利福平致肝脏毒性的代谢组学特征研究*

目的:研究大鼠灌胃抗结核病药物利福平后其尿液的代谢表型改变及其与组织病理学和血浆生化指标的相关性,寻找可能的毒性标志物,探讨代谢组学在药物毒理学研究中的应用。方法:Wistar大鼠灌胃给予利福平0,25,50和100mg·kg-1,qd,连续14d。收集最后一次给药后的24h尿样,测定1H-NMR谱,并进行血浆生化指标测定和肝脏组织病理学检查。结果:常规毒性评价方法发现大鼠在高剂量表现出轻度肝毒性;给药组尿样1H-NMR谱中葡萄糖和牛磺酸明显增加,2-酮戊二酸和枸橼酸明显降低。各组动物在不同剂量下的代谢谱变化与肝脏病理和血浆生化改变相一致,并且其敏感性优于常规毒理学检测指标。结论:大鼠尿液1H-NMR代谢产物谱与利福平毒性作用强度密切相关,利福平引起的肝毒性与三羧酸循环能量代谢和糖代谢有关。代谢组学分析在毒理学研究中有着广泛的应用前景。     

异烟肼肝毒性的代谢组学特征研究*

目的:研究大鼠灌胃异烟肼后其尿液的代谢表型改变及其与组织病理学和血浆生化指标变化的相关性,探讨代谢组学在药物毒理学研究中的应用。方法:Wistar大鼠连续灌胃0,25,50,100,200和400 mg.kg-1异烟肼14 d后收集尿样,测定1H-NMR谱,并进行血浆生化指标测定和肝脏组织病理学检查。结果:常规毒理学评价方法发现大鼠在中、高剂量表现明显的肝毒性;给药组尿样1H-NMR谱2-氨基己二酸、葡萄糖和牛磺酸明显增加,2-酮戊二酸和柠檬酸明显降低。各剂量组的代谢产物谱变化与肝脏病理和血浆生化改变相一致,并且其敏感性优于常规毒理学检测指标。结论:大鼠尿液1H-NMR代谢产物谱与异烟肼毒性作用强度密切相关,异烟肼引起的肝毒性与线粒体功能受损及三羧酸循环中能量代谢异常有关,还与葡萄糖代谢紊乱有关。代谢组学分析在毒理学研究中有着广泛的应用前景。     

海洛因滥用大鼠尿液同体纵向对照模型的代谢组学研究

目的:建立海洛因滥用大鼠尿液同体纵向对照模型的代谢组学研究模型,研究海洛因滥用与大鼠体内生物标记物特异性变化关系在研究海洛因依赖的潜在价值。方法:以雄性SD大鼠为实验动物,经尾静脉反复注射盐酸海洛因溶液建立大鼠海洛因依赖模型,收集给药前和停药成瘾后大鼠尿液,并用UPLC-MS分析尿液,经Mzmine2.1软件峰匹配和多种统计学分析,筛选出有差异性变化的海洛因滥用生物标记物。同时进行重复实验对结果进行验证。结果:停药后24 h大鼠出现戒断症状,经纳洛酮催促戒断实验证实大鼠已对海洛因形成依赖。给药前和停药后大鼠尿液数据经统计学分析存在分离现象,说明两组尿液中生物标记物间存在特异性差异。结论:大鼠对海洛因滥用形成依赖前后尿液中生物标记物存在差异,经统计学初步筛选出41个特异性的生物标记物,说明借助代谢组学技术研究尿液中生物标记物的特异性变化来推断机体是否对海洛因依赖具有一定的可行性。     

Z24经口染毒大鼠尿液的核磁共振谱代谢组学研究

目的　研究Z2 4染毒大鼠尿液代谢组学的改变及其与组织病理和血液生化指标的相关性 ,探讨代谢组学在药物毒性早期筛选中的应用。方法Wistar大鼠连续经口给予Z2 4 6 0 ,130及 2 0 0mg·kg- 1,连续 5d后收集 2 4h尿液 ,测定核磁共振([1H]NMR)谱 ,并进行血浆生化指标测定和肝脏组织病理学检查。结果　Z2 4 2 0 0mg·kg- 1组大鼠血浆谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和总胆红素分别升高14 8% ,14 0 %和 110 % ;130和 2 0 0mg·kg- 1组均有不同程度的肝脏炎症和坏死。 [1H]NMR谱主成分分析发现各组在不同染毒条件下的代谢状态可相互区分 ,与肝脏病理和血浆生化改变相一致。结论　大鼠尿液 [1H]NMR代谢谱与Z2 4毒性作用强度密切相关 ,代谢组学分析是一种有良好发展前景的体内药物毒性早期筛选的方法。     

Z24经口染毒大鼠血浆的代谢组学研究

目的研究Z24染毒大鼠血浆的代谢表型改变及其与组织病理和血液生化指标的相关性，探讨代谢组学在药物毒性早期筛选中的应用。方法Wistar大鼠连续经口染毒0、60、130和200mg／kg Z245d后收集血浆，测定^1H NMR谱，并进行血浆生化指标测定和肝脏组织病理学检查。结果200mg／k组大鼠血浆丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)及总胆红素(TbiL)分别升高了148．4％、140％和109．8％；130和200mg／k组均出现不同程度的肝脏炎症和坏死。血浆^1H NMR谱偏最小乘方分析(PLS-DA)发现在不同染毒条件下，各组动物的代谢谱各不相同，与肝脏病理和血浆生化改变相一致，并且其敏感性优于常规毒理学检测指标。结论大鼠血浆^1H NMR代谢谱与Z24毒作用强度密切相关，代谢组学分析是一种有良好发展前景的体内药物毒性早期筛选的方法。     

基于GC/TOF/MS的关木通肾毒性代谢组学研究

目的研究经关木通染毒后大鼠尿液及血浆的代谢组经时变化规律及其与组织病理指标的相关性,探讨代谢组学在关木通肾毒性研究中的应用。方法取4只SD大鼠,灌胃给予关木通醇提水溶液,剂量为72mg/(kg·d)的马兜铃酸A,1次/d,连续给药4d。分别采集给药前(0d),及给药后2、4d的尿液及血浆样品供代谢组学研究。实验结束后采集组织标本进行组织病理学检验。结果关木通给药后,大鼠肾脏均可见不同程度的肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死,间质血管充血显示肾功能受到损害。利用GC/TOF/MS及模式识别技术为核心的代谢组学方法对尿样及血浆样品进行研究,结果表明,给药后2,4d大鼠尿液,血浆中代谢组水平与给药前产生明显变化,内源性代谢产物谱随时间动态变化明显,能够明显区分出各天的变化趋势,表征出毒性发生,发展的动态过程。结论关木通能够对肾脏造成损害,应用基于GC-MS的代谢组学方法,初步获得关木通致肾脏损害的"代谢产物谱",根据不同的代谢表型能够区分出关木通的毒性作用。大鼠尿液、血浆中的代谢产物谱与关木通毒性作用的经时过程密切相关,能够很好区分出机体的不同中毒状态。代谢组学分析是一种有良好发展前景的体内药物毒性早期筛选的方法,它可作为药物毒性评价的有效方法手段,在毒理学研究中有着广泛的应用前景。     

利用1H-NMR技术研究大黄素染毒后大鼠内源性代谢物的改变

目的 采用¹H NMR的代谢组学技术揭示大黄素的肾毒性机制,寻找肾脏损害的早期生物标志物.方法 雄性SD大鼠20只,随机分为溶剂对照,大黄素170、500、1 500 mg/(kg·d)3个剂量组,连续给药16 d,给药结束后收集24 h尿液,血浆及肾组织,测定¹H NMR谱,并进行血浆生化指标测定和肝脏组织病理学检查.结果 1 500 mg/(kg·d)大黄素服用16 d可引起大鼠血肌酐下降,大黄素可导致肾细胞胞浆中出现明显的空泡化改变.代谢成分的改变主要表现为血液中乳酸、糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸成分下降;尿液中乳酸、糖和氨基酸成分增加;肾脏组织中醋酸盐和肌酐/肌酸明显升高,乳酸和胆碱/磷酸卵磷脂水平下降,饱和与不饱和脂肪酸及磷脂的成分比例明显改变.结论 代谢组学分析在识别药物诱导代谢成分改变方面较传统技术更灵敏;脂肪和能量代谢紊乱参与了大黄素的肾毒性,尿液中氨基酸、葡萄糖氧化三甲胺(TMAO)及肌酐可作为大黄素诱导肾组织损害的潜在生物标志物.     

苍耳子对大鼠肝脏毒性作用的代谢组学研究

目的:观察苍耳子对大鼠尿液代谢轮廓、整体表征和血液生化指标等的影响,探讨代谢组学方法在中药毒性评价中的作用.方法:用随机数字表法将30只雄性Wistar大鼠分为苍耳子低剂量组、高剂量组和对照组,每组10只.苍耳子低剂量和高剂量组大鼠分别经灌胃给予一定容量的含苍耳子水提取液(相当于生药1.05和21.0 g/kg),1次/d,共28 d;对照组给予同体积0.9％氯化钠溶液.给药期间观察大鼠体重、被毛、运动及精神状态的改变;给药前和给药7、14、21、28d检测血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平,收集24h尿液,用超高效液相色谱/飞行时间质谱方法测定大鼠尿液代谢轮廓和整体表征.结果:苍耳子高剂量组大鼠在给药期间陆续出现被毛光泽度下降、脱毛、活动量和摄食量减少、反应迟钝等现象.苍耳子低剂量组仅2只大鼠在给药28d后表现为少动喜卧,被毛光泽度下降.苍耳子高剂量组大鼠给药21和28 d时体重均明显低于苍耳子低剂量组(P＜0.05)和对照组(P＜0.01),苍耳子低剂量组与对照组大鼠体重在各时间段的差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).苍耳子高剂量组大鼠给药21 d时的ALT、AST水平[(42.9±3.9)U/L、(107.9±12.7) U/L]明显高于低剂量组[ (33.8 ±4.4) U/L、(95.8±16.6)U/L]和对照组[(31.8±4.4) U/L、(93.5±15.8) U/L],差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),给药28 d时苍耳子高剂量组血清ALT、AST水平达峰值.苍耳子低剂量组不同给药时间血清ALT、AST水平与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).苍耳子高剂量组给药第7、14、21、28天24h尿液代谢物表型的聚类分布均偏离对照组,且随给药时间的延长而增大.苍耳子低剂量组给药第7、14、21天24h尿液代谢物表型的聚类分布位于对照组附近且与对照组有部分重叠,给药28 d时出现单独聚类.结论:用代谢组学方法检测苍耳子肝毒性灵敏度较高,可用于评价中药的毒性反应.     

基于~1H-核磁共振代谢组学研究黄药子乙醇提取物致肝损伤的潜在生物标志物

目的采用基于1H-核磁共振(NMR)的代谢组学方法,分析黄药子乙醇提取物(RDB)致肝损伤大鼠血清和尿液中代谢产物随时间的动态变化,探寻RDB肝毒性早期的潜在生物标志物。方法大鼠ig给予RDB5 g·kg-1,连续给药28 d,于给药后3,7,14和28 d及停药后7 d(恢复期)取6只大鼠采血,进行常规血液生化分析;取肝组织,计算肝指数,并用HE染色进行肝组织病理观察。收集给药后0,3,7,14和28 d及停药后7 d血清和尿液,进行1H-NMR的代谢组学研究,采用主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘法分析对早期潜在生物标志物进行筛选和鉴别。结果与正常对照组相比,RDB组血清总胆红素(TB)和总胆固醇(TC)于给药后3~28 d显著升高(P<0.05),总胆汁酸(TBA)于7~28 d显著升高(P<0.05),TB,TC和TBA于停药后7 d恢复正常,谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性以及葡萄糖含量均无显著变化。RDB组给药后肝指数显著升高(P<0.01),停药后7 d恢复正常;肝组织于给药后7 d开始出现单细胞坏死和肝细胞肿大,随给药时间延长,病变程度加重;停药7 d后有所恢复。代谢组学检测显示,RDB给药早期血清脂质〔低密度脂蛋白(LDL)/极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)〕、谷氨酸、磷酸胆碱和甘油磷酸胆碱等升高(P<0.05),尿液丙酮酸盐和N-乙酰谷氨酸等降低(P<0.05);上述代谢产物在停药7 d后均恢复正常。结论早期肝损伤与糖脂代谢、能量代谢和胆汁淤积有关。随着RDB给药的持续,产生了组织过氧化损伤。线粒体损伤导致体内能量代谢不足。血清脂质(LDL/VLDL)、谷氨酸、磷酸胆碱和甘油磷酸胆碱,及尿液丙酮酸盐和N-乙酰谷氨酸均可作为RDB致肝损伤的早期潜在生物标志物。     

纳米铜经口染毒大鼠尿液的代谢组学研究

目的 研究纳米铜经口反复染毒大鼠尿液的代谢表型改变,探讨纳米铜的毒作用特征,并寻找早期损害的代谢标志物.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠42只,每组6只分别经口给予溶剂羟丙甲基纤维素(1% HPMC),微米铜(200mg/kg),纳米铜(50、100和200 mg/ks),连续染毒5 d,核磁共振(NMR)分析不同时点收集的24 h尿液,并作血液生化分析和肝肾组织病理学检查.结果 纳米铜200 mg/kg连续染毒5 d,大鼠血清丙氨酸转移酶、天冬氨酸转移酶、三酰甘油、总胆红素、总胆汁酸、肌酐和尿素氮均明显升高;肝细胞呈点状或局灶性坏死,肾小管上皮细胞弥漫性坏死;毒性明显重于其余处理组.尿液代谢组学分析表明纳米铜200 mg/kg染毒早期可诱导大鼠尿液中肌酐、牛磺酸和N-乙酰葡糖苷酶水平升高;染毒5 d,尿液中柠檬酸、乳酸和醋酸盐、糖、氨基酸和N-氧三甲胺水平明显升高,肌酐水平降低;纳米铜200 mg/kg组大鼠停止染毒一周,尿液代谢轨迹不能回到处理前状态.结论 肝脏和肾脏是纳米铜的靶器官,细胞能量代谢紊乱可能是纳米铜诱导肝肾损害过程中的重要事件,代谢组学分析可作为纳米材料在体毒性评价的技术平台之一.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.