汽油机燃用甲醇及甲醇汽油的性能研究

为了研究汽油机燃用甲醇及甲醇汽油的性能,在一台4G15S汽油机上对甲醇及不同体积比例甲醇汽油的动力性、经济性和排放特性进行了对比试验。结果表明:与燃用93#汽油相比,M15、M85及M100功率增加;M15有效燃料消耗率平均上升4.43%、M85平均上升46.53%、M100平均上升57.26%;M15、M85及M100的HC与CO排放随甲醇体积比例增加而降低;而甲醛排放随甲醇体积比例增加而明显增加。     

不同比例甲醇汽油掺烧性能试验研究

对M10、M15、M50甲醇汽油以及93#汽油在GW491QE发动机上进行发动机性能台架试验研究。扭矩始终保持在60N·m,转速从1 000r/min增加到3 000r/min,记录相应数据,分别绘制动力性、经济性和排放性能曲线,对比分析,探讨影响GW491QE发动机性能的因素,选出能在GW491QE发动机上实际应用的合适掺烧比例甲醇汽油。试验结果表明:在中低转速时,3种甲醇汽油的功率与93#汽油基本相同,即动力性与93#汽油大致保持一致;燃油经济性降低大约6%~10%;3种甲醇汽油的HC和CO排放均降低,M15改善最为明显;NOx排放有所降低。综合考虑GW491QE发动机的动力性、经济性和排放性能,M15甲醇汽油为较好的实际应用比例。     

车用甲醇汽油燃料技术性能

为规范甲醇汽油燃料的应用和生产,研究了甲醇与汽油互溶问题。通过发动机的动力性和经济性试验,确定了甲醇的添加比例、甲醇汽油的标号和甲醇汽油标准指标。研究结果表明:体积分数为15%、25%两种比例的甲醇汽油在应用时,无需对车辆做任何改动,功率分别能达到国标90#汽油的97%和93%,排放平均下降10%,经济性提高约6%。     

甲醇-柴油微乳化油对柴油发动机燃烧排放性能的影响

以0#柴油为基础油配制了四种甲醇质量占比为5%、10%、15%、20%的四种微乳化油,分别标记为M5、M10、M15、M20。在发动机结构和参数未做改动的条件下,对比研究了0#柴油和四种微乳化油的燃烧和排放特性。试验结果表明:微乳化油主燃烧持续期随着甲醇比例的增加而缩短;动力性有所下降,且随甲醇含量的增加,转矩降低越多,但降幅均未超出15%。在常规排放中,CO和NMHC排放量有所增加,NO_x的排放量有所减少;soot排放量大幅度减少。非常规排放物中,甲醛和未燃甲醇的排放量有所增加,且随甲醇含量越高,排放增加量越高。     

甲醇汽油发动机醇醛排放特性及其影响因素研究

在一台JL368Q3汽油机上分别燃用汽油和M10(甲醇、汽油体积比为1∶9)甲醇汽油混合燃料,并利用气相色谱仪(氦离子化检测器)实验研究了甲醇和甲醛的排放特性及点火提前角对醇、醛排放的影响.结果表明,甲醇排放来源于燃油,其受最高燃烧温度影响较大,该排放将随着发动机转速和排气温度的升高而降低.甲醛由碳氢和甲醇在排气管中经氧化而生成,其排放量随着发动机转速和排气温度的提高而增加.汽油机的甲醛排放量随着转矩的增大先增后减,在中、高负荷时,M10发动机甲醛排放量为汽油机的1.5～4.5倍,随着发动机转速的提高,这2种负荷下的甲醛排放量差距减小.     

M15对增压直喷汽油机小负荷工况下燃烧和性能的影响

在一台缸内直喷汽油机上,针对M15(汽油中甲醇添加体积比例为15%)和M0(汽油中甲醇添加体积比例为0,即纯汽油)两种燃料,试验研究了点火提前角、喷油提前角和喷射压力等控制参数的调整对样机在小负荷、低转速下,燃烧、性能及排放的影响规律和影响差异。研究结果表明:相同喷射脉宽及控制参数条件下,M15汽油的最高燃烧压力比M0的低4%,但最高压力点对应的曲轴转角与M0基本相同。相同喷射脉宽下,燃用M15比燃用M0的发动机输出扭矩下降约10%左右,但燃油经济性有所提高,并分别存在一个点火提前角和喷油提前角,使得转矩最大、燃油消耗率最小,此点火提前角为20°CA(BTDC)、喷油提前角为300°CA(BTDC);而喷射压力对转矩和燃油消耗率影响较小。当使用M15燃料后,HC、CO和NO_x排放均比M0有所降低;M15和M0的HC、CO和NO_x排放均随点火提前角减小而减小;随喷油提前角的变化呈现不规律的变化;喷射压力对HC和NO_x排放的影响不很明显,而对CO呈波动状态。     

增压直喷甲醇汽油机在不同喷油时刻下的微粒排放特性研究

为研究增压直喷甲醇汽油机在不同喷油时刻下的微粒排放特性,在一台增压直喷汽油机上进行了不同喷油时刻下燃用M0,M10,M15和M20(甲醇体积分数分别为0%,10%,15%和20%的甲醇汽油混合燃料)的微粒排放测量试验。结果表明：微粒数量浓度粒径谱密度呈双峰分布,核态微粒峰值粒径主要集中在23.71-27.38 nm,积聚态微粒峰值粒径主要集中在64.94-86.6 nm,各模态微粒峰值变化与数量浓度变化相同,随喷油时刻的推迟先下降后上升,在80°CA ATDC(进气上止点后)喷油时最少,随甲醇比例的增大先升高后降低,燃用M15时最多;燃用纯汽油M0时,发动机在100°CA ATDC喷油时排放微粒最多,燃用甲醇汽油混合燃料时,发动机在40°CA ATDC喷油时排放微粒最多;微粒表面积浓度粒径谱密度均呈单峰分布,峰值粒径主要集中在86.6-153.99 nm,总表面积浓度变化与总数量浓度变化相同,但变化幅度更大。     

甲醇-汽油混合燃料对汽油机性能和排放的影响

通过汽油机燃用甲醇-汽油混合燃料（其中甲醇的体积分数为109／6，汽油的体积分数为90％，简称M10燃料）和汽油的对比试验，研究了M10燃料对汽油机性能和排放的影响，并用气相色谱仪测量了尾气中的甲醇和甲醛排放．试验研究表明：汽油机燃用M10燃料对汽油机动力性影响不大，但汽油机有效热效率和燃油经济性提高，排温有所降低；CO和HC排放减少，NOx排放与燃用汽油时相当；甲醇和甲醛排放增加．排气经三效催化转化器后，CO、HC和NOx排放可以被控制在与常规汽油机排放相当的水平，甲醇和甲醛排放可以被控制在接近零排放的水平．     

电喷汽油机燃烧甲醇燃料的试验研究

在发动机结构参数未做任何调整的情况下,通过发动机台架试验,研究了中、高比例甲醇汽油对电喷发动机动力性和燃油经济性的影响。试验结果表明:燃烧M30、M50、M85三种甲醇燃料与燃烧93#汽油相比,发动机的动力性和燃油经济性都下降,且随着甲醇掺烧比例的增加,动力性和经济性降低的越多。     

增压直喷甲醇汽油机在不同喷油时刻下的微粒排放特性

为研究增压直喷甲醇汽油机在不同喷油时刻下的微粒排放特性,在一台增压直喷汽油机上进行了不同喷油时刻下燃用M0、M10、M15和M20(甲醇体积分数分别为0%、10%、15%和20%的甲醇汽油混合燃料)的微粒排放测量试验。结果表明:微粒数量浓度粒径谱密度呈双峰分布,核态微粒峰值粒径主要集中在23.71~27.38 nm,积聚态微粒峰值粒径主要集中在64.94~86.6 nm,各模态微粒峰值变化与数量浓度变化相同,随喷油时刻的推迟先下降后上升,在80°CA ATDC(进气上止点后)喷油时最少,随甲醇比例的增大先升高后降低,燃用M15时最多;燃用纯汽油M0时,发动机在100°CA ATDC喷油时排放微粒最多,燃用甲醇汽油混合燃料时,发动机在40°CA ATDC喷油时排放微粒最多;微粒表面积浓度粒径谱密度均呈单峰分布,峰值粒径主要集中在86.6~153.99 nm,总表面积浓度变化与总数量浓度变化相同,但变化幅度更大。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-