病毒载体疫苗研究进展

从非复制性病毒（家禽痘、野鸟痘、痘苗和人类腺病毒）载体重组活疫苗、腺病毒载体重组口服活疫苗和杆状病毒载体重组亚单位疫苗三方面，评述了以病毒为表达载体的基因工程疫苗近年研究取得的重大进展。     

犬瘟热病毒N蛋白抗原表位基因的合成和杆状病毒表达载体的构建

目的串联合成犬瘟热病毒N蛋白抗原表位基因,并构建其杆状病毒表达载体。方法利用生物信息学软件,预测N蛋白的抗原表位,串联合成这些抗原表位。利用定向克隆的方法,将该基因片段连接到杆状病毒表达载体pFastBac-Hta。结果获得了包含犬瘟热病毒N蛋白抗原表位的基因,并成功构建pFastBac-N合成表达载体。结论该实验为犬瘟热病毒N蛋白抗原表位基因在杆状病毒内的表达奠定了基础。     

猕猴B病毒妒和gC合成基因重组杆状病毒质粒的构建

目的构建猕猴B病毒gB和gc合成基因的杆状病毒重组质粒（rBacmid）。方法根据本室已经合成的猕猴B病毒gB基因和gc基因,利用BamHI和XhoI特异性酶切,将其亚克隆于昆虫杆状病毒的pFastBacHTA转座载体。将该阳性转座载体转化到DHlobac感受态细胞,从中筛选出阳性重组细菌,并提取重组质粒。结果获得了重组质粒bacmid—gB和bacmid—gC。结论该研究为猕猴B病毒gB和gc蛋白在杆状病毒系统内的表达奠定了基础。     

重组杆状病毒的研究 Ⅰ.含大肠杆菌β-半乳糖苷酶基因的粉纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒

以昆虫杆状病毒(Baculovirus)为载体、昆虫虫体和昆虫细胞为受体的基因工程,是目前正在开拓的富有前途的新领域之一.杆状病毒载体系统的优点在于:对外源基因的容量大;病毒基因组能提供一个可插入外源基因而对病毒复制本身不受影响的非必需区(多角体基因),同时提供一个极强的启动子,使植入的外源基因能高效表达;能大规模低成本地饲养寄主昆虫,从而有可能大量获得具有重要经济价值的外源基因表达产     

人甲胎蛋白增强子和鸡HS-4绝缘子对杆状病毒基因表达的影响

构建了2株重组杆状病毒AcGFP-E和AcGFP-E-I.两者均带有绿色荧光蛋白报告基因(gfp)的表达框和人甲胎蛋白增强子,同时后者还在报告基因表达框两侧带有鸡HS-4绝缘子.在昆虫细胞Sf9中,两种重组病毒都能正常复制.与仅带有报告基因的对照重组病毒AcGFP比较,AcGFP-E表达GFP的水平明显提高,但AcGFP-E-I表达水平却明显降低.这项研究首次分析了异源增强子和绝缘子对杆状病毒基因表达的影响,但其中的机制还有待深入研究.     

表达鸡传染性支气管炎病毒SD/97/01株S1蛋白的重组杆状病毒的构建

采用BAC－TO－BAC杆状病毒表达载体体系构建了表达鸡传染性支管炎病毒（IBV）呼吸型毒株SD／97／01S1蛋白的重组杆病病毒，含SD／97／01株S1基因原重组质粒p MDSD9701S1用BamHI和SalI双酶切后，回收的片段并克琶杆病病毒转座载体pFASTBACHTa中多角体基因启动子的下游，筛选出重组转座质粒pFASTSD9701S1U并转化大肠杆菌DH10BAC后,获得重组穿梭质粒rBacmidSD9701S1，用重组穿俊质粒DNA转染昆虫Sf9细胞，获得了含SD／97／01S1基因的重组杆状病毒rAcSD9701S1，重组病毒感染Sf9细胞后，用SDS－PAGE、Westernblot和IFA对细胞表达产物进行检测和分析。结果表明：构建的重组杆状病毒能够在昆虫细胞中表达SD／97／01的S1蛋白，该蛋白具有天然蛋白的抗原性。     

小鼠细小病毒VP2蛋白在昆虫细胞-杆状病毒系统中的表达和免疫原性分析

目的 利用杆状病毒表达系统合成重组小鼠细小病毒(MVM)VP2蛋白，并对其免疫原性分析。方法 将优化后的MVM VP2序列克隆至表达载体pFastBac1,命名为pFastBac1-MVM VP2,再将其转化至DH10Bac感受态大肠杆菌中形成重组杆粒，提取重组杆粒经PCR鉴定正确后转染昆虫细胞Sf9,镜下观察到细胞明显病变后收获重组杆状病毒rBac-MVM VP2。Sf9细胞接重组病毒48和72 h后，用间接免疫荧光(IFA)和蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)法验证重组蛋白的免疫原性。结果 构建的rBac-MVM VP2重组杆状病毒感染Sf9细胞后，可成功表达MVM VP2重组蛋白，经Western blot和IFA检测分析，重组蛋白具有较好的免疫原性且在病毒感染72 h时表达量较高。经蛋白纯化后可得到纯度较高的VP2重组蛋白。结论 本研究利用昆虫细胞-杆状病毒系统成功表达MVM VP2蛋白并具有良好的免疫原性，为VP2相关功能的研究和临床诊断方法的建立奠定基础。     

中国棉铃虫多粒包埋型核多角体病毒几丁质酶基因的研究

中国棉铃虫多粒包埋型核多角体病毒VHA273毒株的几丁质酶基因的开放阅读框大小为1713bp，编码570个氨基酸残基，分子量约60kDa，氨基酸序列分析显示，杆状病毒与原核生物特别是细菌的几丁质酶具高度同源性，暗示杆状病毒的几丁质酶基因与细菌的几丁质酶基因有更为接近的讲化关系，可能源于共同的祖先。     

重组杆状病毒AcMNPV—BmK IT—vcath的构建及毒力分析

利用Bac-to-Bac载体系统,构建了含有东亚钳蝎Buthusmartensii Karsch昆虫特异性神经毒素基因(BmK IT)和杆状病毒组织蛋白酶基因(vcath)的重组杆状病毒AcMNPV-BmK IT-vcath,使这两个基因分别位于plO基因启动子(Pp10)和多角体基因启动子(Pph)的控制下高效表达.抗棉铃虫毒力分析表明,该重组病毒的LC50值为28 829.5 pfu/mL,比野生型病毒的LC50值(33114.5 pfu/mL)降低13%;重组病毒的LT50值为3.5d,而野生型的LT50值为4.1d,提高了14.6%,表明该重组病毒的活性比野生型病毒有明显的提高.     

H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因昆虫/杆状病毒系统的表达及对BALB/c小鼠的免疫保护

经RT-PCR扩增了禽流感病毒A/Goose/Guangdong/1／96 H5N1亚型1．7kb HA基因的cDNA,将其克隆到pMD18-T中并测序。亚克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pMelBacA的蜜蜂蜂毒素分泌信号下游中,测序正确后与线性化的杆状病毒DNA(Bac-N-BlueTM DNA)共转染Sf9昆虫细胞。将重组杆状病毒感染HFive细胞,72h左右收获细胞,超声波裂解,SDS—PAGE结果表明HA基因在重组杆状病毒感染的HFive细胞中获得表达。蛋白胶薄层扫描分析显示:表达的HA蛋白占重组杆状病毒感染细胞总蛋白含量的17．1％。Western-blot 及血凝实验结果显示,表达的禽流感H5N1亚型病毒HA蛋白具有生物学活性。表达的H5 HA蛋白定量乳化后,皮下多点注射免疫SPF 级BALB/c雌性小鼠,免疫后产生了H5 HA特异抗体,并在三免前后达到并保持较高水平。用致死剂量的HPAIV H5N1攻击小鼠,免疫组小鼠提供了100％的保护力,而对照组小鼠先后发病且死亡:为研制禽流感H5N1亚型病毒亚单位疫苗,防制禽流感奠定了基础。     

肌动蛋白在子代杆状病毒胞内运输过程中的作用

重组病毒AcMNPV-GFP-actin(ph-)能在晚期和极晚期成功表达外源肌动蛋白,其生长特性与野生型AcMNPV没有明显的差别.在重组病毒同步感染的Sf9细胞中,肌动蛋白从细胞质转运到细胞核内,然后又向细胞质转运并且发生聚合;到感染极晚期从细胞核全部转运到细胞质,此时受染细胞核中进行正常的病毒粒子的组装.用CD处理重组病毒感染的细胞并不能阻止肌动蛋白在细胞内转运的变化规律,只是推迟了变化出现的时间,并使肌动蛋白发生聚合.     

Production of human alpha-interferon in silkworm using a baculovirus vector

Microorganisms are generally used for mass production of foreign gene products, but multicellular organisms such as plants have been proposed as an economical alternative. The silkworm may be useful in this context as it can be cultured easily and at low cost. We have therefore developed a virus vector to introduce foreign genes, for example, the gene for human alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha), into silkworms. We used the baculovirus Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) which has a large (greater than 100 kilobases, kb) double-stranded circular DNA genome within its rod-shaped capsid. Baculoviruses have been used previously as vectors for expression of beta-interferon and beta-galactosidase in established cell lines. Although BmNPV has not been used previously as an expression vector, it has an advantage over the baculovirus Autographa californica NPV in that it has a narrower host range and will not grow in wild insect pests in the field. In the present study, the polyhedrin gene encoding the major inclusion body protein of BmNPV was identified by hybridization with complementary DNA and cloned in a plasmid. For insertion of foreign genes, we constructed a recombinant plasmid carrying a polylinker linked to the promoter of the polyhedrin gene, and inserted the IFN-alpha gene into this plasmid. The resulting plasmid and the BmNPV genomic DNA were co-transfected into BM-N cells, and stable recombinant viruses isolated by plaque assay on BM-N cells. The recombinant virus replicated in silkworm larvae, which synthesized as much as 5 X 10(7) units (approximately 50 micrograms) of interferon in their haemolymph.     

Construction of an improved baculovirus insecticide containing an insect-specific toxin gene

Baculoviruses provide alternatives to chemicals for controlling insect pests and can be applied by spraying. Baculoviruses have a limited host range, but work relatively slowly. They are dissolved in the midgut of insect larvae to release infectious virions which enter gut epithelial cells and begin to replicate. Replication in other organs causes extensive tissue damage and eventually death. This process can take 4-5 days, but in the field may last for more than a week, allowing the larvae to feed for longer and thereby damaging the host plant. Baculovirus expression vectors expressing foreign genes, such as those for insect-specific toxins, hormones or enzymes, might alleviate this problem. We have now constructed a recombinant baculovirus derived from Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus containing an insect-specific neurotoxin from the venom of the North African (Algerian) scorpion, Androctonus australis Hector. The neurotoxin acts by causing specific modifications to the Na+ conductance of neurons, producing a presynaptic excitatory effect leading to paralysis and death; it has no effect in mice. Expression of the neurotoxin by the virus causes a reduction in the time required to kill the host insect.     

Construction and function of recombinant AcMNPV with double copies of v-cath gene

Two recombinant baculoviruses, dciAcMNPV and dcdAcMNPV in which another copy of the v-cath gene controlled by ie1 promoter and polh promoter was inserted, were respectively constructed by the Bac-to-Bac system. The expression of the v-cath gene of the recombinant baculoviruses in Sf9 cells at different phases was investigated by SDS- PAGE and Western blot. The results showed that only recombinant virus dciAcMNPV containing late gene v-cath driven by early gene promoter could express V-CATH protein, cathepsin encoded by virus genome, 12 h post-infection and dcdAcMNPV containing late gene v-cath driven by late and very late gene promoters could express more V-CATH protein. Negative control ncAcMNPV, a mutant deleted v- cath gene, could not express V-CATH protein at all. The Spodopera exigua larvae were infected with viruses respectively and the results showed that the toxicity was as follows: dcdAcMNPV>dciAcMNPV>wtAcMNPV>ncAcMNPV. The toxicity of recombinant viruses and the characters of dead larvae showed that the v-cath gene was relative to viral toxicity and host liquefaction. Recombinant baculovirus dcdAcMNPV might be used as a new kind of safe viral-pes- ticide, because of its high toxicity obtained by adding another gene copy and changing the expression level of its own gene relative to virulence.     

Baculovirus-mediated expression of a Chinese scorpion neurotoxin improves insecticidal efficacy

An Buthus martensii Karsch Insect Toxin （BmK IT ） gene was inserted into the genome of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus （AcMNPV） to construct a recombinant baculovirus, AcMNPV-BmK IT. The expression of BmK IT was confirmed using RT-PCR, dot blot and SDS-PAGE analysis. Dose-lethal time responses to Spodoptera exigua larvae were compared between wild-type baculovirus AcMNPV and recombinant virus AcMNPV-BmK IT. At the concentration of 1 × 10^7 PIBs/mL, the median lethal time of recombinant baculovirus （LT50 = 73.6 h） on third instar S. exigua larvae showed an improvement of 13.2% over the efficacy of wild type virus （LT50 = 84.8 h） during a 192 h infection.     

苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒Gp64蛋白的优化表达

研究培养基成份、pH值、接种量、诱导温度、诱导时间及诱导剂浓度等条件对苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒Gp64蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达水平的影响.SDS-PAGE电泳分析结果表明:在37℃的LB培养基中培养3h,用终浓度为0.3mmoL/L的IPTG于30℃诱导5h时表达水平最高.苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒Gp64重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中的优化表达为深度解析其在病毒感染过程中的功能奠定了基础.     

AcNPV增强子hr5增强HBsAg基因表达的研究

用形成包涵体（ＯＯＣ＋）并能利用人工合成启动序列和多角体ＸＩＶ启动子表达外源基因的转移载体质粒ｐＳＸＩＶＶＩ＋Ｘ３将多角体基因、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（ＨＢＳＡｇ）基因和苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（ＡｃＮＰＶ）的增强子ｈｒ５部分序列同时插入无包涵体的粉纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒ＴｎＮＰＶ－ＳＶＩ－Ｇ基因组中，得到两株高效表达ＨＢｓＡｇ基因又形成包涵体的重组病毒ＴｎＮＰＶ－ｓｈｒ３５－ＯＣＣ＋和ＴｎＮＰＶ－ｓｈｒ２６－ＯＣＣ＋．对重组病毒的酶切鉴定、ＤＮＡ斑点杂交和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析证实，外源基因及其相应的启动子和增强子序列已正确插入病毒基因组中．插入顺序中，ｈｒ５增强子是插入ＨＢｓＡｇ基因下游，多角体基因与ＨＢｓＡｇ基因方向相反．１２５Ⅰ－固相放射免疫检测和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ结果表明，ＨＢｓＡｇ基因在昆虫离体细胞中得到高效表达并保留了抗原活性．ＴｎＮＰＶ－ｓｈｒ２６－ＯＣＣ＋和ＴｎＮＰＶ－ｓｈｒ３５－ＯＣＣ＋表达的ＨＢｓＡ吕蛋白与没有插入增强子序列的重组病毒ＴｎＮＰＶ—ＨＢｓ８５－ＯＣＣ＋的比较，分别提高了４０％和４６％．