Corrosion‐technical properties of high‐strength stainless steels for the application in prestressed concrete structures

Experience with prestressed concrete over about half a century has indicated that the corrosion resistance of conventional prestressing steel does not always satisfy, especially the prestressing steels are susceptible to chloride attack (de‐icing salts) and hydrogen (hydrogen‐induced stress corrosion cracking). On the other hand corrosion agents, such as chloride, condensation water, can penetrate in the concrete and arrive at the surface of steels. Hence, corrosion damage of prestressing steels can happen and, in the extreme cases, the prestressed concrete structure collapsed resulting from the failure of the tendon. In this paper, consideration is made to use high‐strength stainless steels as prestressing tendon with bond in concrete. The high‐strength stainless steels of qualities 1.4301 (X5CrNi18‐10), 1.4401 (X5CrNiMo17‐12‐2), 1.4436 (X3CrNiMo17‐13‐3) and 1.4439 (X3CrNiMoN17‐13‐5) with sequence of increasing austenite stability were investigated. For application in prestressing tendon with bond in concrete the cold‐drawn high‐strength stainless steel of quality 1.4401 is an optimal proposition regarding its satisfactory resistance against pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in structure‐related corrosive conditions. The lower alloyed steel 1.4301 has an insufficient resistance against the chloride‐induced corrosion because of the lack of molybdenum and the content of deformation martensite due to the strong cold‐drawing of its unstable austenitic structure.     

某无人机螺旋桨联接螺栓断裂失效的多学科分析与改进

某型无人机在试飞试验中螺旋桨的4根30Cr Mn Si A联接螺栓发生早期断裂失效故障。综合材料失效分析、表面完整性分析、断裂强度分析、结构动力学分析、载荷-时间历史分析、螺纹联接设计分析和螺纹加工工艺分析的多学科分析方法,确定了造成接螺栓早期断裂失效的多重因素。结果表明,除4号螺栓外,其余3根螺栓均属于疲劳断裂失效。造成疲劳断裂的主要原因如下:该无人机海运中联接螺栓未进行腐蚀防护,导致螺栓遭受了海洋大气环境腐蚀,加上较大的螺栓预紧力,螺纹根部产生了腐蚀剥落和应力腐蚀损伤,大幅降低了螺栓的抗疲劳性能;试飞时发动机工作转速与螺旋桨的1节径3阶模态固有频率吻合,致使螺旋桨产生了共振,从而使联接螺栓遭受了共振疲劳载荷作用。在此基础上提出抗疲劳建议:在储运和使用中对螺栓进行腐蚀防护;避免发动机长时间工作在共振转速附近;应采用滚压加工螺纹以提高螺栓的疲劳强度;调整螺旋桨盘螺栓孔的位置,降低螺栓工作载荷;将螺钉联接设计改为螺栓联接设计,以避免铝合金内螺纹变形;适当减小螺栓预紧扭矩,以降低疲劳载荷的平均应力水平。     

Einfluß der Festigkeit unlegierter und niedriglegierter Stähle auf H-induzierte Korrosionserscheinungen bei zügiger plastischer Belastung

Influence of mechanical strength on hydrogen-induced corrosion effects on unalloyed and low-alloysteels subjected to slow strain rate tests Three steels were subjected to various heat treatments or cold working to produce 7 variants of strength. Specimens from these materials were tested in 9 aqueous solutions containing various acidic components by the constant strain rate technique under cathodic polarisation or free corrosion conditions. Hydrogen induced cracks were only observed after passing the maximum load. Hydrogen induced cracking and the decrease in the reduction of area (hydrogen embrittlement) show a good correlation with the mechanical properties of the materials. For less ductile materials the number of cracks decreased with increased embrittlement. The magnitude of hydrogen embrittlement depends on the concentration of undissociated acid in the test solution and is independent of pH value. O₂ can reduce the embrittlement. The effect of test solution composition decreases as the cathodic polarisation potential becomes more negative, because hydrogen will then be generated from H₂O. There is no correlation between the type of corrosion effects and the strength of the material, except in the case of highly sensitive high strength variants with R_m in excess of 1000 N/mm². Quenched and tempered low alloy steels, even at high strength levels, have significantly higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than significantly higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than unalloyed steels. The same is also ture for workhardened variants. For unalloyed steels, metallurgical cleanness seems to have a favourable influence. No hydrogen induced corrosion effects were observed in specimens tested at 907°C under free corrosion conditions.     

Temporärer Korrosionsschutz von Spannstählen mit filmbildenden Mitteln

Temporary corrosion protection of prestressing steels with film forming coatings Prestressing steels may be subjected to corrosive conditions during the manufacturing process at building sites. Due to this a risk of hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking of the steels may arise. Electrochemical investigations and constant load tests have been carried out to show the suitability of different film forming coatings to be applied as temporary corrosion protection measures. The results indicated the applicability of two agents involved in the investigations without any risk for post tensioning purposes.     

用高氮钢制造复杂高强度零件(英文)

High performance components, e.g., fasteners, nowadays are usually made out of cold forged and heat treated steels like steel 1.5525 (20MnB4). To overcome the problems of heat treatment, e.g., low surface quality, new workpiece materials for cold forging should be found to achieve the needlessness of heat treatment after cold forging. One possible material is given by high nitrogen steels like steel 1.3815 (X8CrMnN19-19). Due to the high strain hardening of these materials the process and tool design for an industrial batch process are challenging and should be conducted by FE-simulation. The numerical results show that, high strength tool materials, like PM-steels or cemented carbides, in most cases, are inevitable. Additionally to the selection of suitable tool materials, the tool layout should be developed further to achieve a high loadability of the tools. The FE-models, used for process and tool design, are validated with respect to the materials’ flow and occurring forming force to assure a proper design process. Also the comparison of strength of components made out of steel 1.5525 in quenched and tempered conditions and steel 1.3815 in strain hardened condition is done. The results show that the component made of steel 1.3815 has a significantly higher strength than the component made of steel 1.5525. This shows that by the use of high nitrogen steels a high performance component can be manufactured by cold forging.     

Stainless steel thread forming screws and their susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking

Abstract

Thread forming fasteners incorporate both drilling and hole tapping features and are commonly used in the construction industry to fix together steel sheets of different material types. With this practical application in mind, fasteners manufactured from martensitic and austenitic stainless steels have been subjected to alternating corrosion conditions in accordance with test standards DIN 50021-SS and DIN 50018-K WF 2·0. The torque applied to the screws during these tests was controlled to place the fasteners under equal tensile loads, independent of their tensile strength. Thus, the results provided information on their relative susceptibilities to stress corrosion cracking. At the end of the tests, up to 80% of the martensitic stainless steel drilling and tapping screws had failed due to hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking. The fasteners manufactured from austenitic materials withstood identical test conditions without any evidence of cracking or crack initiation. It is concluded that fasteners manufactured from modified martensitic stainless steel are more susceptible to stress corrosion cracking under the conditions of test than those made from cold worked austenitic stainless steels. This suggests that in practical applications the potential for catastrophic failure due to stress corrosion cracking could be considerably higher in modified martensitic fasteners in comparison with austenitic stainless steel fasteners, including those with hardened carbon steel drill points.     

钢材表面硅烷处理后的防蚀性能

采用硫酸铜点滴、线性极化、电化学阻抗等试验,对比研究了经硅烷偶联剂(SCA)和铬酸盐表面处理后的冷轧板的耐蚀性。结果表明经硅烷偶联剂表面处理后不但提高了基材的耐蚀性能,还提高了基材与涂层结合力,起到和铬酸盐钝化相同的防护效果。该方法有望取代造成环境污染的铬酸盐钝化工艺。     

Über den Zusammenhang zwischen Lochkorrosion und Festigkeitsverhalten austenitischer Chrom-Nickel-Stähle

Relations between pitting corrosion and mechanical strength of austenitic chromium nickel steels The shape, depth and size as well as the frequency of pits formed under potentiostatic conditions on the surfaces of chromium-nickel steels (German designations X 5 CrNi 18 9 and X 5 CrNiMo 18 10) in 3% NaCl are studied with reference to stress mechanical effects of pitting corrosion. Comparative studies of pitting corrosion and strength behaviour of specimens at- tacked under pitting enable the residual tensile strength to be represented as a function of potential, and the tensile strength as such to be plotted as a function of a corrosion index containing pit depth and number. External effects like thermal treatment, alloy composition and cold deformation can be interpreted uniformly on the basis of all these graphical representations.     

Raman mapping of corrosion products formed onto spring steels during salt spray experiments. A correlation between the scale composition and the corrosion resistance

There is a growing trend in the automotive industry to reduce vehicles weight so as to increase fuel efficiency and therefore reduce CO₂ emissions. For many automotive components such as springs, weight reduction is sought through an increase in the mechanical properties (allowing smaller components size).For ultra high strength springs, a good corrosion resistance becomes essential to avoid surface damage that will be detrimental to the corrosion-fatigue resistance. Corrosion-fatigue failures indeed often initiate on surface defects caused by corrosion in service (corrosion pits). Therefore, while of moderate importance in conventional spring steels, the corrosion resistance of ultra high strength spring steels is of primary importance.Fine changes in steel chemical composition can have an important effect on corrosion resistance. To understand the individual action of each element on the corrosion resistance of spring steels, corrosion products formed on samples exposed to NaCl environments were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, in a purposely designed experimental tool that allows mapping of corrosion products on the steel surface (by nature and mass fraction).Different steel grades were thus characterized after accelerated corrosion tests, and a clear correlation was established between weight loss and the nature of the corrosion products.     

地铁杂散电流对锚杆的腐蚀影响实验研究

搭建杂散电流腐蚀实验台，制作锚杆试件，模拟地铁杂散电流对锚杆试件进行腐蚀。采集极化电位数据，对腐蚀后的试件进行长度，质量，直径测量以及拉伸破断实验。结果表明，所模拟的杂散电流对锚杆造成了电化学腐蚀；极化电位与电压输出呈现较好的一致性；锚杆中螺纹钢的抗腐蚀性弱于钢绞线且其力学性能出现明显的下降。     

Untersuchungen zur Spannungsrißkorrosionsbeständigkeit nichtrostender Stähle mit unterschiedlichem Verformungsgrad

Investigations on stress corrosion cracking resistivity of stainless steels with different degree of cold straining Within the context of the elaboration of a new approval for stainless steels for civil engineering applications the question arised whether cold straining could adversely affect the resistance against stress corrosion cracking. By means of experimental tests with different stainless steels it should be clarified whether cold straining increase the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility under high chloride loads like e.g. in swimming hall atmospheres. The investigations were carried out using the high-alloyed steels 1.4462 and 1.4529. As reference material with known susceptibility against stress corrosion cracking the steel 1.4301 was used. The tests were performed using U-bent and tension specimens with saturated MgCl₂ salt spots. Indications for an increase in stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of the cold drawn steel were not found.     

Ermüdungsverhalten und Korrosion

Fatigue behaviour and corrosion The author studies the influence of corrosion on the strength of materials under simultaneous mechanical load, materials investigated are unalloyed steel, aluminum alloys and chromium steels. The experiments are extended to 10⁷ load cycles. Test media include air, sea-water, 3O% NaCl solution and salt spray. The experiments reveal characteristic influences due to surface treatment (short peened, mechanically polished) and stress frequency. connection with the problem of absolute fatigue resistance it is pointed out, that such a condition can be obtained only under certain conditions and in particular with uniform stress distribution across the whole cross section.     

Apparatebau mit SANDVIK 3RE60

Plant construction with SANDVIK 3RE60 This new steel is a stainless ELC type with a ferritic-austenitic mixed structure. This material is better resistant to stress corrosion cracking than the conventional austenitic steels and it can be welded and formed more easily than the conventional ferritic-austenitic types. It is not susceptible to 475°C embrittlement. Some filler materials are recommended for welding. Main fields of application are heat exchanger tubes. After cold forming no heat treatment is required.     

Untersuchung zur Schwingungsrißkorrosion an unlegierten und niedrig legierten Stählen

Investigation into corrosion fatigue of unalloyed and lowalloy steels Six commercial steels – three fine-grain normalized steels, one aged steel, one heat-resistant steel and one aged high-strength steel – were tested in rotary bending test machine equipped with a corrosion test cabinet. The test medium used was 0,05 m NaCl-solution. The results show that the cycling bending strength of all the steels tested is considerably reduced in this weak corrosion medium. The influence of corrosion on mechanical strength is the greater the higher the strength of the steel. The impact of other testing parameters is almost negligible. Cathodic polarization gives rise to increased corrosion fatigue strength of high strength steels and reduces corrosion fatigue sensitivity. In the case of lower strength steels complete cathodic protection can be achieved. The cyclic bending strength of the steels is reduced under condensing humidity conditions, too.     

Untersuchungen über den Einfluß des Gefügezustandes auf das Korrosionsverhalten hochlegierter,rost- und säurebeständiger Stähle in reiner sowie in chloridhaltiger Schwefelsäure

Corrosion Properties of High Alloyed Stainless Steels in Pure as well as in Chloride Containing Sulfuric Acid The corrosion behaviour of the high alloyed stainless steels material no. 1.4439 (X3CrNiMoN17135), 1.4539 (X2NiCrMoCu25205), 1.4503(X3NiCrMoCuTi2723) as well as the reference materials AlSI 316 L and alloy 825 was tested in diluted sulfuric acid (5, 10, 20 and 50%) at 50, 100 and 150°C. The test solutions additionally contained impurities as chlorides and cupric ions. On the material side the effect of various microstructures was checked as well: material as received (commercial production), solution annealed under laboratory conditions, cold deformed and for two selected steels electroslag remelted. Corrosion testing methods are: the immersion test will sheet coupons and the measurement of the weightloss; electrochemical testing, i.e. Current potential-and free corrosion potential-time-curves. No pitting corrosion is observed in the presence of chloride ions. In some cases the general corrosion rate is lowered if chloride ions are present. This beneficial effect of chloride ions, however, is observed only at low chloride concentrations (500 ppm). Annealing under laboratory conditions as well as electroslag remelting does not generally improve the corrosion resistance. A negative effect by cold deformation is only observed for standard stainless steel AlSI 316. Cupric ions added to the 20% sulfuric acid solution improve the corrosion resistance of all steels investigated to that extent, that they can be used in practice up to 100°C provided that the concentration of cupric ions in the solution is sufficiently high (2000 ppm). Electrochemical test results indicate that the positive effect of cupric ions is due to the shift of the free corrosion potential into the potential range of stable passivity. Copper alloyed stainless steels show the highest corrosion resistance.     

On the applicability of high strength self‐tapping aluminium bolts in magnesium nut materials for automotive applications

High strength aluminium bolts made of AW 6056 T6, AW 7075 T6 and T79 have been investigated regarding the applicability in magnesium nut materials for automotive applications. With respect to galvanic corrosion all combinations of aluminium bolts with magnesium parts show superior corrosion properties when compared to galvanised steel bolts connected to magnesium. With respect to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) no aluminium bolt in contact with magnesium failed due to SCC. This is because of cathodic protection of aluminium alloy through magnesium. Even peak‐tempered highest strengthened T6 7xxx aluminium bolts can be used for automotive applications when compressive residual stresses are present in the thread root of the bolts.     

Die Korrosionsbeständigkeit der nichtrostenden Stähle an der Atomosphäre – Auswertung von Versuchen bis zu 10jähriger Auslagerung–

Corrosion resistance of stainless steels at the atmosphere – Evaluation of the results of weathering tests up to 10 years' duration – The evaluation of results obtained in the course of weathering tests up to 10 years' duration has confirmed the conclusions drawn after one year's exposition. A CrNiMo steel (Werkstoff-Nr. 1.4401) can be used even in the most severe conditions; slight corrosions found in marine atmospheres can be attributed to unpolished surfaces. The 17% Cr steel is considerably attacked in industrial and marine atmospheres and should not be used for the external parts of buildings. 18/8 steels are perfectly resistant to urban atmosphere, with the exception of those portions which are not exposed to the cleaning effect of rain waters. In all the cases studied the corrosion resistance of the steels has been improved by electropolishing. Electrochemical studies have further revealed that the pitting corrosion susceptibility decreases in the same order as the atmospheric corrosion resistance.     

从失效案例探讨不锈钢的应力腐蚀问题

对三种不同牌号不锈钢构件的应力腐蚀失效案例进行了分析,讨论了影响不锈钢实际使用效果的常见因素.分析认为,在不锈钢材料和构件的制造和使用过程中,要严格控制冷热加工的变形率和温度,并避免材料长期在敏化温度下工作;要充分了解各类不锈钢的材料特性以及构件的使用环境,特别是要考虑某些极端条件对材料耐蚀性的影响,才能更加合理地选择...     

Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Installationsteilen aus nichtrostenden austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stählen bei erhöhter Temperatur

Corrosion resistance of installation elements of stainless austenitic chromium-nickel steels at high temperatures The test results presented prove the statements made in DIN 50 929 Part 2. In accordance with DIN 50 930 Part 4, the corrosion probability for stainless steels increases when chloride containing water evaporates on warm material surfaces, whereby chloride ions concentrate. Under these conditions, ferritic chromium steels and austenitic chromium-nickel steels can suffer pitting corrosion, austenitic chromium-nickel steels also stress corrosion cracking. In the latter case, the corrosion cracks start from pits. The molybdenum-containing material no. 1.4571 withstands pitting and stress corrosion cracking in wet, chloride-containing environments at 90°C over some weeks. With increasing exposure time and at temperatures above 45°C, however, corrosion damage cannot be excluded. Then, according to DIN 50 929 Part 2, coating of the external surfaces of installation components, e.g., tubes, is required. The coating must be thick, free from pores and holidays, and resistant to heat and aging.     

Das Verhalten von Großbaustählen in Meerwasser

Behaviour of construction steels in seawater The chemical composition of steel has a considerable bearing on their corrosion in seawater. Systematic laboratory studies have shown that addition of Si, Cr and Cu, but also Al and P yields considerable improvements of the sea water resistance of construction steels. Long term tests in natural seawater (in harbours, bays and straits) close to the surface and at depth up to 90 m have revealed that the seawater resistance of steels containing about 1% Si, 3% Cr and 1% Cu may be 3 to 6 times (depending on exposure conditions) the resistance of unalloyed construction steel. This behaviour may be attributed to the fact that by forming sulfates Si and Cr inhibit the growth of bacteria which would enhance corrosion, and to the fact that Si, Cr and Cu give rise to the formation of a dense rust layer which slows down the exchange phenomena between seawater and corrosion products. The use of such steels may constitute an alternative to the use of unalloyed steels with an appropriate corrosion protection system.