再次肝移植32例次的手术技巧

目的 探讨再次肝移植的手术技巧及其临床效果.方法 回顾性分析31例患者接受32次再次肝移植手术的临床资料,手术方式均采用附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式原位肝移植,其中11例采用了股静脉-颈内静脉转流术.肝动脉的重建采用供肝动脉通过供者髂动脉间置搭桥与受者腹主动脉行端侧吻合24例次,采用供肝动脉与受者肝固有动脉行端端吻合8例次.胆道的重建采用胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合28例次,采用胆道端端吻合4例次.术后常规使用抗排斥反应和抗感染治疗,并对患者进行了长期随访.结果 术后死亡17例,死亡时间为术后2周～28个月,死亡原因为术后严重感染8例、多器官功能衰竭和肝癌复发各3例、血管并发症和心肌梗塞以及颅内出血各1例,其中首次肝移植术后8～30 d行再次肝移植者围手术期死亡率最高,为66.7%.其余14例均痊愈出院,随访至今已存活1～29个月,肝功能及生活质量良好.再次肝移植与首次肝移植的手术时间及术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义.结论 附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式肝移植是再次肝移植的最佳术式,正确掌握手术时机,并针对患者进行个体化的处理是手术成功的关键.与首次肝移植相比,再次肝移植面临着较高的并发症发牛率和死亡率.     

降低肝移植术后手术技术相关胆道并发症的体会

目的 探讨肝移植的手术技巧，以降低手术相关胆道并发症。方法 对89例终末期肝病患者施行腔静脉成形的改良背驮式原位肝移植，供肝肝总动脉与受者肝总动脉端端吻合，供肝肝总管或胆总管与受者胆总管端端吻合，未置T管。术后定期进行影像学检查，了解移植肝是否出现胆道并发症。结果 1例术后5个月发生肝门分叉处胆管狭窄，经球囊扩张后效果不佳，再次手术行胆管狭窄成形术后治愈；其余患者未发生胆漏、吻合口狭窄、胆泥或胆道结石、肝门部胆管狭窄、胆管炎、胆汁瘤、粘液囊肿及十二指肠乳头功能异常等胆道并发症。结论 注重供肝的灌洗和修整，提高肝动脉吻合和胆道重建技巧，可有效避免或减少技术性胆道并发症的发生。     

肝移植治疗原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发七例

目的 探讨对原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发患者进行肝移植手术的适应证和围手术期的治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2000年9月至2005年9月间7例原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发的患者接受原位肝移植治疗的临床资料,其中男性6例,女性1例,平均年龄43.7岁,肝移植术前均经病理学检查确诊为原发性肝癌,肿瘤组织学分级为高、中分化,肝癌切除术后无瘤期为6～31个月,均未发生肿瘤细胞侵犯大血管和肝外转移.所有患者均采用改良背驮式肝移植术.术后采用他克莫司(或西罗莫司)+霉酚酸酯+激素的三联免疫抑制方案.观察肝移植术后受者并发症及存活率情况.总结肝移植治疗原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发的经验.结果 所有受者肝移植手术过程顺利,围手术期无死亡.1例术后22 h发生腹腔出血,1例术后13 d发生腹腔感染,1例术后4个月发生门静脉血栓,其余未发生严重并发症,7例受者均顺利出院.有3例受者分别于移植术后9、13及19个月时,因肿瘤复发而死亡,其余4例均长期无瘤存活,最长已达52个月.受者的1、2年存活率分别为85.7%和57.1%.结论 肝移植能有效治疗原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发,受者适应证的选择和围手术期的辅助治疗非常关键.     

成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植六例

目的总结成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植的体会。方法6例曾经接受活体肝移植者因胆道并发症（2例）、血管并发症（2例）、慢性排斥反应（1例）和肝炎复发（1例）而接受再次肝移植，再次肝移植均采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术。除1例将供肝动脉改为与受者腹主动脉吻合外，其余均为同名血管的端端吻合。结果1例术后因原发性移植肝无功能死亡；1例肝动脉吻合口狭窄，经介入治疗放置支架后缓解。随访至今，5例已分别存活12、9、6、4和3个月，目前肝功能良好。结论腹腔内粘连是成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植的手术难点。     

成人间活体扩大右半肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭

目的介绍成人间活体扩大右半肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的临床经验。方法对1例42岁男性急性肝功能衰竭合并肝性脑病Ⅲ期患者行活体扩大右半肝移植治疗。其45岁姐姐为供者,CT评估供者包含肝中静脉的扩大右半肝体积为728．4cm^2（801g）,供肝／受者体重比为1．3％。供肝之肝右、中静脉整形后与受者整形后之肝右静脉行端-侧吻合;供受者门静脉、肝动脉行端．端吻合。供肝胆管整形后与受者胆总管行端-端吻合。结果供、受者手术均成功。供者术后恢复顺利,受者术后8h恢复意识,14d后丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素等指标首次下降至正常水平。术后16d曾出现转氨酶明显升高,给予甲泼尼龙1000mg冲击治疗后恢复正常。随访至今,供受者已健康生存8个月,均未出现胆管、肝动脉及静脉回流等并发症。结论扩大右半肝移植在技术上完全可行。能为成人患者提供足够重量的移植物,尤其对于急性肝功能衰竭患者具有重要意义,术前精确的影像学评估,熟练的肝切除和肝移植技术是确保该类手术成功的关键因素。     

84例二次肝移植受者手术死亡风险因素分析

目的 分析二次肝移植受者手术死亡风险因素.方法 回顾分析84例二次肝移植的临床资料.二次移植采用经典非转流术式78例,背驮式6例.供、受者门静脉端端吻合83例,门静脉-腔静脉半转位1例;肝动脉端端吻合78例,供肝动脉与受者的脾动脉吻合4例,与腹主动脉搭桥2例;胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合10例,胆道端端吻合并留置T管72例,置管外引流2例.分析指标包括受者的性别、年龄、术前终末期肝病模型评分、二次移植距初次移植时间和二次移植原因,供肝因素包括热缺血时间、冷保存时间,手术因素包括手术耗时、无肝期时间、术中失血量、术中输注红细胞量、胆道重建方式和胆漏发生率.结果 84例中,72例术后恢复顺利,12例死亡.在所设定的分析指标中,经逐步回归模型检验,术中输注红细胞数量的相对危险度为1.000,95％可信区间为1.000～1.000,P=0.009;胆漏的相对危险度为3.935,95％可信区间为1.107～13.990,P=0.034.结论 术中输注红细胞数量和胆漏是二次肝移植受者手术死亡的风险因素,由经验丰富的移植医生来完成二次移植手术,尽量减少术中出血,选择合适的胆道重建方式,避免胆漏,可以降低二次移植受者的手术死亡风险.     

再次肝移植手术技巧:附24例报告

目的探讨再次肝移植的手术技巧。方法总结近4年多来24例行再次肝移植术患者的临床资料。全部采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术。6例采用体外静脉转流，18例未转流。肝上下腔静脉吻合应用附加腔静脉成形一改良背驮式。门静脉重建均为端端吻合。肝动脉的重建：7例为肝动脉、腹主动脉搭桥术，余均为肝动脉端端吻合术。胆道的重建：6例为胆管、胆管端端吻合术，余均为胆管、空肠吻合术（Roux—en—Y或Warren术式）。对所有患者进行随访。结果住院期间病死率为41．6％（10／24）。死亡原因：脓毒症7例；手术出血性休克2例；脑血管意外1例。痊愈率为58．4％（14／24）。痊愈患者并发症发生率为21．4％（3／14），包括胆道并发症2例，伤口裂开1例。结论再次肝移植与初次肝移植手术时间及出血量无显著差异。针对患者进行个体化处理是手术成功的关键。手术难点在于下腔静脉的显露与游离。肝动脉搭桥及胆肠吻合机率高于初次肝移植。     

猪原位辅助性部分肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的模型

目的建立猪原位辅助性肝移植(APOLT)治疗急性肝功能衰竭的动物模型,并评价其治疗效果。方法选取健康雌性良种幼猪18头,其中12头建立急性肝功能衰竭模型,另6头作为肝移植的供者。将急性肝功能衰竭的幼猪随机平均分为2组:对照组,不作任何处理;实验组,进行APOLT术,切除受者肝脏左叶,将修整后的供肝右叶移植于原肝左叶肝床处,供肝肝上下腔静脉与受者肝肝上下腔静脉行端侧吻合,供肝门静脉与受者肝门静脉行端侧吻合,受者脾动脉在结肠后与供肝动脉行端端吻合,胆总管置管外引流。结果对照组7d生存率仅为17%,而实验组为83%。实验组术后第7d肝功能基本恢复正常,组织学检查示原肝细胞再生明显。结论门静脉注射氨基半乳糖 脂多糖诱导的猪急性肝功能衰竭是一个理想的动物模型;APOLT对急性肝功能衰竭具有较好的疗效。     

背驮式肝移植的技术改进(附一例报告)

目的 探讨更完善的背驮式肝移植术式。方法 保留受者的腔静脉、肝静脉全部结扎,在受者的下腔静脉上开一侧孔,将供肝腔静脉近端与受者的下腔静脉侧孔行端侧吻合,远端缝扎。术中测定受者各时相的血流动力学参数。结果 无肝期为５０例,整个手术历时８小时,术中失血２５００ｍｌ。术中血流动力学平稳。术后肝功能指标大部分恢复正常,胆汁引流量约２００ｍｌ／ｄ。术后第５８天因肾功能衰竭死亡。结论 本术式适合于良性终末期肝     

背驮式原位肝移植及其并发症预防

目的探讨背驮式原位肝移植的手术方法及其并发症的预防。方法对1例原发性胆汁性肝硬化、1例肝癌术后复发病人实施了同种异体背驮式原位全肝移植手术。结果术中无肝期时间分别为90min、65min，出血量分别为1500ml、3500ml，术后恢复良好。结论背驮式肝移植手术要保留肝后下腔静脉及肝静脉，对切除病肝技术要求高，采用阻断肝下下腔静脉、肝上下腔静脉方法切除病肝，以及受体肝静脉及其肝后下腔静脉拼合的口径与供肝的肝上下腔静脉开口，及其肝后下腔静脉修剪口径吻合，可降低术中出血及移植肝静脉回流障碍并发症。     

附加腔静脉成形的背驮式原位肝移植术

目的　探讨腔静脉成形术在背驮式原位肝移植中的应用价值及在防止移植肝流出道阻塞并发症中的作用。方法　 3例终末期肝病病人选为肝移植受者。供肝的下腔静脉及受体的肝后下腔静脉 (包括肝静脉 )均作了成形术 ,在单独股 -腋静脉转流术下行改良背驮式肝移植术。结果　 3例病人术中均较平稳 ,手术时间和无肝期缩短 ,出血量减少 ,术后肝功能恢复快 ,恢复顺利 ,无并发症发生。结论　腔静脉成形术可防止背驮式肝移植肝静脉流出道阻塞 ,术中对受体的血流动力学干扰小 ,并可缩短无肝期和减少腔静脉梗阻并发症的发生。     

肝癌切除术后复发的补救性肝移植

目的 评估肝癌患者肝癌切除术后肝癌复发行补救性肝移植术的临床治疗效果及预后影响因素.方法 回顾性分析本治疗组自2000年4月至2008年6月间实施的88例肝癌切除术后复发行补救性肝移植术病例,分析该组病例手术特征、生存状况、病理因素对预后影响.结果 肝癌切除术后复发行补救性肝移植病例平均年龄为52.4±9.2岁(26....     

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??Death data of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection in the perioperative period of liver transplantation: an analysis of 10 cases ZHANG Tong, FU Bin-sheng, LI Hua, et al. Liver Transplantation Center??the Third Affiliated Hospital??Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong; Organ Transplantation Research Institution of Sun Yat-sen University??Guangzhou 510630, China
Corresponding author: CHEN Gui-hua??E-mail:chgh1955@263.net
Abstract Objective To analyze death data of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection in the perioperative period of liver transplantation(LT) so as to summary the clinical experience. Methods The clinical data of 81 liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection from October 2003 to October 2008 in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were analyzed retrospectively. The death data of 10 patients in the perioperative period of LT were analyzed. Results The overall mortality of liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection was 12.3% (10/81). The mortality of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection for primary LT??≤30d??was 12.7% (9/71). The mortality of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after repeated liver resection for LT??≤30d??was 10%(1/10). The mortality of patients for salvage LT ??≤30d??was 10%??4/40??. The mortality of patients beyond salvage LT ??≤30d??was 16.1%??5/31??. Pulmonary infection (6/10) and intraoperative massive abdominal bleeding (5/10) were major causes of death in the perioperative period of liver transplantation. The surgical related mortality in the perioperative period of liver transplantation was 5/10. The volume of five patients with intraoperative massive abdominal bleeding was more than 10 000 mL. Conclusion The mortality of liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection remains higher. Pulmonary infection and intraoperative massive abdominal bleeding are the main death causes for patients who underwent liver transplantation after liver resection for HCC.     

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??Efficacy and feasibility of salvage liver transplantation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after primary liver resection ZOU Wei-long, ZHU Xiong-wei, LI Zi-qiang, et al. Surgery of Liver Transplant and Hepatopancrobiliary, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China
Correponding author:SHEN Zhong-yang, E-mail??zhongyangshen@vip.sina.com
Abstract Objective To evaluate efficacy and feasibility of salvage liver transplantation (SLT) for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after primary liver resection(PLR), and to investigate the risk factors involved in relapse-free survival (RFS) of patients underwent SLT. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data of 60 patients underwent SLT for recurrent HCC after PLR??from Jan. 2007 to Dec. 2011, in Surgery of Liver Transplant and Hepatopancrobiliary, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces. The efficacy and feasibility of recipients was analyzed by RFS after SLT. The risk factors involved in RFS were detected by multivariate analysis , according to relapse again or not during 5-years follow-up. The impact of independent risk factors on RFS was evaluated by Log-rank(Mantel-Cox) analysis. Results All the patients were follow up for 3.7??0.1??9.9??years. Twenty-eight of 60 patients (46.7%) had been detected intra-hepatic relapse again and/or distal metastasis during 5 years follow-up. The total 1-??3-??5-years RFS after SLT were 79.1%, 64.6%, 53.0%, respectively. The independent risk factors, attribute to relapse again or metastasis of HCC after SLT, were recurrent tumor beyond Milan criteria, serum AFP level more than 400 μg/L, and micro-vascular invasion. 1-, 3- and 5-years RFS influenced by 3 independent risk factors, which had been depreciated significantly(P??0.05), were 39.9%, 28.5%, 22.8%; 56.8%, 44.7%, 36.5%; 24.1%, 16.1 and 16.1%, respectively. Conclusion The independent risk factors, involved RFS of SLT for recurrent HCC after PLR, were recurrent tumor beyond Milan criteria, serum AFP level more than 400 μg/L, and micro-vascular invasion. SLT can be used as a salvage strategy for recurrent HCC after PLR, even can obtain satisfactory clinical RFS.     

挽救性肝移植治疗肝癌切除术后复发的价值研究

目的 探讨挽救性肝移植(SLT)的手术安全性及对患者预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属中山医院肝外科2001年6月至2008年12月期间连续289例肝癌肝移植(符合UCSF标准)患者的临床资料,其中242例患者行初始肝移植(PLT),即PLT组,47例患者行SLT,即SLT组,比较2组患者围手术期及长期生存情况的差异.结果 2组患者的平均年龄、性别构成及肿瘤情况差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).SLT组的手术时间要长于PLT组[(7.1±1.8)h比(6.4±1.4)h,P=0.004],但2组患者的术中出血量[(2 560.5±2 683.6)ml比(2 042.9±2 006.2)ml,P=0.173]及术中输血量[(13.8±12.9)U比(9.9±12.6)U,P=0.087]比较差异均无统计学意义,SLT组患者从第1次手术切除至行肝移植的间隔时间为(32.8±32.4)个月.截至2009年12月,2组患者中位随访时间为38.7个月,SLT组与PLT组患者的3年生存率(82.3%比75.5%,P=0.312)和3年无瘤生存率(78.8%比70.1%,P＝0.755)之间比较差异均无统计学意义.但按意向性治疗分析,SLT组患者的3年生存率明显优于PLT组(88.4%比76.2%,P＝0.047).结论 SLT并不增加移植手术的风险,也不影响患者的长期预后,对部分病例,先行手术切除再行肝移植可作为肝癌治疗的一种有效策略.     

Maintenance of the celiac trunk with the left-sided liver allograft for in situ split-liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that in situ split-liver transplantation (SLT) expands the cadaveric donor pool, decreases recipient waiting time, and decreases pretransplant morbidity. However, the technique as previously described requires a microvascular left hepatic artery anastomosis. In an attempt to decrease the incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis and to increase collaboration among transplant teams, in the current report, we describe a modification of the in situ SLT technique that maintains the celiac trunk with the left-sided liver allograft. METHODS: Twelve in situ split-liver procurements resulted in 24 segmental liver allografts; 11 right trisegments, 11 left lateral segments, 1 right lobe, and 1 left lobe. The common bile duct and main portal vein were maintained with the right-sided liver allograft in all cases. The right hepatic artery was divided, and the celiac trunk was maintained with the left-sided liver allograft in nine cases. In one case the left hepatic artery was divided and the celiac trunk was maintained with the right-sided allograft. Two of the 12 donors had a completely replaced left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery, which was divided at its origin from the celiac trunk. When the celiac trunk was maintained with the left-sided allografts, arterial reconstruction of the right-sided allograft was performed with an external iliac arterial interposition graft. Nineteen of the 24 split-liver allografts were transplanted at our center. The remaining five liver allografts were shared with regional liver transplant centers. RESULTS: In this series, 1-year actuarial patient and allograft survival rates are 100% and 96%, respectively. Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) did not occur in any patient receiving a left-sided split allograft in which the celiac trunk or left gastric artery was maintained; in addition, HAT did not occur in any of the right-sided allografts. HAT did occur immediately after transplantation in the one patient who was transplanted with a left lateral segment without the celiac trunk. This allograft was salvaged by early thrombectomy and interposition grafting. One patient required retransplantation, owing to portal vein thrombosis. Hepatic venous outflow obstruction did not occur in any of the patients. Two patients required reexploration in the posttransplant period because of arterial anastomotic site bleeding, and one of the left lateral segment allograft recipients had a cut-surface bile leak, which was managed nonoperatively. All of the patients are alive and well, including the five patients who received their transplants at other centers, with a median follow-up of 10 months (range, 1-27 months). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our data demonstrate that maintaining the celiac trunk with the left-sided allograft in SLT provides excellent early survival results with low complication rates. This technical modification obviates the need for a left hepatic artery microvascular anastomosis and should lower the incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis in the small-caliber left hepatic artery. We have also shown that this technique allows sharing among liver transplant centers without compromise in patient or allograft survival rates. It is hoped that this modification in SLT will increase the number of livers split, and will promote sharing among transplant centers to truly optimize the number of liver allografts available from the cadaveric pool.     

挽救性肝移植治疗复发性肝癌

外科手术被认为是最有效的肝癌治疗方式。相对于肝切除,肝移植在5年存活率和复发方面具有明显优势。但由于临床上肝脏供体短缺等因素,故提出了挽救性肝移植（SLT）概念。即在供肝紧缺的情况下,肝癌病人先行肝切除术,术后肝癌复发或发生肝功能衰竭时再行肝移植的治疗策略。国内外各大移植中心对于SLT手术的时机、标准、疗效及影响因素仍然在不断完善和发展。对术前存在门静脉高压症、严重肝硬化、肝功能储备较差的肝癌病人尽可能首选一期肝移植。而对肝功能储备较好、肿块可切除的低危复发风险病人可选择先行一期肝切除,同时进行严密的随访和监测,如证实为肝癌复发符合肝移植标准可行SLT。如果肝癌切除术后病理学检查显示高危复发风险病人应尽快行SLT,不需等到肿瘤复发。     

补救性肝移植对原发性肝癌肝切除术后复发患者的疗效分析

目的初步探讨采用补救性肝移植(SLT)治疗肝切除术后复发性原发性肝癌(肝癌)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2005年4月至2012年12月在西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院连续施行的68例肝癌肝移植患者的临床资料。其中60例患者行首选肝移植(PLT),即PLT组;8例患者行SLT,即SLT组。比较两组患者的手术时间、无肝期时间、术中出血和输血量;比较两组患者重症监护室(ICU)入住时间和总住院时间;比较两组患者术后并发症发生情况。根据两组患者的随访结果绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,采用Log-rank检验比较两组患者累积生存率和无瘤生存率。结果 SLT组患者的手术时间、无肝期时间、术中出血量及输血量均明显长于或多于PLT组(均为P0.05),两组的ICU入住时间和总住院时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。两组术后出血、感染、急性排斥反应、肾衰竭及胆道并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。随访时间1～90个月,平均随访时间为33个月。SLT组术后的1、2、3年累积生存率分别为87.5%、75.0%、62.5%,PLT组分别为80.0%、73.8%、67.8%,两组Kaplan-Meier生存分析比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。SLT组术后1、2、3年无瘤生存率分别为75.0%、62.5%、50.0%,PLT组分别为81.2%、68.6%、64.6%,两组Kaplan-Meier生存分析比较差异亦无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论SLT治疗肝癌切除术后肝内复发疗效较好,在供体短缺的情况下选择实施补救性肝移植不失为一种有效可行的治疗策略。     

Split-liver transplantation with pediatric donors: a multicenter experience

BACKGROUND: Outcomes of split-liver transplantation (SLT) with pediatric donors have never been specifically reported. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study on SLT using donors younger than 15 years was conducted. Thirty-nine split-liver procedures generating a left lateral segment (LLS) and an extended right graft (ERG) were performed. In three cases, no recipient was found for ERG. In all but one case, the celiac trunk was maintained with LLS. Data were available for 67 grafts (90% of the total): 38 LLSs and 9 ERGs transplanted into 46 children and 20 ERGs transplanted into 20 adults. Sixty-two (93%) grafts were used for primary transplants and five (7%) for retransplantation. SLT were performed with 15 donors 10 years of age and less and with 24 between 11 and 15 years. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 24 months. Two-year patient and graft survival were 87% and 82%. Patient and graft survivals were not significantly different between pediatric and adult recipients, between recipients from donors 10 years of age and less and those between 11 and 15 years, and between recipients of LLS and ERG. Arterial complications occurred in 6% of cases (8% in the < or = 10 year donors group, 5% in the 11-15 year donors group). The incidence of other complications was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: SLT with pediatric donors, even younger than 10 years, provided results comparable with those achievable using adult donors. The similar incidence of arterial complications among patients receiving LLS or ERG suggests that maintenance of the celiac trunk with LLS is not detrimental for right-sided grafts.