钼合金粉末冶金研究进展

钼及其合金具有优异的高温力学性能,被广泛应用于冶金、机械、化工、航空和核工业等领域。粉末冶金是钼合金的主要制备方法。通过固溶强化、第二相强化、细晶强化等多种强化手段可以提高钼合金的力学性能,从而拓宽钼合金的应用范围。本文介绍了粉末冶金制备钼合金的研究进展,包括粉体制备方法、压制工艺及坯体烧结工艺等,讨论了钼合金的强韧化方法及其机理,并展望了粉末冶金法制备钼合金的发展方向,以期对钼合金的设计和制备提供一些思路。     

钼及钼合金粉末冶金技术研究现状与发展

系统总结了钼及钼合金粉末冶金技术的研究进展和工业应用现状。分别论述了钼粉末冶金理论、超细(纳米)钼粉、大粒度(和高流动性)钼粉、高纯钼粉、新型钼成型技术、新型钼烧结技术、钼粉末冶金过程数值模拟技术等7个研究方向的技术原理、技术特点、设备结构和工业应用现状,并分析其发展前景。     

大尺寸掺镧钼棒烧结均匀性的影响因素分析

针对生产中大尺寸掺镧钼棒烧结后出现的组织均匀性问题,对原料钼粉的粒度组成、烧结方式及工艺等影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:钼粉粒度组成和烧结工艺均对大规格钼棒坯的均匀性有重要影响,在利用中频炉进行烧结时降低升温速率、延长烧结时间,容易得到组织均匀的大规格掺镧钼棒坯制品。而钼粉粒度分布范围越窄,粒度组成中细和粗颗粒粉含量相对较少时,合金钼棒烧结后容易得到均匀的组织。     

钼合金顶头制备技术研究进展

钼合金顶头是生产不锈钢等高合金含量无缝钢管的关键工具之一。从钼合金顶头的化学成分、掺杂工艺、粉体粒度和烧结工艺等方面入手,研究影响顶头力学性能和使用寿命的主要因素。分析了不同合金元素及添加方式对合金强韧化机理的影响,讨论了粉体掺杂工艺、粉体粒度分布及控制对于后续制备过程中获得致密、均一组织的影响,对比了传统烧结工艺、活化烧结技术和新型烧结技术的优缺点,并为今后烧结成形工艺的研究提供了一些新思路。     

纯钼烧结规律研究

系统研究了在1 000～1 900℃温度范围采用H2气氛中频感应加热烧结纯钼坯过程中不同温度阶段O含量、微观形貌、孔隙、密度、抗弯强度的变化规律。结果表明:随烧结温度提高钼坯O含量逐渐降低,最终降至30mg/kg左右。钼坯密度随温度升高呈增大趋势,致密化的本质是微观形态烧结变化的结果。致密进程可分为4个阶段,各阶段微观晶粒及孔隙作用机制不一致。抗弯强度与致密进程紧密联系但两者随温度变化趋势有所不同。     

钼合金及其粉末冶金技术研究现状与发展趋势

系统总结了钼合金及其粉末冶金技术的研究进展和工业应用现状。分析了钼材料脆性产生的两大原因:本征脆性和间隙杂质在晶界上的富集。系统论述了钼金属的主要强韧化技术的作用机制及发展现状。依次论述了钼粉末冶金理论、超细(纳米)钼粉、超大钼粉、高纯钼粉、新型钼成型技术、新型钼烧结技术等钼粉末冶金技术的原理、特点和工业应用现状,并分析了其发展前景。     

稀土氧化物粒子对钼合金粉末冶金过程及力学性能的影响

试验研究了掺杂La2O3、Y2O3、CeO2稀土氧化物颗粒对钼合金的粉末物性、烧结进程、制品的烧结致密度及压力加工丝材的室温力学性能的影响规律。试验结果表明,掺杂稀土氧化物粒子细化了钼粉的粒度,降低了松装密度和粒度分布范围,同时导致粉末团聚现象增多;稀土氧化物粒子延迟了钼合金的烧结进程,降低了烧结制品的致密度,同时细化了烧结体晶粒尺寸。稀土氧化物粒子以弥散强化和细晶强化的形式,提高了钼合金丝的室温强度。CeO2显著提高了钼合金丝的室温韧性,La2O3、Y2O3则降低了钼合金丝的室温韧性。     

熔渗用多孔钼骨架制备工艺研究

采用2种不同粒度的钼粉,在其中添加不同比例的添加剂,经压制烧结,制备了孔隙率在10%～50%的熔渗钼铜合金用多孔钼骨架。通过SEM对多孔钼骨架的微观形貌进行了观察,并研究了制备及烧结过程中粉末粒度、添加剂含量、压坯致密度及烧结温度对钼骨架孔致密化及孔隙形貌的影响。     

La2O3对钼烧结坯力学性能的影响

本文研究了La2O3对钼烧结坯力学性能的影响。将纯钼及不同La2O3含量的ODS钼合金在1500℃和2050℃真空退火后，测试其力学性能。结果表明，添加La2O3后，无论是轧制状态还是高温退火后，材料的抗拉强度均显著高于相同加工状态的纯钼。La2O3强化钼合金的再结晶温度显著提高，因此具有优异的高温性能，从而改善了材料从高温加热回复至室温的低温脆性。     

掺杂Si-Al-K对钼粉及其烧结制品组织、性能的影响

研究了不同含量掺杂元素对钼粉形貌、烧结坯及钼丝微观组织的影响。研究表明，随着掺杂元素含量的升高，钼粉粒度逐步细化：在烧结过程中，掺杂元素在烧结坯形成非晶相的第二相粒子，并且随着掺杂元素含量的升高，第二相粒子的分布密度增大，使烧结坯晶粒得到细化；在加工过程中，烧结坯中的第二相粒子碎化为粒子串，粒子串分布于纤维晶界处，可改善钼丝性能。     

Deoxidation of molybdenum during vacuum sintering

Molybdenum is usually fabricated through the powder metallurgy (P/M) process, using fine powders with a relatively high oxygen content. Oxygen, however, is one of the main elements causing embrittlement during the deformation processing of molybdenum, such as rolling, extrusion, and forging. Thus, how to deoxidize the compact as completely as possible is critical in the P/M process. This study shows that, as an alternative to hydrogen reduction, molybdenum oxides can be reduced by adding organic lubricants to the compact and by sintering the compact under high vacuum with long sintering times. After 10 hours of sintering at 1750 °C and a 0.03 torr vacuum, the oxygen content decreased from 0.927 wt pct of the green compact to 0.017 wt pct. The ductility also improved significantly compared to compacts sintered for 5 hours, which contained 0.218 wt pct oxygen. The morphology evolution, weight changes, and the X-ray analysis indicated that the oxide was first present in the form of MoO₃. It was then transformed into MoO₂ before deoxidation was completed. Two deoxidation mechanisms were identified: evaporation and decomposition of MoO₃ and MoO₂, with evaporation being dominant in the early-stage sintering and decomposition being dominant in the later stage.     

Sintering of Tungsten and Tungsten Heavy Alloys of W–Ni–Fe and W–Ni–Cu: A Review

Tungsten is a refractory metal possessing good mechanical properties of high strength, high yield point, and high resistance to creep. Therefore, tungsten and its alloys are used in many high temperature applications. Due to the high melting point, they are generally processed through powder metallurgy method. The powders are compacted using die pressing or isostatic pressing. The compacts are sintered in a sintering furnace to achieve high density, thereby, making the metal suitable for further processing. This article reviews the recent research findings of consolidating tungsten and its alloys (W–Ni–Fe and W–Ni–Cu), from preparation of powder alloys to sintering of the compact. The advances in sintering are based on the objective of achieving good densification of the metal at lower temperature and at faster rate. The use of microwave sintering and spark plasma sintering techniques resulted in significant reduction in sintering time and producing products of good mechanical properties.     

HfC含量对钼钛锆合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

在钼钛锆（titanium zirconium molybdenum alloy,TZM）合金粉末中分别添加质量分数为0、0.25%、0.50%、1.00%的HfC粉末颗粒,利用粉末冶金结合轧制变形的方法制备多元复合强化钼合金。通过金相组织观察、扫描电子显微镜形貌表征、能谱分析以及力学性能测试等手段,研究了HfC颗粒对TZM合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,添加HfC颗粒可以抑制TZM合金晶粒在烧结过程中的长大,但添加量超过0.50%时,抑制效果减弱。当HfC颗粒质量分数为0.25%时,TZM合金的室温和高温抗拉强度最强,维氏硬度最高,塑性最优。     

Y2O3含量对钼合金组织和性能的影响

采用粉末冶金方法制备含Y2O3的稀土钼合金,利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、能谱分析(EDS)等手段对钼合金的断裂特征和组织结构进行对比分析,研究稀土氧化物Y2O3含量对钼合金组织和性能的影响.研究表明:添加Y2O3能细化晶粒、改善钼合金的晶粒均匀性和致密度、提高钼合金的性能:拉伸强度和屈服强度随Y2O3含量的增加呈现先增高后降低的趋势,在Y2O3含量为1％时,抗拉强度达511.43MPa,屈服强度456.99MPa,分别是纯钼材料的1.31倍和1.57倍,综合力学性能最佳;在烧结坯中,Y2O3颗粒分布均匀,主要以球形和等轴状形式存在于晶界上.     

铜基粉末冶金双锥同步器同步环的加工及优化

以-200目电解铜粉和雾化细黄铜粉为原料, 利用喷撒烧结设备、拉伸成锥设备及模具, 研究了铜基粉末冶金双锥同步器同步环的撒粉烧结和拉伸成锥工艺。结果表明, 铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的孔隙率保持在30%左右, 且孔隙呈细微和均匀分布; 摩擦材料层的平均动摩擦系数为0.081, 静摩擦系数为0.146, 磨耗率为8.70×10-9 cm3/J; 该材料在随钢芯板冷拉伸成锥形时不掉渣, 厚薄均匀, 锥度、圆度及尺寸变化很小, 其原料配方和拉伸成锥工艺可适用与大批量生产。     

Dopant particle characterization and bubble evolution in aluminum-potassium-silicon-doped molybdenum wire

The present article describes the creation of dopant inclusions in aluminum-potassium-silicon (AKS)-doped molybdenum powder and the generation of potassium bubbles in doped molybdenum wire. Molybdenum wire is used extensively in the incandescent lamp industry for coiling mandrels, filament support wires, and foil seals. The AKS-doped molybdenum wire is an important product, because it possesses greater high-temperature strength and a higher recrystallization temperature than undoped molybdenum; both of these properties are important for structural applications in lamps. The AKS-doped molybdenum wire is produced in a similar manner to AKS-doped tungsten wire, but lower processing temperatures are typically used for the production of molybdenum wire. Previous studies on AKS-doped tungsten wire have shown that the dispersion which provides the interlocking grain structure in recrystallized tungsten wire is bubbles of elemental potassium; these enhance incandescent lamp filament life. However, there is little previous work on the potassium-containing dispersion in AKS-doped molybdenum wire. In AKS-doped molybdenum, the dispersion can be either potassium bubbles, or solid oxide particles, depending on the processing method. This article will describe a series of analyses of doped molybdenum wire and its precursors, namely, doped powder and sintered ingots. The roles of high- and low-temperature sintering are also described.     

Netshaping concepts for tungsten alloys and composites

Abstract

The conventional powder metallurgy (PM) approach of compaction and sintering has been used extensively in the fabrication of tungsten alloys and composite hardmetals based on WC-Co. In fact, these are some of the earliest known materials to have been fabricated by the PM route. The last 15-20 years have seen the emergence of a new shaping technique of powder injection moulding (PIM) which can shape such tungsten metal alloys and composites into complex near net shaped components. The PIM process starts with the mixing of an organic binder with the desired powders in the form of a homogeneous mixture, known as a feedstock. The feedstock, like plastics, can be moulded into near net shapes from which the organic part is removed and then the material can be sintered to almost theoretical density. This produces complex, near net shaped parts that have properties that are comparable to that of the press and sintered materials. This paper will provide a brief overview of the use of PIM in tungsten based alloys and composites and discuss some of the applications of these materials.     

从PM2004看世界粉末冶金的发展现状

详细介绍了2004年粉末冶金世界大会的基本情况, 概述了国际粉末冶金工业现状, 并按照类别阐述了粉末冶金各技术领域以及材料产品, 如粉末烧结钢、粉末注射成形、粉末制备技术、粉末压制技术、粉末烧结理论与技术、粉末多孔材料、硬质合金、粉末轻金属、粉末零件后续处理加工技术、粉末冶金过程模拟与标准化以及粉末功能材料等的发展趋势。世界粉末冶金的发展现状和趋势表明粉末冶金技术是工业化集成技术, 而不仅仅是一种高技术。