锑掺杂二氧化锡纳米粉体的改性及在涂料中的应用

利用硅烷偶联剂、醇、油酸钠及自制高分子表面活性剂对锑掺杂二氧化锡纳米粉体(ATO)进行表面处理,研究了不同改性剂对粉体分散性的影响.以改性纳米ATO分散浆料和水性聚氨酯为原料,采用共混法制备了纳米复合涂料,并对其隔热性及基本性能进行测试.TEM及离心实验表明,ATO粉体经自制高分子表面活性剂或硅烷偶联剂改性后,分散性明显提高.性能测试表明:ATO粉体的加入能显著提高涂膜硬度及隔热性.     

聚乙二醇在MgAl_2O_4前驱体表面的吸附及改性作用

借助IR光谱、SEM及粒度分析、Zeta电位等测试手段,研究了非离子型表面活性剂聚乙二醇(PEG)大分子对MgAl2O4前驱体表面上的吸附状态和表面性能的影响。结果表明,在沉淀过程中引入PEG1000,并用含有少量PEG1000的溶液洗涤前驱体,可以改变前驱体表面特性,增强空间位阻效应,避免干燥和焙烧过程中形成硬团聚体以及改善粉体的分散性。     

表面活性剂结构对纳米CeO2在水中的分散性影响

采用悬浮液体系吸光度法,研究不同结构表面活性剂对纳米CeO2粉体在水中分散性影响。考察了影响分散稳定性的物理分散方式、表面活性剂的结构和浓度等因素。结果表明,超声波分散效率远优于机械搅拌。表面活性剂作为纳米CeO2在水介质中的分散剂,其分散性与表面活性剂结构有重要关系。非离子型表面活性剂效果优于离子型表面活性剂。非离子型表面活性剂以亲油基团朝向CeO2粒子,且亲油基团链长较长的效果更好;而离子型表面活性剂以亲水基团朝向CeO2粒子,亲水基团小的表面活性剂效果好,亲油基团的链长度影响不太明显。     

反应条件对水热法制备纳米ATO粉体形貌和电性能的影响

以SnCl4·5H2O和SbCl3为原料,采用水热法制备出了纳米级锑掺杂二氧化锡(ATO)导电微粉,运用XRD和TEM等测试手段对粉体进行了表征,比较系统地研究了掺杂量,共沉淀温度,溶液pH值,水热时间、温度和表面活性剂对粉体粒度、形貌和电性能的影响规律.研究表明,合成的ATO粉体分散性较好、导电性能优异,粒径在10nm左右,具有金红石型结构.在ATO纳米导电粉的制备过程中,前驱体制备温度对其性能有很大影响,当共沉淀温度在40-50℃时制得的粉体导电性能最佳.水热条件对粉体的形貌、粒度和导电性也有较大的影响,在200℃,4h,pH=2～4条件下可以制得导电性能良好的ATO粉体,所添加的表面活性剂可以改善粉体的粒径和分散性能,但对粉体的导电性影响极小.掺入Sb3 的量对载流子的迁移率有很大的影响,在掺杂浓度为4～5%左右可制得导电性极佳的纳米ATO粉体.     

常压水热法制备纳米钛酸钡粉体的分散性研究

系统地研究了以廉价的偏钛酸为原料,常压水热法一步合成纳米钛酸钡粉体的分散性问题.通过考察PEG加入方式和加入量,得出了钛酸钡粉体的改性方法.采用PEG分散偏钛酸,保证PEG与偏钛酸摩尔比0.02∶1的条件下制备出分散性良好的钛酸钡粉体.经IR分析表明PEG在偏钛酸颗粒表面产生吸附;TEM分析表明改性后的偏钛酸粉体为分散的球形,钛酸钡粉体为方形,无明显团聚.热分析表明PEG在400℃挥发完全,对粉体的进一步加工不会造成影响.     

非离子表面活性剂对还原氧化石墨烯分散性能的影响

为了提高热还原法制备的还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)在水溶液中的分散性，采用超声波处理结合非离子表面活性剂分散的方法，选择聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、吐温80(TW-80)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)三种非离子表面活性剂，研究RGO的分散性能。通过静置法分析了不同非离子表面活性剂对RGO水溶液的分散稳定性，结果表明添加非离子表面活性剂能有效提高RGO的分散性，其中1.5%PVP K30和3%TW-80处理后的RGO分散稳定性最好。通过拉曼光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等对分散后的RGO进行了表征，结果表明，分散后RGO的层间距增大，PVP K30-RGO的表面褶皱较少，较为光滑，且层间距最大，为0.42nm。     

纳米Cu-Ni复合氧化物的制备及表征

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米Cu-Ni复合氧化物,利用DTA、XRD、TEM等方法对样品结构和性质进行了表征,研究了前驱体焙烧温度、原料浓度、搅拌速度和表面活性剂对粉体晶形和粒度的影响.结果表明,焙烧温度为350℃时能制得CuO-NiO复合物,其尺度为纳米结构;原料液浓度越低,搅拌速度越小,纳米粉体越易团聚;聚乙二醇表面活性剂对纳米粉体有良好的分散作用,颗粒较均匀.     

球形纳米氧化钇粉体的制备工艺

以尿素为沉淀剂,Y(NO_3)_3为钇源,选用不同表面活性剂,采用均相沉淀法成功制备不同粒径的球形纳米氧化钇粉体(Y_2O_3);研究反应时间、反应温度、反应物浓度、表面活性剂类型及用量对Y_2O_3形貌及粒径的影响;通过激光粒度Zeta电位仪、SEM对样品进行表征。结果表明,反应时间、反应物浓度、表面活性剂、反应温度会影响粉体的分散性及粒径大小;CTAB与PEG-4000复合使用,可显著减小Y_2O_3的粒径,提高粉体分散性,得到的氧化钇粒径大小约为50 nm。     

BaTiO3纳米粉体的制备与表征

采用溶胶 -沉淀工艺制备BaTiO3 纳米粉体 ,探讨了沉淀剂NaOH溶液浓度对制备BaTiO3 粉体相组成的影响 ,提出了溶胶 -沉淀法合成纯相BaTiO3 的反应机理。并对沉淀水洗后的湿凝胶进行表面改性 ,探讨了添加表面活性剂及有机溶剂脱水过程对粉体团聚程度的有效控制     

PVP对溶剂热合成FeS2(Pyrite)的形貌控制研究

采用溶剂热合成技术,以FeSO4和(NH2)2CS为反应前驱物,在聚乙烯吡略烷酮(PVP)作表面活性剂的醇-水体系中获得了晶粒完整的FeS2(Pyrite)粉体.借助X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对合成样品的晶相组成、分散性、形貌进行了分析与表征,结果表明,以PVP为表面活性剂可以显著提高产物的分散性,适当调节PVP的用量可以有效调控FeS2晶体的大小与形貌.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。