造纸污泥固化/稳定化处理技术研究

为了能更好地无害化处理造纸污泥,对造纸污泥的固化/稳定化处理技术进行了研究。以水泥、粉煤灰和煤渣作为固化剂对造纸污泥进行固化/稳定化处理。通过抗压强度评价污泥固化块的力学性质;并对固化块浸出液的COD浓度与重金属质量浓度进行了检测。当水泥、粉煤灰和煤渣的掺量分别为0.12、0.02和0.10 kg/kg,养护时间为6 d时,固化块抗压强度达到360 kPa。结果表明,水泥和煤渣对提高造纸污泥固化块的抗压强度具有促进作用,而它们与粉煤灰对造纸污泥中的有机质和重金属均具有一定的固化作用。在以上条件下,固化块浸出液中COD浓度约为115.7 mg/L,重金属浓度符合国家标准。经养护后的固化块含水率均保持在35%~40%,符合填埋场的进场标准。     

工业废渣和膨润土协同固化污泥的性能与微观特征

为探究工业废渣和膨润土协同处置市政污泥的应用效果,利用工业废渣(高炉矿渣和脱硫石膏)等量取代部分水泥,设计制备了低水泥掺量的工业废渣基复合固化剂(简称复合固化剂),开展了复合固化剂和膨润土协同固化污泥的无侧限抗压强度、浸出液重金属浓度及COD测试,评价了复合固化剂和膨润土对固化污泥力学特性和环境安全性能的影响。通过XRD、TG/DTG、BET、SEM等微观测试手段,明确了复合固化剂协同膨润土固化稳定污泥的微观结构特征。结果表明：采用高炉矿渣和脱硫石膏等量取代部分水泥可大幅度提升固化污泥的强度,复合固化剂的最优质量配合比为高炉矿渣∶脱硫石膏∶水泥=6∶1∶3;在复合固化剂固化污泥基础上,掺加膨润土可明显提升固化污泥的强度以及环境安全性,膨润土的最优掺量为10%;采用10%膨润土等量取代部分复合固化剂,固化污泥强度可提升17%～23%,浸出液中重金属离子浓度和COD值可降低40%～60%;相比水泥固化污泥体系,复合固化剂和膨润土协同固化污泥可生成更多的C-S-H凝胶、钙矾石晶体等水化产物,且膨润土具有较好的细化孔隙效应,二者协同作用共同提升了固化污泥的密实度和强度,而胶凝物质的物理包裹以及...     

消化污泥作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料的研究

为解决城市污染,实现污泥"减量化、无害化、稳定化、资源化"的目标,有必要寻求更多技术上可行、低成本的污泥综合利用新技术.测定了消化污泥本底的含水率、有机质含量以及经过预处理后不同含水率的消化污泥模拟降雨实验的渗透系数,浸出液的COD、氨氮、pH等.选择渗透系数低、污染负荷小的含水率为50%和60%的消化污泥,分别与石灰、炉渣以不同比例混合改性后,再测定模拟降雨实验浸出液的各个指标.实验结果表明,含水率为60%的消化污泥与炉渣以2∶1(质量比)混合时,渗透系数达到10-6数量级,已接近垃圾填埋场对防渗层的要求.因此,消化污泥改性后可作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料.     

印染污泥固化及稳定化处理研究

采用水泥、粉煤灰和煤渣作为固化剂对印染污泥进行固化/稳定化处理,并探讨了固化/稳定化的最佳工艺条件.当水泥、粉煤灰和煤渣的掺量分别为0.15、0.02和0.08 kg/kg,养护天数为6 d时,印染污泥固化块抗压强度达到330kPa,含水率为44.6%,符合填埋场的进场标准.固化块浸出液中Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和...     

掺加矿粉胶凝固化垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的研究

通过单因素实验探究了矿粉质量分数、激发剂(NaOH)投加量和加水量对掺加矿粉胶凝固化垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的影响,并初步探究了固化机理。结果表明,矿粉质量分数和激发剂投加量对重金属的固化影响较大,而加水量影响不大。综合考虑增容比、重金属浸出浓度和抗压强度,矿粉质量分数15%、激发剂投加量3%(质量分数)、加水量37.5%(质量分数)为有效稳定固化重金属的最佳条件,此时重金属浸出质量浓度分别是Ba 19.091mg/L、Cd 0.041mg/L、Ni 0.216mg/L、Pb 0.196mg/L,含水率为27.04%,满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008),抗压强度为9.61 MPa,可进入垃圾填埋场填埋。所制备胶凝材料的最终水化产物主要为水化硅酸钙、水化铝硅酸钙和钙矾石,它们可以通过包裹和吸附对重金属进行固化。     

垃圾焚烧底渣协同固化市政污泥的工程特性

开展了不同含量垃圾焚烧底渣与固化剂共同作用下,固化市政污泥工程特性研究。测定了固化体的含水率、有机质含量、重度、pH值、无侧限抗压强度、增容比及28 d渗透系数等工程指标。结果表明:固化体有机质含量及含水率随垃圾焚烧底渣含量的增多而降低;重度随底渣添加量增加而增大,在12~15 k N·m-3之间;固化体pH值、无侧限抗压强度、增容比及渗透系数均随底渣含量增加而增大。底渣添加量为40%左右时,固化体满足填埋要求。垃圾焚烧底渣作为骨料,增强了污泥固化体工程特性、减少了固化剂用量、同时实现以废治废,降低污泥和垃圾焚烧底渣处置成本。研究成果为污泥及垃圾焚烧底渣填埋处置提供了参数及指导作用。     

铁盐对污泥飞灰共热解产物浸出浓度的影响研究

采用热解法,研究了不同铁盐种类及添加量时污泥与飞灰共热解产物的重金属浸出浓度,同时对污泥飞灰的混合比例进行进一步讨论以确定经济有效的新型处置工艺。结果表明:整体上,不同铁盐对Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn浸出的影响差异显著;单独添加Fe_2(SO_4)_3时,热解炭中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn浸出浓度比单独FeSO_4时低约67.8%、31.0%、62.8%、45.8%。添加Fe_2(SO_4)_3使Fe添加量为干污泥质量的0.5%时,可以有效降低大多数重金属的浸出浓度。污泥飞灰的混合比例对As、Cd、Pb和Zn浸出的影响差异显著。热解温度为500℃,干污泥∶飞灰质量比为2∶1时,加入Fe_2(SO_4)_3(Fe添加量为干污泥质量的0.5%)后,热解炭可在生活垃圾填埋场中填埋。     

低水泥含量垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属离子蒸养固化实验研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称飞灰)的矿物组成、微观形貌及其重金属浸出浓度进行了测试分析,结果表明,飞灰中Cd与Pb的浸出浓度远高于《生活垃圾填埋场控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)规定的限值,在进行安全填埋之前需固化处理。引入水泥蒸养固化技术,减少水泥掺量,增加粉煤灰掺量来处理飞灰。研究了不同配比下固化体的抗压强度以及不同飞灰掺量对固化体浸出浓度的影响。结果表明,蒸养后的固化体抗压强度基本都能达到安全填埋的要求,其重金属浸出浓度都低于GB 16889—2008规定的限值,可以进行安全填埋。     

气井废弃泥浆微生物-固化复合处理技术

废弃泥浆的无害化处理对于油气田开发的可持续发展具有重要意义。针对废弃泥浆的特性,以浸出液重金属含量及COD等为考核指标,通过固化剂配方优选、微生物菌种优选与复配,对废弃泥浆进行了微生物-固化复合处理。结果表明,固化剂加量为20%、复合菌液4.0 m L,处理15 d后,废弃泥浆固化后的含水率为45%以下,浸出液的pH为7.2~9.0,Cu、Cd和Pb等重金属离子含量分别为17、0.28和8.7μg/L以下,COD低于100 mg/L,浸出液成分均符合GB 8978-1996Ⅰ级排放标准。     

矿区炼金废渣的固化/稳定化处理

通过对金矿矿区炼金废渣的酸中和能力、净产酸量及浸出毒性实验,测定了废渣的产酸潜力及重金属砷、镉、铅、锌的总量和它们的浸出量。为了合理处置矿区炼金废渣,并为矿区重金属污染土壤的修复提供技术支持,采用石灰、粉煤灰、堆肥化污泥作为添加剂对废渣进行固化/稳定化处理;通过浸出毒性实验对固化/稳定化处理效果进行综合分析,试图寻求一种最佳的稳定剂。结果表明,无论是单独添加石灰、粉煤灰或者堆肥化污泥还是两两组合混合添加,样品浸出液的pH都有升高,As、Cd的浸出浓度都有明显下降,而且两两组合添加比单独添加的固化/稳定化处理效果更好。在两两组合添加中,粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥的处理效果最好,浸出液的pH值达到7.82,As、Cd的浸出率分别下降72.0%和72.2%。说明粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥处理炼金废渣效果最佳,同时具有以废治污的资源化生态效能。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.