国家环境保护总局标准样品研究所环境标准样品目录

一、液体标准样品1 .单标砷、铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、铬、氟、氯、汞、p H、铁、锰、钾、钠、钙、镁、钒、钴、硒、钼、钡、银、锑、铝、铍、锂、锶、溴、酚、氨氮、总氮、总磷、苯胺、甲醛、浊度、六价铬、硫酸根、磷酸盐、总硬度、硫化物、硝基苯、矿物油(红外法 )、总氰化物、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数、生化需氧量、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、凯氏氮、阴离子表面活性剂 ;苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、异丙苯、苯乙烯、1 ,2 -二氯苯、1 ,3-二氯苯、六氯苯、五氯酚、苯胺、对硝基苯胺、对甲基苯酚、对硝基苯酚、邻苯二甲酸…     

污水中喹诺酮类抗生素分布及与环境变量的相关性研究

利用固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱法（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）对广西九洲江地区的6个污水处理厂的进水和出水中的喹诺酮类抗生素（QNs）进行检测,分析不同处理工艺对QNs的去除情况,并对检出的QNs进行冗余分析,探究其与环境变量之间的相关性。结果表明,污水处理厂进水中诺氟沙星（NFX）检出浓度最高,其次是环丙沙星（CPX）、氧氟沙星（OFX）和恩诺沙星（EFX）,QNs在进水和出水时的质量浓度分别为252.1~1 374.9 ng/L和44.4~147.1 ng/L;污水中QNs的总去除率为66.6%~92.5%;Na⁺、K⁺和总有机碳（TOC）与多数QNs呈正相关关系,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、pH值与多数QNs呈负相关关系。     

污水处理厂进出水及其受纳水体中典型PPCPs的污染特征

以对乙酰氨基酚为目标物,利用固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定了该药物在泰安市污水处理厂进出水和地表水体中的含量。结果表明,对乙酰氨基酚在污水处理厂进水中均被检出,质量浓度为0.9~238μg/L,表明生活污水为污水处理厂该药物活性成分的来源,出水中质量浓度为ND~8.3μg/L,去除率较高,其中生物降解是主要的降解机制。在泮河中的质量浓度为ND~3.59μg/L,与国内外其他地表水体相比,处于同一个数量级,且污水厂排水口下游水体中目标物浓度高于上游,反映出污水处理厂排放可能是其受纳水体中PPCPs的主要来源之一。     

原子吸收光谱法测定多维元素药片中矿物质含量

采用原子吸收光谱法测定了多维元素药片中矿物质含量。样品用硝酸消解,用火焰原子吸收法测定钙、镁、钾、铜、铁、锰,用石墨炉原子吸收法测铬和镍。方法灵敏可靠,测量相对标准偏差<2.4%,回收率在90%～100%之间,能满足药品检测要求。     

秸秆焚烧期间空气中细颗粒的组分特征

分析并探讨了南京市秸秆焚烧期间细颗粒中水溶性阴离子和铵,有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),以及Cu、Zn、Pb、Si等38种元素的含量和浓度.结果表明:细颗粒( PM2.5)水溶性离子中硫酸根浓度最高,其次是铵根离子,硝酸盐和氯离子,氟离子和亚硝酸盐最低.秸秆焚烧期间细颗粒样品中离子含量占26％,Si元素和金属所占份额为...     

离子色谱法测定水中总硬度

采用离子色谱法测定水中钙、镁离子质量浓度,并以此计算水中总硬度。方法在0 mg/L~10.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,钙、镁离子的方法检出限分别为0.02 mg/L、0.003 mg/L。该方法用于测定标准混合溶液和有证标准物质,测定结果均满足质控要求。实际水样中钙、镁离子均检出,且测定结果的RSD为0.3%~1.4%,加标回收率为91.0%~103%。用该方法与国标法同时测定实际样品,结果无明显差异。     

不同污水处理工艺中全氟和多氟烷基物质的来源、去除效率及生态风险

使用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法,测定广西3个污水处理厂（P1、P2、P3）中17种全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）。结果显示,共检测出10种PFASs,检出率为33.3%～100%。进、出水中PFASs质量浓度分别为32.0～86.4和23.0～39.6 ng/L。全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBA）、全氟戊酸（PFPeA）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）是进、出水中的主要污染物。厌氧-缺氧-好氧（AAO）工艺对PFASs的去除率为49.0%;改良型序批反应器（MSBR）工艺对PFASs的去除率为72.2%,氧化沟工艺对PFASs的去除率为25.0%。P1和P3进水中的PFASs主要来源于生活污水,P2进水中的PFASs来源包括生活污水和工业废水。P1出水中的全氟十二烷酸（PFDoDA）对纳污河流的鱼类和水蚤构成高生态风险,对藻类构成中等生态风险,P2和P3出水对纳污河流构成的生态风险较低。     

离子色谱法同时测定酸雨中的钠、铵、钾、镁、钙

阐述了离子色谱法测定酸雨中的钠、铵、钾、镁、钙含量的方法和步骤。结果表明,各元素的检出限均低于0.02 mg/L,加标回收率为90%~110%,相对标准偏差均低于1%,结果令人满意。该方法可同时测定酸雨中的5种阳离子,并且操作便捷,值得推广与应用。     

用P_(507)树脂萃取色层分离和ICP-AES同时测定土壤中十五个稀土元素

本文研究了用P_(507)树脂萃取分离稀土组的适宜条件。土样经过氧化钠融熔分解,三乙醇胺浸取,除去大量硅及两性元素,铁、钙和锰亦大部分除去。沉淀中的稀土用盐酸溶解,调PH2.5,上柱分离除去残存的铁、锰、钙和镁等杂质元素,分离后的试液用于十五个稀土元素的测定。并用测试结果绘制了土壤中稀土元素的分布模式曲线与标样推荐值所绘制的分布模式曲线,二者比较一致。     

污水处理厂氮排放特征

为了更好地掌握污水处理厂运行和排放情况，在全国南方、北方分别选取3个省共11个城市122家污水处理厂，于2013年8—10月进行了专项监测。结果表明：75?4％的污水处理厂氨氮出水质量浓度小于2 mg／L，氨氮平均去除率达90?2％，但总氮的平均去除率仅为55?5％，污水处理厂排水中仍存在较多非氨氮形态的氮污染进入环境。氨氮排放达标的污水处理厂中，有约20％的总氮排放未达标。65?5％的污水处理厂出水氨氮占总氮的比例低于10％，而84?4％的污水处理厂进水中氨氮占总氮的比例高于50％。总氮是影响污水处理厂达标排放的主要污染因子。     

沧州市滨海盐碱区土壤盐渍化特征

分层采集不同时期沧州市滨海盐碱区的土样,采用流动分析仪测定各土样的总含盐量及主要盐分离子,分析土壤的盐渍化特征.结果表明:该地区为硫酸盐-氯化物型盐渍化土壤,土壤中氯化钠、氯化镁和氯化钙为氯化物的主要组成部分,硫酸盐类主要为硫酸钠、硫酸镁和硫酸钙.该地区不同采样时期间、不同地区间和不同土层间土壤盐渍化状态均存在极显著差异.除碳酸根+碳酸氢根外,钾离子、钠离子、镁离子、氯离子、钙离子、硅酸根离子和硫酸根离子均为表征该地区土壤盐渍化状态的主要盐分离子.     

Assessment of current status of zinc in wastewater treatment plants to set effluent standards for protecting aquatic organisms in Japan

New environmental standards for protecting aquatic organisms for zinc (e.g., 0.03 mg/L) in surface waters were set in Japan in 2003. Although wastewater effluent might be one of the major pathways of zinc to public water bodies in Japan, current status of concentration of zinc in wastewater effluent was not clear due to higher detection limits (e.g., 0.5 mg/L) than the level required by the new regulations. This study aims at assessing current status of zinc in wastewater effluent in Japan to revise wastewater effluent standards for protecting aquatic organisms. Survey of zinc in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was carried out in Japan in 2005, setting the detection limits at least 0.01 mg/L. The results of the survey suggested the difficulty to remove zinc (especially dissolved zinc) with conventional activated sludge treatment if concentration of zinc in influent was relatively low. And it was suggested that high concentration of dissolved zinc might be derived from some industries discharging high concentration of zinc. The concentration of zinc in wastewater influent without industrial discharges was about 0.1 mg/L which might be lower than that in wastewater from industries discharging high concentration of zinc. Finally, effluent standards for point sources including WWTPs to public water bodies were set at 2 mg/L in 2006. Based on the results of the survey that it was difficult to remove dissolved zinc discharged from industries at WWTPs, the effluent standards from industries to sewerage were set at the same value of the effluent standards from WWTPs to public water bodies.     

Chemical monitoring and evaluation of the water quality of the Douro River at the Crestuma-Lever dam

Water taken from the Crestuma-Lever dam on the Douro River was evaluated considering the Portuguese Decree-law no. 236/98 of 1st August, 1998. This paper presents the metrological characteristics, validation of analytical methodologies and the data obtained from seasonal samplings. The test parameters selected are: temperature, pH, chloride, conductivity, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, hardness, oxidability, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, total suspended solids, sulfide, phosphate, silica, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc. From data analysis we can conclude that the water presented the following characteristics: a pH situated in the neutral zone; a median mineralization; a medium hardness; well oxygenated water; and a carbonate hardness exclusively due to bicarbonates. The temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, chlorides, sulfates, copper, zinc and BOD5 were compared with the legal limits presented in annexes XXI and I of Decree-law 236/98. The results relating to total hardness, nitrites, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, aluminium, sulfides and oxidability were compared with the legal values in annex VI as there are no limits relating to these parameters in annexes XXI and I.     

Alterations in the Levels of Ions in Blood and Liver of Freshwater Fish, Cyprinus carpio var. communis Exposed to Dimethoate

The fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio var. communis were exposed to sublethal concentration of dimethoate for 7, 14 days to evaluate the impact of the pesticide dimethoate on different ions namely sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium. The blood potassium, calcium, magnesium and liver chloride and magnesium levels were elevated under sublethal condition. The blood sodium, chloride and liver sodium, potassium, and calcium levels were found to be significantly decreased.     

春节烟花爆竹燃放期间苏州市区PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析

使用在线离子色谱分析了苏州市区春节期间PM2.5中水溶性离子.结果表明：春节期间存在2个空气污染高峰时段（初一和初五）,其中初一凌晨PM2.5达到最高峰,小时质量浓度为571μg/m3;烟花爆竹集中燃放时段,PM2.5中K＋、Cl-、Mg2＋质量浓度明显上升,初-凌晨与腊月三十凌晨相比,K＋、Cl-、Mg2＋质量浓度分别增加了117倍、80.7倍、18.0倍;相关性分析表明,PM2.5中K＋、Mg2＋、Na＋、Ca2＋在烟花爆竹燃放时段可能具有相同的来源.     

典型化工污水处理厂废水及受纳水体的生物急性毒性监测方法应用研究

为了研究生物急性监测方法对监测典型化工污水处理厂废水的适用性,选择2家常州市典型的化工园区污水处理厂("常A"和"常B"),进行了发光细菌、藻类、大型溞和斑马鱼卵4种不同层次受试生物的急性毒性检测。研究表明,发光细菌急性毒性、藻类叶绿素荧光毒性在2个污水处理厂中均被检测到,发光细菌急性毒性通常进水大于出水,但在投放大量氧化消毒剂时,出水表现出剧毒。藻类叶绿素荧光毒性最高值出现在常B进水中。大型溞和斑马鱼卵急性毒性仅在常B进出水样中有检出,受纳河道下游水样虽未表现出急性毒性,但可观察到斑马鱼卵各类发育畸形。4种生物急性毒性检测方法中,发光细菌适用范围最广,藻类、大型溞和斑马鱼卵急性毒性方法可根据监测目的和工业园区特点相应选择。实验结论可为化工污水处理厂尾水排放过程中生物毒性监测的常态化提供方法选择,为管理部门制定排放标准提供依据。     

Trace Level Determination of U, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in Drinking Water Samples

The concentration of uranium has been assessed in drinking water samples collected from different locations in Bathinda district, Punjab, India. The water samples are taken from hand pumps and tube wells. Uranium is determined using fission track technique. Uranium concentration in the water samples varies from 2.23± 0.05 to 87.05± 0.29 μg/L. These values are compared with safe limit values recommended for drinking water. The uranium concentration in almost all drinking water samples is found to be more than the safe limit. Analysis of some heavy metals viz. Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in water is made. The concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine and total hardness along with the pH value and conductivity of the water samples are measured. Some of the samples show stunningly high values of these parameters.     

Hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Sambhar lake City and its Adjoining area

Quality assessment of water is essential to ensure sustainable safe use of it for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. For the same purpose the study was conducted for the samples of water of Sambhar lake city and its adjoining areas. The standard methods of APHA were used to analysis 15 samples collected from hand pumps and tube wells of the specified area. The analytical results show higher concentration of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity sodium, nitrate, sulfate, and fluoride, which indicate signs of deterioration but values of pH, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, and carbonate are within permissible limits as per WHO standards. From the Hill-piper trilinear diagram, it is observed that the majority of groundwater from sampling stations are sodium?Cpotassium?Cchloride?Csulfate type water. The values of sodium absorption ratio and electrical conductivity of the groundwater were plotted in the US salinity laboratory diagram for irrigation water. Only the one sample fall in C₃S₁ quality with high salinity hazard and low sodium hazard. Other samples fall in high salinity hazard and high sodium hazard. Chemical analysis of groundwater shows that mean concentration of cation is in order sodium > magnesium > calcium > potassium while for the anion it is chloride > bicarbonate > nitrate > sulfate.     

离子色谱法测定水中主要阳离子

报导了水中阳离子Ｌｉ＾＋，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｋ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋的离子色谱分析及其分析精密度，准确性和线性范围。与阴离子组分同时测定用于水中离子总量的分析，获得满意结果。     

Hydro-chemical Survey of Groundwater of Hisar City and Assessment of Defluoridation Methods Used in India

Ground water quality of Hisar city was assessed for its suitability for drinking purposes. Samples collected from the Bore-wells (forms a part of municipal water supply) and handpumps (direct consumption) were analyzed for the various physico-chemical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved salts, total hardness, total alkalinity, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate. The concentrations of magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate and especially of chloride were found moderately higher than the WHO standards for the drinking water. Further a comparison of fluoride (F⁻) levels in groundwater of various cities and towns of Haryana state was performed. The relatively higher concentrations of F⁻ in groundwater of Haryana raise the risk of fluorosis and hence groundwater must be used with proper treatment. Promising defluoridation methods using locally available materials and technologies are discussed for the prevention and control of fluorosis. Data were assessed statistically to find the suitable markers of ground water quality as an aid to monitoring groundwater quality.