降纤酶联合长春西汀对急性脑梗死患者的临床治疗疗效观察

目的 降纤酶、长春西汀联合用药对急性脑梗死疗效观察。方法 选择急性脑梗死患者80例,随机分为降纤酶联合长春西汀治疗组和长春西汀对照组。两组在常规治疗基础上,分别治疗15 d后检查患者神经功能恢复程度和两组患者的治疗效果。结果 用药15 d后,治疗组患者较对照组的神经功能缺损程度差异显著(P<0.05),有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 降纤酶联合长春西汀治疗急性脑梗死患者的效果良好,治愈率和有效率较高,患者无不良反应,安全可靠,值得临床推广。     

长春西汀治疗急性脑梗死40例

目的观察长春西汀注射液治疗急性脑梗死的疗效。方法选择我院临床确诊的急性脑梗死患者共80例,随机分为2组。长春西汀组40例、胞二磷胆碱对照组40例,疗程均为15d。结果治疗组总有效率为97.5%,对照组为67.5%,两组总有效率比较,差异显著(P<0.01),治疗组疗效明显优于对照组,且无明显不良反应。结论长春西汀可以改善脑血液循环、促进损伤神经功能的恢复、降低致残率、提高生活质量,在急性脑梗死的治疗中疗效确切。     

联合用药对急性脑梗死临床治疗效果的观察

目的对长春西汀联合依达拉奉用药,治疗急性脑梗死临床效果的观察。方法选择急性脑梗死患者84例,随机分为长春西汀联合依达拉奉治疗组和长春西汀对照组。两组在常规治疗基础上,分别治疗14d。在治疗前和治疗后分别进行神经功能缺损程度评分及临床疗效评定。结果治疗前两组神经功能缺损程度,差异无显著性(P>0.05);经过14d治疗后,治疗组较对照组神经功能缺损程度,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论长春西汀联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死疗效好,并且可以有效清除自由基,改善脑血液循环,促进神经功能恢复,此联合药物治疗方法值得临床推广运用。     

卒中单元联合长春西汀治疗急性脑梗死疗效观察

目的探讨采用卒中单元联合长春西汀注射液治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选择急性脑梗死患者150例,按数字表法随机分为对照组（72例）和治疗组（78例）,对照组采用传统常规内科治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上采用卒中单元联合长春西汀注射液治疗。治疗前后对两组患者进行神经功能缺损评分（NIHSS）及日常生活活动能力评定（BI）,比较两组治疗效果。结果治疗组治疗后NIHSS、BI评分改善均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（t=12．1876、10．3567,均P〈0．01）;两组总有效率差异有统计学意义（x2=8．3448,P〈0．01）。结论采用卒中单元联合长春西汀注射液能显著改善急性脑梗死患者神经功能,显著提高患者日常生活活动能力,疗效确切。     

长春西汀治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的观察长春西汀治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法将156例急性脑梗死患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组78例。对照组给予阿司匹林(100mg,qd,po)常规治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上给予长春西汀注射液30mg(加入氯化钠注射液250mL中)缓慢静脉滴注,bid,连用21d。观察2组的神经功能缺失程度(采用CSS量表)和日常生活活动能力(ADL),并比较临床疗效。结果 2组治疗前CSS和ADL评分组间比较均无显著差异(P>0.05),治疗d21、28时评分与治疗前相比有非常显著差异(P<0.01),治疗后2组之间比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。治疗组总有效率为87%,对照组为74%,疗效有非常显著差异(P<0.01)。结论在常规治疗的基础上使用长春西汀治疗急性脑梗死能有效促进患者神经功能恢复、改善日常生活能力,并提高临床总体疗效。     

前列地尔联合尼莫地平治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效观察

目的探讨前列地尔注射液(脂微球载体制剂)l联合尼莫地平对急性脑梗死患者的临床疗效。方法将120例急性脑梗死患者随机分治疗组前列地尔联合尼莫地平(60例)组和对照组(60例)。观察两组患者治疗前后的神经功能恢复情况和病情好转程度。结果对比两组患者在用药后第14、30和60天神经功能缺损评分与治疗前的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论两组患者神经功能缺损评分下降,日常生活能力有较大的提高,但治疗组优于对照组。前列地尔联合尼莫地平组对急性脑梗死有较好的治疗作用。     

前列地尔联合银杏叶注射液治疗急性脑梗死疗效观察

目的：观察前列地尔联合银杏叶注射液治疗急性脑梗死的疗效。方法将118例急性脑梗死患者随机分为两组,各59例。所有患者给予常规治疗外,观察组：给予前列地尔联合银杏叶注射液;对照组：仅给予银杏叶注射液。观察对比其神经功能缺损评分及治疗效果。结果两组患者神经功能缺损评分治疗后均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);总有效率方面观察组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论前列地尔联合银杏叶注射液在治疗急性脑梗死疗效优于单用银杏叶注射液疗,值得进行临床推广。     

前列地尔联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死78例的临床疗效观察

目的探讨前列地尔注射液联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死患者的临床疗效。方法将78例急性脑梗死患者随机分治疗组(前列地尔联合依达拉奉)40例和对照组(血塞通)38例。观察两组患者治疗前后的神经功能恢复情况和病情程度。结果对比两组患者在用药后第1周和3周后神经功能缺损评分,与治疗前的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),与对照组组比较治疗组患者神经功能恢复较早且增幅明显,在用药后第1周和第3周两组增幅差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗组用药后不良反应轻微。结论两组患者神经功能缺损评分明显下降,日常生活能力有较大的提高,但治疗组优于对照组,前列地尔联合依达拉奉对急性脑梗死是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

阿司匹林联合长春西汀治疗脑梗死的效果研究

目的 探讨阿司匹林联合长春西汀治疗脑梗死的效果研究。方法 选取2018年9月至2020年9月于我院治疗的脑梗死患者98例,随机数字表法分为两组,每组各49例。对照组应用长春西汀,研究组应用长春西汀+阿司匹林。观察比较两组的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分情况以及治疗效果。结果 研究组治疗后NIHSS评分为(8.2±1.2)分,低于对照组的(15.1±2.7)分,ADL评分(66.7±11.3)分,高于对照组的(51.3±8.7)分,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);研究组治疗效果为93.9%,高于对照组的77.5%,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 脑梗死患者联合应用阿司匹林+长春西汀治疗效果理想,可以改善患者的神经功能缺损情况,提高治疗效果和患者的日常生活活动能力。     

长春西汀治疗脑卒中后遗症疗效观察

目的:探讨长春西汀治疗脑卒中后遗症的临床疗效。方法:88例脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组(常规治疗加用长春西汀20 mg·d-1)和对照组(常规治疗),观察两组治疗前后的神经功能缺损恢复,肢体运动功能恢复及日常生活能力改善情况,进行比较。结果:治疗前后两组CNS、FMA、MBI评分及有效率相互比较,差异均有统计学意义,长春西汀组优于对照组。结论:长春西汀对脑卒中后遗症的康复有显著作用。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.