冻融条件下浅层黄土中温度与水分的空间变化相关性

黄土高原是西北典型的季节性冻土区,在黄土斜坡冻结和融解过程中土体内的温度、水分变化显著,导致土体中含水量及地下水位发生相应的变化,诱发一系列的滑坡、崩塌等地质环境问题。选择甘肃永靖县黑方台黄土斜坡为研究区,原位监测冻结至融解过程中黄土的温度和含水量,研究冻融条件下黄土斜(边)坡冻结层温度和水分及变化特征及其关系。结果表明,本次监测点黄土冻结深度为52cm,黄土剖面温度表现为3个特征带:温度稳定传递带、温度变动带、温度交替显著带。温度在黄土斜(边)坡冻融过程中对水分具有控制性作用,含水量随温度变化划分为3个阶段:1小于2℃,含水量随温度呈现非线性递增趋势;22~6℃,含水量随温度呈现波动性下降;3大于6℃,水分由小幅增加直至稳定,温度影响权重减小。随着冻结土层完全融解,被冻结水分融解后向下运移,最终导致剖面含水量急剧增加,因此,冻结至融解过程中含水量发生急剧增加,是导致浅层黄土滑塌的重要因素。     

考虑多因素耦合效应的冻结兰州黄土动力学参数研究

为了探究多因素耦合效应对冻结兰州黄土动力参数的影响,以分布在我国西部季节冻土区的兰州黄土为研究对象,通过动三轴试验研究了不同围压（0.1、0.2、0.3 MPa）、温度（-1、-3、-5℃）、含水率（14%、16%、18%）及加载频率（1、2、4Hz）影响下冻结兰州黄土的动力参数变化特征。基于试验结果,分析了冻结兰州黄土最大动弹性模量、等效黏滞阻尼系数、参考应变幅值在温度、围压、含水率、加载频率等多因素耦合影响下的变化规律。结果表明,温度、含水率、加载频率和围压等耦合因素对冻结兰州黄土动弹性模量、参考应变幅值和等效黏滞阻尼系数的影响程度有差异。可以发现,冻结兰州黄土动弹性模量和参考应变幅值随温度变化的影响最显著,等效黏滞阻尼系数随加载频率变化表现最敏感。基于试验数据,对影响冻结兰州黄土的4种因素进行归一化和无量纲化处理,采用多元回归分析方法提出了冻结兰州黄土动力学参数的预测公式,有助于快速预测冻结兰州黄土在多因素耦合效应影响下的动力学参数变化特征。     

青岛市大沽河流域地下水水化学时空演化及影响因素分析

为探讨滨海流域地下水水化学成分的时空演化规律及影响因素,以青岛市大沽河流域为研究对象,运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图解法、离子比例系数等方法对2001~2012年137个地下水样的水化学成分进行系统分析。研究结果表明:流域内地下水以碱土金属Ca~(2+)为优势阳离子,重碳酸根HCO_3~-为优势阴离子,主要离子含量年际变化不大,基本符合枯升丰降的原则,但区域差异较为明显;2001~2012年地下水化学类型由Ca~(2+)—Mg~(2+)—SO_4~(2-)—Cl~-、Ca~(2+)—Mg~(2+)—HCO_3~-—Cl~-型变为Ca~(2+)—Mg~(2+)—SO_4~(2-)—Cl~-、Ca~(2+)—Na~+—HCO_3~-—Cl~-、Na~+—Ca~(2+)—Cl~-—HCO_3~-混合型水;岩石风化作用是区内地下水化学组分的主要控制因素;农业活动中氮肥的过度施用、粪便及生活污水等人为来源的输入则为区内NO_3~-含量较高的主要影响因素。     

兰州地区最老黄土的发现及其特征

通过1∶5万通远乡幅等2幅区调工作对兰州北部永登县地沟村山城湾岭剖面的磁性地层研究,发现剖面底部黄土为兰州地区迄今为止最老的黄土沉积,形成于1.84Ma.BP以前。磁性地层中出现布容正极性期(B)、松山反极性期(M)。松山反极性期内自上而下出现后贾拉米洛、贾拉米洛、奥杜威等亚极性期。对CaCO3含量、黄土剖面所反映出的古气候进行了研究。     

地下水环境水化学分类

一、地下水的离子伴存理论 地下水是一种多组分的天然溶液。它的主要化学成分即为主离子,包括碱金属主阳离子Na~+和K~+,碱土金属主阳离子Ca~(2+)与Mg(2+);Cl~-无氧强酸主阴离子,HGO_3-《包括CO(_3~2-),     

高富水卵砾石地层热物理参数试验研究

冻结法施工设计过程中地层的热物理参数是必须明确的指标, 为了探明高富水卵砾石地层热物理参数以及各参数与影响因素之间的相互作用关系, 本文以现场取回卵砾石样为研究对象, 通过自制试验装置测量试样起始冻结温度、比热容和导热系数, 探究含盐量对试样起始冻结温度的影响, 试样比热容、导热系数与冻结温度之间的相互作用关系, 试验结果表明:随着含盐量升高, 试样中水分的蒸气压不断下降, 造成试样需要更低的温度, 释放更多的能量才会发生冻结, 试样随着含盐量的升高起始冻结温度下降, 1、2、3号试样平均起始冻结温度从-0.46 ℃下降到-1.15 ℃; 随着冻结温度的降低试样中水分冻结, 卵砾石试样中含冰量增多, 未冻水含量减少, 由于冰的比热容是水的一半, 致使比热容不断下降, 卵砾石试样比热容从1.60 J·(g·℃)-1下降到1.06 J·(g·℃)-1; 随着冻结温度的降低试样含冰量增多, 含水量减少, 由于冰的导热系数远远大于水的导热系数, 致使卵砾石试样导热系数不断上升, 由1.71 W·(m·K)-1增加到2.13 W·(m·K)-1; 由于试样中含冰量、未冻水含量随温度不断变化, 固态和液态水的相变, 导致试样热物理性质随温度不断发生改变。     

哈图金矿带成矿流体组分、硫同位素分析及矿床成因

哈图金矿带位于新疆西准噶尔地区,是新疆北部最重要的金成矿带之一。哈图金矿带内依次分布有哈图(齐Ⅰ)、齐Ⅱ、齐Ⅲ、齐Ⅳ以及齐Ⅴ五个金矿床(点),其成矿作用和地质特征相似。本文重点对哈图、齐Ⅱ和齐Ⅴ金矿石英脉样品中的石英进行了流体包裹体成分分析,结果显示三者流体包裹体具类似成分特征。气相成分均以H_2O为主,其次是CO_2和CH_4,液相成分为Cl~-+SO_4~(2-)+Na~++K~+组合。按成矿作用从早至晚,流体中H_2O的含量增加,而CO_2含量和Cl~-+SO_4~(2-)+Na~++K~+含量均显著降低。对三个金矿床的矿石样品中的黄铁矿进行了硫同位素分析,δ~(34)S值为-2.0~3.7‰,集中于±0‰附近,表明三者具相同的硫同位素来源,其可能来源于岩浆流体或容矿岩石-玄武岩。哈图金矿带矿床的赋矿围岩、控矿构造、矿石类型和热液蚀变、成矿流体等方面与造山型金矿床相应特征相符,因此认为哈图金矿带中,哈图(齐Ⅰ)、齐Ⅱ和齐Ⅴ金矿均属造山型金矿床。     

黄土塬竖井剖面黄土-古土壤碳同位素记录特征

选取位于黄土高原中部西峰和洛川塬面中心地区,分别开挖一个竖井获得L2以来连续黄土-古土壤沉积序列的剖面,并对剖面样品的总有机碳、无机碳酸盐的碳同位素组成进行分析.结果显示黄土-古土壤的有机质碳同位素变化与前人对天然剖面的研究结果一致,同时也注意到黄土-古土壤序列有机碳δ813Corg与无机碳酸盐δ13Ccarb有相似的变化趋势,两者在统计学分析意义上均呈显著正相关关系,西峰塬和洛川塬的相关系数分别为r=0.615和r=0.314,a<0.01,该结果与以往对黄土高原塬面边缘天然露头剖面获得有机碳与总碳酸盐碳同位素呈反相关趋势的结论不一致.对于这种现象的初步解释可能是:(1)来自后期的改造作用:由于黄土沟谷出露的天然剖面多发生在雨水冲刷黄土塬面所切割形成的沟谷两侧,这样天然剖面处于一个开放或半开放的环境,其表层至某一深度受外界水热环境和气体交换影响黄土中的无机碳酸盐;(2)同时黄土-古土壤竖井剖面也可能受土壤CO2分压的影响造成土壤次生碳酸盐的形成而导致同位素变化趋势的复杂性;(3)采样点区域性的差异.结果表明,深入研究不同地区塬面竖井剖面黄土-古土壤碳同位素组成并与相应地区的天然剖面碳同位素组成进行对比,将有助于更准确地理解黄土-古土壤碳同位素所记录的古植被和古气候变化历史.     

莫玲粘土冻结过程中的离子迁移、水分迁移和冻胀

易溶盐在土中的存在及其在土冻结过程中的重新分布,对冻土物理化学性质和力学性质及土的冻结过程有重要影响。泰斯等(Tice,et al.)用兰州黄土和阿拉斯加粉土等作对比试验,证明在颗粒成分大致相同的情况下,冻结盐渍土中未冻水含量高于非盐渍土中未冻水含量。张伯伦(1983)的试验表明,对同一种土,增加其易溶盐含量可以减小土的冻胀量、总含冰量及冰透镜体的体积。至于冻结过程中盐分迁移的方向,可有不同情况。邱国庆等的实验表明,在水溶液单向冻结时,盐分向未冻溶液迁移,溶液原始浓度越大、冻结速度越大,则盐分的相对迁移量越小。奥斯托坎等(Oster-     

兰州第四纪黄土/古土壤序列物源演变: 来自于碳酸盐矿物的证据*

黄土/古土壤的物源研究对于揭示第四纪气候变化和青藏高原隆升历史具有重要意义。本研究以位于黄土高原西部1.4 Ma以来的兰州黄土/古土壤沉积序列为研究对象,基于X射线衍射技术分析了黄土/古土壤中的主要矿物组成,侧重于碳酸盐矿物含量,追溯了兰州黄土/古土壤的直接物源。结果显示: (1)1.4 Ma以来兰州地区黄土/古土壤沉积物的主要直接源区为柴达木盆地沙漠区和阿拉善干旱区。(2)基于二元混合模型计算的潜在原始源区对兰州黄土白云石和总碳酸盐矿物的相对贡献率以及长石与石英比值结果一致支持1.4 Ma以来兰州黄土原始物源发生了多次变化。1.4~1.1 Ma和0.9~0.3 Ma青藏高原东北缘造山带(昆仑山、祁连山)和中亚造山带对兰州黄土的贡献相当,而1.1~0.9 Ma和0.3 Ma以来,中亚造山带对兰州黄土的物源贡献增加,这可能分别是对中更新世气候转型和0.3 Ma以来青藏高原及邻近地区干冷气候增强的响应。1.15 Ma和0.8 Ma兰州黄土/古土壤中高的白云石含量、碳酸盐矿物总含量以及0.8 Ma长石与石英比值的快速升高可能是对“昆黄运动”的响应,进而造成了昆仑山、祁连山对黄土高原物源贡献的增加。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with