20Cr1Mo1VTiB钢发纹缺陷分析与改善

以某炼钢厂的生产数据为实践依据,以改善20Cr1Mo1VTiB钢的发纹缺陷为目的,使用荧光磁粉探伤和金相显微镜确认缺陷位置存在非金属夹杂物。经扫描电镜确认出非金属夹杂物的化学成分并分析出产生原因。一种非金属夹杂物是含有K、Na、F典型保护渣特征元素,确认为模铸浇铸过程卷渣。另一种非金属夹杂物是以Al-Mg-Ca-O为主,是典型的精炼铝脱氧产物,在整个冶炼过程中不断与耐火材料和炉渣发生反应,未完全上浮去除而残留在钢中。通过开发20Cr1Mo1VTiB专用保护渣和执行模铸开浇标准化操作解决模铸卷渣类的发纹缺陷;通过降低电炉钢水过氧化程度、优化精炼脱氧剂使用、VD真空处理后的软吹操作等工艺技术,提升钢液的洁净度控制水平,进而改善铝脱氧产物引起的发纹缺陷。     

60tEAF-LF-VD-CC流程冶炼低硅20MnCr5(S)的工艺实践

以某钢厂的生产数据为实践依据，解释低硅20MnCr5(S)汽车齿轮钢的冶炼难点包括硅含量控制和洁净度控制。系统的阐述了60tEAF-LF-VD-CC流程冶炼低硅20MnCr5(S)的工艺控制思路和关键注意事项。电炉方面包括优化配料结构、缓解终点钢液氧化性、改善炉后预脱氧效果，为后续精炼创造良好初始条件。LF炉精炼方面包括确定渣系配比、弱铝脱氧、扩散脱氧等操作方法，提高钢液脱氧和去除夹杂物效果。VD真空处理之后执行软吹工艺达到夹杂物充分上浮去除效果。连铸方面给出了各项关键工艺参数和操作的控制要求。精炼期精准控制化学成分。通过上述工艺技术解决了的连铸水口结瘤问题，同时达到棒材的氧含量(8～12)×10^-6,夹杂物B细≤1.0级、B粗≤0.5级的控制水平。形成了一套完备的短流程冶炼低硅20MnCr5(S)汽车齿轮钢生产工艺。     

高氮钢电渣重熔夹杂物控制研究

对高氮钢电渣重熔前后夹杂物进行对比研究,分析不同渣系和自耗电极氧含量对重熔后夹杂物的影响。研究发现,不同渣系对电渣钢的洁净度影响很大,适当提高w(Ca O)/w(Al2O3)可有效降低电渣锭中的夹杂物和全氧量。对高氮钢电渣重熔的脱硫进行研究,分析了不同渣系和熔炼速率对高氮钢脱硫率的影响,实验结果表明:电渣重熔后,硫化物夹杂的平均直径和单位面积数量大大减少,夹杂物的主要类型为Mn S+Al2O3复合型夹杂物,同时适度提高渣中Ca O含量实现提高硫分配比是提高脱硫效率的有效手段。脱硫动力学推导中发现重熔速率越低,脱硫效果越明显,但实验发现脱硫率随重熔速率的降低呈现先降低后升高的趋势,其原因在于渣池中发生硫化物富集,导致"回硫"现象发生。     

稀土处理对含铝中锰钢中夹杂物的调控机理

铝脱氧中锰钢精炼过程中易形成尖晶石类夹杂物,这类硬质夹杂物会恶化中锰钢的疲劳性能,易导致钢材功能失效引发事故。采用稀土Ce处理对中锰钢中尖晶石类硬质夹杂物进行改质处理。为了阐明夹杂物的改质机理,开展了高温模拟实验。实验结果表明,Ce处理后,尖晶石夹杂物转变为稀土夹杂物,且随着TO含量的降低,稀土夹杂物类型为CeAlO₃→CeAlO₃+Ce₂O₂S→Ce₂O₂S。铈对尖晶石夹杂物的变质机理为：铈添加到钢中后,尖晶石夹杂物中镁和铝不断被铈替代(含锰尖晶石夹杂物中锰优先被置换),尖晶石结构遭到破坏,从而形成CeAlO₃。当钢中氧含量低,相对硫含量较高时,钢中硫将参与置换反应,置换出夹杂物中的氧,因此尖晶石夹杂物和CeAlO₃夹杂物最终转变为Ce₂O₂S。最后通过热力学模型计算得出,将钢中尖晶石夹杂物完全改质为稀土夹杂物的最低铈含量与钢中氧含量呈线性关系,当钢中铈质量分数为氧质...     

20CrMo钢中大颗粒夹杂物来源的示踪研究

采用Ba CO3示踪法标定20Cr Mo钢大颗粒夹杂物的来源。示踪标定方法包括(1)LF炉精炼初期加入示踪剂和(2)VD结束加入示踪剂两种。扫描电镜分析结果示出:示踪标定方法(1)LF炉精炼过程含Ba夹杂物逐渐向钢中转移,VD之后和棒材中夹杂物全部含有Ba元素;示踪标定方法(2)的软吹结束和棒材中检验未发现含Ba夹杂物。以上说明20Cr Mo钢中夹杂物的来源为LF精炼和VD处理钢包顶渣卷入钢水中的细小渣滴,再与钢水发生化学反应,未及时上浮去除,形成了最终的大颗粒夹杂物形态。     

柴油机油底壳薄钢板层状开裂分析

通过检测与分析,认为柴油机油底壳薄钢板发生层状开裂事故是由于钢液中的炉渣、耐火衬料或脱氧产物未除尽,卷入连铸结晶器,残留于钢中形成夹渣,轧制时沿轧制方向分布,使钢板产生分层,破坏了其结构上的连续性,在冲压时于夹渣聚集处开裂。     

X1215易切削钢生产工艺实践研究

成功开发了X1215易切削钢100t转炉-1 00t LF炉-150mm× 150mm连铸-高线轧制生产工艺.通过LF期不完全脱氧及出钢时钙线调氧,控制LF精炼渣二元碱度在1.0～2.5与底吹氩气100～120L/min的工艺措施,确保了在不同工位钢中存在适当的氧含量.对X1215钢中夹杂物的检测表明,该工艺条件下钢中硫化物形貌和含量控制合理.实践表明,准确预判终点氧含量以确定脱氧剂加入量,合理的控制不同工位氧含量是达到线材产品质量稳定控制的关键.     

2205双相不锈钢边部裂纹成因分析

国内某厂研发并生产了2205双相不锈钢,但在轧制过程中常出现边裂现象。本文通过对边裂部位的断裂形貌的观察,断裂部位夹杂物特点以及正常部位金相组织的观察,逐步确定该钢边裂的原因。该钢中大型Al_2O_3夹杂物是导致轧制边裂的主要原因之一。通过分析原因,提出通过合理控制Ca处理中Ca的加入量和调节渣中Al_2O_3的活度来减少Al_2O_3夹杂物方法。     

70t电炉冶炼高碳硬线钢中氧的控制

针对高碳硬线钢的质量要求,概要论述了电炉-精炼-连铸流程生产高碳硬线钢过程中的留碳、脱氧工艺,分析如何控制硬线钢中夹杂物及氧含量,提出降低高碳硬线钢中氧含量的措施。     

SWRCH35K冷镦开裂原因分析及控制措施

SWRCH35K钢规格Φ6.5mm盘条在生产标准件过程中出现冷镦开裂现象,通过对开裂部位高倍及扫描电镜检测分析,并对夹杂物进行能谱分析,发现造成Φ6.5mm规格盘条开裂的主要原因是内部夹杂,夹杂物的主要成分为保护渣.通过结晶器自动加渣和开浇的自动液面稳定、浸入式水口插入深度等措施杜绝结晶器内卷渣,有效改善冷镦开裂现象.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。