A study on an axial-type 2-D turbine blade shape for reducing the blade profile loss

Losses on the turbine consist of the mechanical loss, tip clearance loss, secondary flow loss and blade profile loss etc.,. More than 60 % of total losses on the turbine is generated by the two latter loss mechanisms. These losses are directly related with the reduction of turbine efficiency. In order to provide a new design methodology for reducing losses and increasing turbine efficiency, a two-dimensional axial-type turbine blade shape is modified by the optimization process with two-dimensional compressible flow analysis codes, which are validated by the experimental results on the VKI turbine blade. A turbine blade profile is selected at the mean radius of turbine rotor using on a heavy duty gas turbine, and optimized at the operating condition. Shape parameters, which are employed to change the blade shape, are applied as design variables in the optimization process. Aerodynamic, mechanical and geometric constraints are imposed to ensure that the optimized profile meets all engineering restrict conditions. The objective function is the pitchwise area averaged total pressure at the 30 % axial chord downstream from the trailing edge. 13 design variables are chosen for blade shape modification. A 10.8 % reduction of total pressure loss on the turbine rotor is achieved by this process, which is same as a more than 1 % total-to-total efficiency increase. The computed results are compared with those using 11 design variables, and show that optimized results depend heavily on the accuracy of blade design.     

Response and flow characteristics of a dual-rotor turbine flowmeter

The technical problems of flow measurement in hypersonic flight could be mitigated through dual-rotor turbine flowmeters (DRT-FMs). In this study, a visual experiment platform was designed to reproduce the flow of a 1.3 cm diameter DRT-FM. A mathematical model considering two rotors was developed to perform a parameterised study and evaluate the rotor responses. Further, the entire flow passage was numerically simulated through an added automatic iterative rotor-dynamic calculation based on the angular momentum balance theory. According to the experimental results, the response range of the rotational speeds was divided into three stages: unresponsive, unstable, and stable. The downstream rotor responded at a lower flow rate, increasing the measurement range of the rotor turbine flowmeter. Considering the region of linear increase in the rotor speed in stable state under different flow media, tip clearances, and number of blades, the mathematical results indicated that the downstream rotor exhibited a compensation effect of the rotational speed on the calculation of rotational speed at the current flow rate conditions, which mitigates the measurement instability of the upstream rotor. Through the simulations, the rotation speed difference of the two rotors resulted in a slight periodic disturbance to the downstream rotor, which was alleviated after flowing through the spacer and could be ignored. Moreover, the high vorticity regions appeared around the rotors and areas of abrupt structural changes in the flow passage; the distribution gradually extended as the vorticity decreased. The present study provides an understanding of the DRT-FM and some recommendations to improve its characteristics.     

高速柔性转子的主要零部件对其动力特性的影响分析

用SAMCEF／ROTOR分析软件建立某新型涡轴发动机动力涡轮空心轴组件和转子（装实心或空心传动轴）动力特性计算的有限元分析模型,基于动力特性（临界转速、振型和不平衡响应）计算结果,分析传动轴、测扭转准轴和动力涡轮盘对转子动力特性的影响,为改进设计提供理论依据。     

永磁轴承最小悬浮转速与转动惯量的关系研究

为研究永磁悬浮旋转体实现稳定平衡的最小转速与转动惯量的关系,设计了一种新型永磁轴承透平机,在同一定子内安装3个结构和尺寸相同但转动惯量不同的转子。测量3个转子的转动惯量,并用均匀分布在透平机定子外部的4个霍尔传感器测量转子偏心距。实验结果表明,当转速超过某一临界值时,陀螺效应使得永磁悬浮透平机转子维持稳定的悬浮,并且最小悬浮转速与转动惯量负相关,即转动惯量越大的转子悬浮需要的转速越小。     

核电汽轮机转子在低周疲劳与高周疲劳交互作用下裂纹扩展寿命的研究

提出核电汽轮机转子在低周疲劳与高周疲劳交互作用下裂纹扩展寿命的计算与评定方法。介绍核电汽轮机转子的低周疲劳与高周疲劳的应力幅与应力范围、低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命与高周疲劳扩展寿命的计算方法。给出了核电汽轮机转子在低周疲劳与高周疲劳交互作用下裂纹扩展日历寿命的计算与评定方法,以及1 000 MW级核电汽轮机焊接低压转子疲劳裂纹扩展日历寿命的计算与改进的应用实例。结果表明,高周疲劳对汽轮机转子疲劳裂纹扩展日历寿命有比较大的影响,新研制核电汽轮机的转子结构设计和在役核电汽轮机的转子安全性评定,需要评估转子在低周疲劳与高周疲劳交互作用下裂纹扩展 寿命。     

涡轮转子叶片对称加工用双主轴铣削机床

为了提高磁悬浮分子泵中硬铝合金整体涡轮转子叶片的加工效率,提出了一种新型的双主轴卧式铣削机床结构。通过介绍其他典型类型机床加工整体涡轮转子叶片的特点,阐述了这种新型机床加工硬铝合金整体涡轮转子叶片的特性及对称加工的实现方法。新型双主轴卧式铣削机床使硬铝合金整体涡轮转子叶片的加工效率理论上可提高近一倍,并且由于分度误差累积的减小使其加工精度相对提高。同时,与购买两台传统机床相比能够降低设备成本。     

Fuzzy MRAC controller design for vane-type air motor systems

Air motors are widely used in the automation industry due to special requirements, such as spark-prohibited environments, the mining industry, chemical manufacturing plants, and so on. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the behavior of a vane-type air motor and to design a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) with a fuzzy friction compensation controller. It has been noted that the rotational speed of the air motor is closely related to the compressed air’s pressure and flow rate, and due to the compressibility of air and the friction in the mechanism, the overall system is actually nonlinear with dead-zone behavior. The performance of the previous controllers implemented on an air motor system demonstrated a large overshoot, slow response and significant fluctuation errors around the setting points. It is important to eliminate the dead-zone to improve the control performance. By considering the effects of the dead-zone behavior, we have developed an MRAC with fuzzy friction compensation controller to overcome the effect of the dead-zone. The following experimental results are given to validate the proposed speed control strategy.     

A robust sliding mode controller design for a ball screw table driven by an air motor

Air motors are often applied in the automation industry in areas with special requirements, such as in spark-prohibited environments, the mining industry, chemical manufacturing plants, and similar locations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the behaviors of a ball screw table powered by a vane-type air motor and to design a robust sliding mode controller for the inlet pressure. The rotational speed of the air motor is closely related to the pressure and flow rate of the compressed air. Furthermore, the compressibility of the air and the friction in the mechanism mean that the overall system is nonlinear, with fluctuating input. A robust sliding mode control is developed to overcome the effects of variations in the inlet pressure and air leakage problems. The experimental results validate the robustness of the proposed position control strategy.     

Evaluation of the influence of the initial deflection curve shape of a two-span rotor with residual imbalance on its vibroactivity during rundown

This work is devoted to the evaluation of the influence of the curve shape of the ineradicable initial deflection of a two-span rotor with the residual imbalance on the transition vibration amplitudes at low critical speeds under the rundown. The model corresponds to a high-pressure rotor–combined mid-low-pressure rotor (HPR–MLPR) system of a turbine unit. It is assumed that rotors are connected by a rigid coupling and installed on anisotropic elastic damper supports. It is supposed that the resulting deflection (bend) of this system is formed as a result of the fact that a high-pressure rotor acquires the initial deflection during the operation or because of abnormal launch conditions, the curve shape of which for a load-free rotor is known. The influence of the mutual arrangement of the residual imbalances of rotors and the imbalances caused by the resulting deflection of shafting in a system on the amplitudes of its transition vibration under the rundown of a turbine unit has been studied for two shapes of the initial rotor deflection curve that have the highest and lowest values of the shape parameter. The values of the initial rotor bending deflection and the residual imbalance of both rotors have been set equal to the maximum acceptable values for the operation of a turbine unit. Amplitude calculations have been performed for rotors of a K-300-23.5 Leningrad Mechanical plant (LMZ) turbine.     

350t转子超速动平衡试验站装备的设计制造

350 t转子超速动平衡试验站用于大型汽轮机发电设备和大型核能发电设备上转子的超速动平衡试验。本文对上海电气350 t转子超速动平衡试验站在建设过程中的设计、制造、安装、调试环节进行了介绍。     

CFD在涡轮钻具机械性能预测分析中的应用

文中采用实体建模、CFD前置处理器等工具真实、准确地建立涡轮定、转子单周期跨叶片流道计算模型,应用CFD(计算流体动力学)技术研究分析了其在不同转速下的内流场。对模拟出的涡轮叶栅内流场,重点分析了转子叶片表面压力场的分布情况,并将模拟结果与十级涡轮台架的实验数据进行了对比,证明了应用CFD技术对涡轮钻具叶栅内流场模拟分析的有效性,为涡轮钻具机械性能预测分析提供了一种有力的技术手段。     

Development of a water droplet erosion model for large steam turbine blades

Water droplet erosion is one of major concerns in the design of modern large fossil steam turbines because it causes serious operational problems such as performance degradation and reduction of service life. A new erosion model has been developed in the present study for the prediction of water droplet erosion of rotor blades operated in wet steam conditions. The major four erosion parameter ; impact velocity, impacting droplet flow rate, droplet size and hardness of target are involved in the model so that it can also be used for engineering purpose at the design stage of rotor blades. Comparison of the predicted erosion rate with the measured data obtained from the practical steam turbine operated for more than 90.000 hours shows good agreement.     

Experimental investigation of parameters influencing electrostatic motor’s performance with air bearing operation

In this paper, the design and fabrication of a rotational electrostatic motor with air bearing is presented. Electrostatic motors have many advantages such as convenient fabrication and compact size. In this study, the rotor is a Plexiglas disc with 38-mm diameter and 1-mm thickness and stator is a round set of electrodes etched by standard printed circuit board technique. Plexiglas was used in laser disc optical media and has been developed for use in CDs and DVDs. To reduce the friction between the rotor and the stator, an air bearing is used. Also, in this paper, kinetics of the motion, design, and fabrication process of a prototype is described and then some parameters influencing motor operation are experimentally investigated; experimental results show successful motor operation. In addition, high rotational velocity and optimum acceleration are achieved throughout the operation of the motor.     

用静压支承实现的大型转动构件偏心质量测量装置

介绍大型转动构件偏心质量的一种新型测量装置,该装置采用静压支承原理,具有数百吨的支承能力,又可以使被测构件处于“悬浮”状态,克服了传统测量装置中刚性支承摩擦的影响,从而极大地提高了测量精度。介绍了该装置的原理和结构,并对装置的支承力和系统能耗进行了分析计算。     

冷态滑参数启动方式下的汽轮机转子热应力分析

以当前广泛应用的汽轮机冷态滑参数启动过程为重点研究工况,建立汽轮机转子的全尺寸有限元分析模型．并采用加载等效质量块的方法对其进行简化;采用工程热力学及传热学知识对汽轮机转子边界蒸汽温度和各部位的对流放热系数进行计算．将其作为边界条件加载到汽轮机转子有限元模型上。通过有限元分析软件ANSYS对转子进行温度场的计算与分析,得到温度分布规律、温差最大时刻及出现的部位;采用热应力间接耦合分析法对转子的应力场进行计算分析,得到其应力分布变化情况、等效应力最大值及出现的时刻和部位。根据分析计算结果对汽轮机在使用时应注意的问题提出了合理化建议。     

Stress and fracture analyses of nuclear power plant LP turbine rotor discs

Fracture phenomenon has been reported on blades, rotors, connections and rotor discs of LP turbines of nuclear power plants, which is caused by fatigue, stress corrosion and erosion. In this study, as a tool of reliability evaluation, a number of stress and fracture analyses were performed on the defected area under various operating conditions using the finite element method. Possible defects on key-way and rotor disc were assumed to be two-dimensional cracks and centrifugal force, temperature distribution and shrink-fit effect were included as external loads. From stress analysis results, stress intensity factors were obtained and these values can be utilized to evaluate reliability and predict remaining lifetime of the turbine discs.     

磁轴承涡轮流量传感器的探讨

对不同结构的磁轴承涡轮流量传感器进行了比较综合,发现采用被动磁轴承结合机械约束,实现传感器内部可动部件叶轮的部分悬浮,是减小轴与轴承之间机械摩擦阻力、降低轴和轴承的磨损,从而提高传感器的灵敏度,增加传感器使用寿命的一条思路。提出了采用两个轴向磁化的径向磁轴承结合两个球头轴尖支撑的涡轮流量传感器结构,并进行了理论分析和参数计算。对研制磁轴承涡轮流量传感器过程中遇到的问题,进行了初步探讨。     

Evaluation of impact dynamics and contact forces in a hydropower rotor due to variations in damping and lateral fluid forces

Damages due to contact between the runner and the discharge ring have been observed in several hydroelectric power units. The damage can cause high repair costs of the runner and the discharge ring as well as considerable production losses.In this paper a rotor model of a 45 MW hydropower unit is used for the analysis of the rotor dynamical phenomena occurring due to contact between the runner and the discharge ring for different grades of lateral force on the turbine and bearing damping. The rotor model consists of a generator rotor and a turbine, which is connected to an elastic shaft supported by three isotropic bearings. The discrete representation of rotor model consists of 32 degrees of freedom; to increase the speed of the analysis, the size of the model was reduced with the IRS method to a system with 8 degrees of freedom.Results are presented in bifurcation diagrams, maximum contact force, Poincaré map and phase portrait. Simulations indicate that the contact forces between the turbine and the discharge ring are large, with considerable risks for serious damage as a consequence. The analysis shows that the risk for contact and damage are large for relatively small lateral turbine loads when the gap between the turbine and the discharge ring is small and the contact stiffness is high.     

应用LabVIEW分析转子特征谱

介绍转子特征谱分析———全谱分析和全息谱分析的基本概念,它们是以不同方式对转子同一截面上互相垂直的两个位移传感器,所采集的信号进行融合分析的方法,和传统的谱分析相比能够识别更多的转子信息。阐述利用Lab-VIEW平台实现全谱分析和全息谱分析的方法。通过对汽轮机转子振动信号的故障诊断表明,全谱分析和全息谱分析是进行旋转机械故障监测与诊断的有力工具。     

660MW汽轮机转子的低速动平衡理论与实践

从挠性转子的动平衡方程出发,以660 MW汽轮机转子为例,介绍了挠性转子的低速动平衡的原理与方法。