米糠蜡对稻米油基凝胶油形成的影响及动力学

以三级稻米油为基料油,研究了米糠蜡(rice bran wax,RBW)添加量对凝胶油形成特性的影响及凝胶油结晶形成的动力学参数。结果表明:在25℃时,RBW添加量为4%时便可形成凝胶油。随着RBW添加量的增加,凝胶油的硬度明显增加,贮藏30 d后凝胶油硬度变化不显著。凝胶油的固体脂肪含量也随RBW添加量的增加呈增多趋势,凝胶油主要为β′晶体。4%和7%RBW添加量凝胶油晶体为絮状,添加量为10%时凝胶油晶体转变为长枝晶状且密度增大。该凝胶油仅有一个结晶峰,采用Avrami方程模型拟合出的直线具有良好的线性关系(R~2=0.934 31),说明Avrami方程能较好地适用于稻米油基凝胶油结晶过程的研究,得到Avrami指数n为1.396 83,表明该凝胶油的晶体成核为均相瞬时成核并按照一维与二维混合结晶方式生长。     

Extraction of policosanols from hydrolysed rice bran wax by high-intensity ultrasound

This study provided a detailed method for extraction and purification of policosanols from hydrolysed rice bran wax (RBW) by high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU), where the hydrolysis of RBW under HIU was focused. The optimised operating conditions for hydrolysis were as the following: 20 kHz, 100 W, 1:2 of wax to 4% sodium hydroxide (w:v) and 50 min at ambient temperature, under which the hydrolysis rate of 94.3% was obtained. Thereafter, policosanols were extracted and purified from the hydrolysed RBW. With the analysis by GC, it was shown that even‐numbered aliphatic alcohols were the major components of the policosanols, accounting for 95% or so, where triacontanol (C₃₀) was the predominant component with 26.95%, followed by octacosanol (C₂₈) with 17.04%, dotriacotanol (C₃₂) with 16.01%, tetracosanol (C₂₄) with 11.13%, hexacosanol with 10.90%; however, the odd‐numbered alcohols only accounted for about 5% and they were non‐acosanol (C₂₉) with 2.92%, heptacosanol (C₂₇) with 1.57% and pentacosanol (C₂₅) with 0.65%.     

Development of Formulations and Processes to Incorporate Wax Oleogels in Ice Cream

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of emulsifiers, waxes, fat concentration, and processing conditions on the application of wax oleogel to replace solid fat content and create optimal fat structure in ice cream. Ice creams with 10% or 15% fat were formulated with rice bran wax (RBW), candelilla wax (CDW), or carnauba wax (CBW) oleogels, containing 10% wax and 90% high‐oleic sunflower oil. The ice creams were produced using batch or continuous freezing processes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo‐scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the microstructure of ice cream and the ultrastructure of oleogel droplets in ice cream mixes. Among the wax oleogels, RBW oleogel had the ability to form and sustain structure in 15% fat ice creams when glycerol monooleate (GMO) was used as the emulsifier. TEM images revealed that the high degree of fat structuring observed in GMO samples was associated with the RBW crystal morphology within the fat droplet, which was characterized by the growth of crystals at the outer edge of the droplet. Continuous freezing improved fat structuring compared to batch freezing. RBW oleogels established better structure compared to CDW or CBW oleogels. These results demonstrate that RBW oleogel has the potential to develop fat structure in ice cream in the presence of GMO and sufficiently high concentrations of oleogel.     

Properties of Cookies Made with Natural Wax–Vegetable Oil Organogels

The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of cookies in which the conventional margarine is replaced with an organogel of vegetable oil (VO) and natural wax. New cookies from VO organogels contain no trans fats and much less saturated fats than cookies made with a conventional margarine. To understand the effects of different kinds of waxes, organogels were prepared from 4 different waxes including sunflower wax (SW), rice bran wax (RBW), beeswax, and candelilla wax and properties of cookie dough and cookie were evaluated. To investigate the effects of different VOs on the properties of cookies, 3 VOs including olive oil, soybean oil and flaxseed oil representing oils rich in oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), and linolenic acid (18:3), respectively, were used. Both the wax and VO significantly affected properties of organogel such as firmness and melting behavior shown in differential scanning calorimetry. The highest firmness of organogel was observed with SW and flaxseed oil. Properties of dough such as hardness and melting behavior were also significantly affected by wax and VO while trends were somewhat different from those for organogels. SW and RBW provided greatest hardnesses to cookie dough. However, hardness, spread factor, and fracturability of cookie containing the wax–VO organogel were not significantly affected by different waxes and VOs. Several cookies made with wax–VO organogels showed similar properties to cookies made with a commercial margarine. Therefore, this study shows the high feasibility of utilization of the organogel technology in real foods such as cookies rich in unsaturated fats.     

The Potential Application of Rice Bran Wax Oleogel to Replace Solid Fat and Enhance Unsaturated Fat Content in Ice Cream

The development of structure in ice cream, characterized by its smooth texture and resistance to collapse during melting, depends, in part, on the presence of solid fat during the whipping and freezing steps. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential application of 10% rice bran wax (RBW) oleogel, comprised 90% high‐oleic sunflower oil and 10% RBW, to replace solid fat in ice cream. A commercial blend of 80% saturated mono‐ and diglycerides and 20% polysorbate 80 was used as the emulsifier. Standard ice cream measurements, cryo‐scanning electron microscopy (cryo‐SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate the formation of structure in ice cream. RBW oleogel produced higher levels of overrun when compared to a liquid oil ice cream sample, creating a lighter sample with good texture and appearance. However, those results were not associated with higher meltdown resistance. Microscopy revealed larger aggregation of RBW oleogel fat droplets at the air cell interface and distortion of the shape of air cells and fat droplets. Although the RBW oleogel did not develop sufficient structure in ice cream to maintain shape during meltdown when a mono‐ and diglycerides and polysorbate 80 blend was used as the emulsifier, micro‐ and ultrastructure investigations suggested that RBW oleogel did induce formation of a fat globule network in ice cream, suggesting that further optimization could lead to an alternative to saturated fat sources for ice cream applications.     

Three phase partitioning for simultaneous extraction of oil,protein and polysaccharide from rice bran

Three phase partitioning (TPP) technique was used to extract oil, protein and polysaccharides simultaneously from rice bran. The fatty acid composition of rice bran oil (RBO) and structure of rice bran protein (RBP) and rice bran polysaccharides (RBPS) were analyzed. Under the optimal conditions of (NH₄)₂SO₄ concentration 28% (w/v), slurry to t-butanol ratio 1:1.1 (v/v), pH 5.10, extraction temperature 40 °C and extraction time 1 h, the highest extraction yields of RBO, RBP and RBPS were 17.28%, 6.81% and 2.09%, respectively. The fatty acid composition of RBO was analyzed by GC, the structure of RBP was analyzed by FTIR and SDS-PAGE, and the structure of RBPS was analyzed by FTIR. The results were similar to those obtained by other methods. Therefore, TPP can be used as an effective technology for simultaneous extraction of oil, protein and polysaccharide from rice bran.     

米糠蜡对大豆油凝胶特性的影响研究

在大豆油中添加米糠蜡以制备凝胶油。考察了米糠蜡添加量和冷却温度对凝胶油的影响。结果表明:米糠蜡添加量为8%时,在常温下能形成凝胶油且口感较好,具有一定的塑性。随着米糠蜡添加量的增加,米糠蜡凝胶油在硬度增加的过程中,胶着度下降,弹性和咀嚼度也随之下降,回复性基本不变。此外,在弹性以及黏聚性方面,米糠蜡凝胶油和人造黄油接近。随着米糠蜡添加量的增加,凝胶油的熔融温度和结晶温度升高。     

米糠蜡添加量对亚麻籽油基油凝胶结构及性质的影响

为探究亚麻籽油基油凝胶作为替代传统塑性脂肪的潜力,以米糠蜡为凝胶剂,探究不同米糠蜡添加量对亚麻籽油基油凝胶外观形态、微观结构、持油率、理化性质及热力学性质的影响。结果表明：在室温条件下,米糠蜡添加量不小于6%时才会使亚麻籽油凝胶化;随着米糠蜡添加量的增加,油凝胶的结晶网络结构由簇状逐渐转变为针状,结晶密度增大;油凝胶的持油率、酸值以及熔融峰/结晶峰峰值温度均随着米糠蜡添加量的增加而增大;油凝胶的过氧化值随着米糠蜡添加量的增加呈现先增后减的趋势。综上,在亚麻籽油中添加适量的米糠蜡可形成热塑性好、结构稳定、理化性质良好、持油率高的油凝胶。     

机械化蜡染中蜡的回收方法比较

将目前机械化蜡染厂采用的气浮回收蜡和我们实验室使用的热水脱蜡法、有机溶剂萃取回收法、水基表面活性剂乳液回收法及干法除蜡等方法比较。结果表明：热水脱蜡法是最适合机械化蜡染厂进行蜡的回收．回收成本低、回收率高达95％以上、回收蜡可直接用于蜡染，并且脱蜡废水大幅减少，可为污染严重的蜡染生产企业解决环保问题．     

超声波辅助提取漆籽皮中漆蜡及其理化特性分析

研究从漆籽皮提取漆蜡超声波辅助浸提工艺及漆蜡理化特性,以提取得率为指标,选择石油醚为提取溶剂,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验确定超声波辅助提取漆蜡最佳工艺条件.结果表明,最佳提取工艺参数为:物料粒度40～60目、液固比12:1(ml/g)、超声温度65℃、超声时间80min、超声功率140W,在此条件下,漆蜡提取率达...     

超声辅助乙醇提取米糠油

以米糠为原料,采用超声辅助乙醇法提取米糠油,对比分析不同提取方式对米糠油的提油率、蜡含量、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸数、皂化值、β-胡萝卜素和γ-谷维素含量,以及抗氧化活性等指标的影响。结果表明,采用超声辅助乙醇法提取米糠油,在40 kHz下超声处理20 min,提油率可达14.2%,为正己烷萃取的91.6%。对米糠油的理化性质分析发现,超声处理显著增加了米糠油中蜡含量、过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸数,因此超声处理时间不宜过长。另外,超声辅助乙醇提取对提高米糠油的β-胡萝卜素和γ-谷维素含量,以及改善抗氧化活性均具有一定的积极作用。总体而言,利用超声辅助乙醇提取米糠油可以获得较好的提油率,并且提高β-胡萝卜素和γ-谷维素等活性成分的含量,是一种高效可行的提取米糠油的方式。     

超声波在米糠蜡水解中的应用研究

米糠蜡水解一直是米糠蜡综合利用过程的难点。本文对常压水解、中压水解、超声波水解进行了比较研究。研究结果表明，超声波水解可以大大缩短糠蜡水解时间，提高水解率。     

库尔勒香梨表皮蜡质提取条件研究及成分分析

采用溶剂萃取法,结合柱层析技术与气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）,对库尔勒香梨表皮蜡质提取条件与柱洗脱组分进行了研究。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为三氯甲烷与二氯甲烷混合体积比2∶1,料液比1∶2.5（g:mL）,提取时间75 s。在此最佳条件下,蜡质提取量为（56.4±0.3） mg/100 g。蜡质成分以极性馏分和非极性馏分为主,相对含量分别为65.30%和25.90%,弱极性馏分最少为8.80%。蜡质成分中共鉴定出59种化合物,22种脂肪酸,17种酯类,16种烷烃及4种烯烃。为后续进一步探究库尔勒香梨表皮蜡质成分与贮藏特性之间的关系提供理论依据。     

植物蜡及液态植物油构建油凝胶的物性研究

以米糠蜡、棕榈蜡、蜂蜡3种食品级植物蜡为凝胶剂,葵花籽油、油茶籽油、亚麻籽油、棉籽油为基料油,构建了植物油基油凝胶,系统分析了油凝胶的外观形态、持油能力、微观结构、硬度、晶型及熔化结晶行为。结果发现,棕榈蜡基油凝胶涂抹性能优良,蜂蜡基油凝胶在三者中具有最高的持油能力。微观分析表明,米糠蜡形成的油凝胶晶体结构较为清晰,呈细长的针状;蜂蜡形成的油凝胶晶体结构最为细小,呈细小的针状;棕榈蜡形成的油凝胶,针型细密,并呈絮状结晶。晶体密度及样品硬度均随凝胶剂质量分数增加而增加。油凝胶的晶型与凝胶剂质量分数、基料油的种类无太大关系,主要取决于凝胶剂的种类。熔化结晶行为表明,凝胶剂种类相同时,随着其质量分数的增加,油凝胶的结晶/熔化峰值温度均升高。     

蜡染印花废水处理及回收研究

探讨了经乳化和氢氧化钠处理的蜡染印花废水（分类回收）中蜡（蜡染印花中蜡的主要成分是松香）的分离、脱水、熬制，最终得到合格回收蜡．     

碾米工艺对米糠关键组分影响研究初探

为了提高米糠利用水平,开展米糠中关键组分的精准化分离研究至关重要。通过砂轮型号、碾磨转速和碾磨时间等参数对米糠中关键组分如蜡、粗脂肪和粗蛋白等组分含量影响变化进行研究,并通过扫描电镜、多元回归分析和相关性分析等手段进行表征和建模。结果表明:糙米中各组分电镜表征呈现层级交替分布的特点,从外到里依次为蜡酯层、纤维层、脂肪-蛋白层和淀粉层;米糠关键组分最高含量及其碾米工艺组合分别为:蜡0.67%(860 rpm,1.0 min)、粗脂肪18.37%(1060 rpm,1.0 min)、粗蛋白18.59%(960 rpm,2.0 min)、粗纤维16.85%(760 rpm,0.5 min)和淀粉41.12%(1060 rpm,2.5 min);砂轮型号对于蜡含量和粗纤维含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),而碾磨时间对米糠得率和淀粉含有极显著影响(P<0.01),碾磨转速除粗蛋白含量外均具有显著性的影响(P<0.05);粗纤维与其余变量整体上具有更高的极显著相关性,相关性系数分别为0.84(蜡)、0.83(粗脂肪)、0.73(粗蛋白)、–0.69(淀粉)和–0.42(米糠得率)。采用细碾和粗碾相结合的方式可以实现米糠关键组分的精准分离。     

米糠蜡基脂肪醇消泡剂的制备及其性能

将精制米糠蜡用于高级脂肪醇消泡剂的制备,并对其应用性能及稳定性进行了研究。与传统高级脂肪醇相比,精制米糠蜡具有类似的化学结构,但同时具有更宽的熔程、更高的熔点和更大的接触角,适合用于制备脂肪醇消泡剂。经过优化乳化工艺制备的精制米糠蜡基脂肪醇消泡剂,在35~55℃范围内均具有优异的消/抑泡能力。利用多重光散射仪对乳液的稳定性进行分析,结果表明:米糠蜡基脂肪醇消泡剂在低温(4℃)、室温(25℃)和高温(55℃)下均具有非常低的TSI不稳定系数,具有良好的全天候储存稳定性。将其工业化应用后,米糠蜡基脂肪醇消泡剂可以在用量降低10%~15%的情况下,仍可保持更低的白水空气含量。作为农产品剩余物的米糠蜡,可以在脂肪醇消泡剂领域实现其高附加值应用。     

数字喷墨印花仿蜡印工艺初探

介绍了采用数字喷墨印花技术制作仿蜡印织物的方法及工艺.首先制作了手工蜡印样品,然后用绘图软件描出与样品图案一致的原始数字图稿,使用计算机仿真技术模拟冰纹效果,将仿真蜡印数字图稿在织物上进行喷墨印花,将印花后的织物放入温度为150℃的焙烘箱烘干,时间为3 min.实验结果表明,喷墨印花技术可以简便快捷地获得与手工蜡印相近...     

以稻米油为基油制备稻米调和油及其煎炸性能的研究

对稻米油、稻米调和油、添加0.02%迷迭香提取物的稻米调和油和添加0.06%茶多酚的稻米调和油4种煎炸油进行土豆条连续煎炸试验,对比4种煎炸油在煎炸过程中的极性组分、脂肪酸组成、维生素E、甾醇、谷维素、反式脂肪酸(TFA)、3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和苯并芘含量变化,综合评估其煎炸性能。结果表明:稻米油、稻米调和油、添加迷迭香提取物的稻米调和油和添加茶多酚的稻米调和油的极性组分含量分别在煎炸10、14、16 h和14 h超过国家标准;稻米调和油的谷维素保留率均优于稻米油;添加迷迭香提取物有利于维生素E和谷维素的保留;添加茶多酚有利于甾醇的保留;反式脂肪酸和苯并芘的含量均未超过国家标准限值。     

蜡防印花织物生产质量问题探讨

阐述了蜡印布生产中化蜡、印蜡、染色、甩蜡、水洗、碱洗和染蜡纹等工序易产生的几个主要问题；分析了原因，提出了针对性的方法，如调整蜡印配方，筛选印蜡组分，加入合适的消泡去隙剂等，从而解决了蜡酥、气隙等蜡印生产中普遍存在的难点。