear programming optimization model is developed for optimal cropping and groundwater management for maximizing the economic returns. Themodels developed were applied to a portion of coastal river basin in Orissa State, India and optimal cropping pattern forvarious scenarios of river flow and groundwater availability wasobtained.     

Research on Scale Demonstration Technology of Inter Basin Water Transfer Project in Agricultural Irrigation

Inter-basin water transfer projects are powerful measures for resolving the uneven distribution of water resources, but their scale directly affects the associated investment and income. Therefore, determining the scale of an inter-basin water transfer project is essential. Based on the inter-basin agricultural water transfer project in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, combined with the suitable development scale of the irrigation area with the joint allocation of existing water sources, this research proposes a technique to demonstrate the scale of an inter-basin water transfer project based on dynamic trial feedback under the condition of the optimization method of despiking of the groundwater allocation; the water transfer project scale is demonstrated for each section in reverse order. According to the water demand prediction results in the study area, the scale of water transfer project BC is demonstrated, and the scale of water transfer project AB is demonstrated on the basis of the BC scale. The final AB and BC water transfer scales decrease by 15% and 13%, respectively; compared with the conventional method under the premise that the water supply guarantee rate is 75%. When the water is transferred, the process is stable, and the utilization rate of the canal is high, thereby saving investment funds and facilitating project scheduling and management.

     

松辽流域水资源统一管理的目标和任务

为加强流域水资源的统一管理,优化配置水资源,松辽委积极探索水资源流域管理与行政区域管理相结合的模式,以适应全面建设小康社会和振兴东北地区老工业基地等发展战略.今后一个时期水资源统一管理的目标和任务是:做好流域水资源使用权初始分配工作,努力推进节水型社会建设,继续开展涉水事务一体化管理改革,开展流域与区域相结合的水资源管理机制研究和实践.根据水资源承载能力制定区域发展政策,进一步完善水资源管理法规体系,依靠科技进步和经济杠杆,发挥"松辽管理模式"的作用,进一步加强流域水资源统一管理.     

探讨适合长江流域特点的水量分配研究框架

长江流域水资源相对丰富,但存在降水时空分布不均、自然灾害频繁、城市需水增长快、供求矛盾加剧、水污染加重、用水效率低下等水资源问题.三峡水库的建设运用,外流域调水工程的实施打破了长江原有的水平衡.保证流域水资源的合理开发利用与调配对流域社会经济的发展极其重要,了解流域本身的水资源特点和问题,研究河流生态用水,分析不同功能、不同区域的水量分配额度,提出区域社会经济发展的水量分配方案,是水资源管理的基础,也是保障流域水资源的合理调配和可持续开发利用,维护河流健康发展的需求和根本.对适合长江流域特点的水量分配研究框架进行了探讨.     

漳卫南运河流域水污染趋势与控制

通过调查,研究漳卫南运河20年来的污染历史和发展趋势,结合流域污染源监测,全面评价流域水污染现状和形势,提出了漳卫运河水污染控制对策:明确治理目标控制排污总量;严格执法;调整产业结构,治理污染源;加强城市污水处理厂的建设与运行管理;加强流域管理;加强监测;优化水资源配置及跨流域调水。     

上海市水资源和水环境的可持续发展

从上海市的水域分布、水资源总量和水污染状况等方面分析上海市的水资源和水环境状况 ,分析结果表明 ,影响上海市水资源和水环境可持续发展主要有三大因素 :废污水的排放和治理问题 ;河网水动力条件和人工调节能力问题 ;流域资源的配置和环境影响问题。上海市水资源配置的主要目标是 :以水资源综合利用为核心 ,确保市民饮用水优质供给为首要目标 ,建立完善黄浦江水源、长江水源、地下水源和供水管网为重点的水资源配置系统 ,形成城镇供水、工业用水、农田灌溉、内河航运、环境用水相协调 ,水量、水质实时监控系统和合理的价格机制相配套的水资源配置体系。上海市水环境治理的主要目标是 :以水功能区划为依据 ,以“一江一湖十二河”为重点 ,以“六线六厂”污水处理骨干设施为基础 ,统筹兼顾城乡河网的内河航运、城市景观、生态环境等综合功能 ,形成污水收集处理、长期调水、定期清淤和长效管理相结合的水环境保护体系。     

流域水资源配置方法研究

流域水资源配置解决的主要问题是确定不同天然来水情况下的省际规划出境水量,以及平原地下水规划开采量和入海水量.省际规划出境水量是流域水资源管理的基础指标,平原地下水规划开采量和入海水量是反映生态状况的指标.结合严重缺水的海河流域,研究并提出采用典型年法进行水资源配置的技术路线,提出2010规划水平年满足各项控制指标条件下省际配置分区经济社会发展的可利用水量.