Multi-Objective Firefly Integration with the K-Nearest Neighbor to Reduce Simulation Model Calls to Accelerate the Optimal Operation of Multi-Objective Reservoirs

Reservoirs are used as one of the surface water sources for different and often conflicting water supply purposes. Given the complex management policies governing a basin, it is essential to simultaneously consider different goals and cope with the associated trade-off in water resources management. This purpose requires coupling a multi-objective optimization algorithm with a reservoir simulation model, which this approach increases required computational efforts. Various simulation–optimization approaches have been developed and used for solving the related problems. However, they often have complicated methods and certain limitations in real-world applications. In this study, a new multi-objective firefly algorithm—K nearest neighbor (MOFA-KNN) hybrid algorithm is developed which is time-efficient and is not as complicated as previous approaches. The proposed algorithm was evaluated for both benchmark and real problems. The results of the benchmark problem showed that the execution time of the MOFA-KNN hybrid algorithm was up to 99.98% less than that of the multi-objective firefly algorithm (MOFA). In the real problem, the MOFA-KNN algorithm was linked to the 2D hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2, to test the developed framework for reservoir operation. The Aidoghmoush reservoir as a case study investigated to minimize the total released dissolved solids (TDS) and the water temperature difference between the inflow and the outflow. The results demonstrated that the MOFA-KNN algorithm significantly reduced the simulation–optimization execution time (>?660 times compared with MOFA). The minimum released TDS from the reservoir was 13.6 mg /l and the minimum temperature difference was 0.005 °C.

     

Multiobjective Calibration of Reservoir Water Quality Modeling Using Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO)

Water resource management encounters large variety of multi objective problems that require powerful optimization tools in order to fully characterize the existing tradeoffs between various objectives that can be minimizing difference between forecasted physical, chemical, and biological behaviors of model and measured data. Calibration of complex water quality models for river and reservoir systems may include conflicting objectives addressed by various combinations of interacting calibration parameters. Calibration of the two dimensional CE-QUAL-W2 water quality and hydrodynamic model is an excellent example where the model must be calibrated for both hydrodynamic and water quality behavior. The aim of the present study is to show how multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) can be implemented for automatic calibration of water quality and hydrodynamic parameters of a 2-dimensional, hydrodynamic, and water quality models (CEQUAL-W2) to predict physical, chemical, and biological behaviors of a water body, and then focus on a relevant case study. So MOPSO is utilized to generate Pareto optimal solutions for two conflicting calibration objectives. A combined measure of thermal and reservoir water level is considered as the first calibration objective. The second objective is formulated to forecast the best physical, chemical, and biological behavior of the model. Realizing the strong interactions between water quality and hydrodynamic issues of water bodies and their dependencies on the same set of calibration parameters, the proposed multiobjective approach may provide a wide version of all possible calibration solutions for better decision making to select best solution from pareto front.     

东风西沙水库突发性溢油事故风险等级判定

以崇明岛重要原水工程东风西沙水库为研究对象,基于PSR模型建立风险源、风险受体及风险响应的溢油风险指标体系,压力层选取访问概率、泄漏总量、油品种类3个指标,状态层选取库内水量可供水天数、泵闸联动补水时间2个指标,响应层选取应急预案应对能力、应急响应时间2个指标,运用AHP法确定不同指标的权重,划分溢油事故风险等级,为崇明县正常供水及水库风险防范提供依据。     

Calibration of CE-QUAL-W2 for a monomictic reservoir in a monsoon climate area.

The impact of inflow mixing on reservoir stratification is significant for reservoirs situated in a monsoon climate area. It cause difficulty in the calibration of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 that was recently adopted for a real-time turbidity monitoring and modelling system (RTMMS) for a reservoir in Korea. This paper presents a systematic calibration and verification processe of the model for the reservoir. A sensitivity analysis showed that wind sheltering, Chezy, and sediment heat exchange coefficients are most sensitive to stratification structure. Inflow temperature was very sensitive during a year of normal precipitation, but it is not significant during a year of drought. Residual analysis revealed that the model has shortcomings in the simulation of water temperature near the metalimnetic zone without calibration. After calibration, however, the absolute mean errors between observed and simulated values were placed within 0.116-1.190 degrees C. Its performance was maintained under heavy flood events during the verification stage, which implies that the model is ready to use for the simulation of turbidity plume in the RTMMS under various hydrologic conditions. The suggested model calibration strategy and relevant results may be adopted for other reservoirs located in a monsoon climate area.     

基于模拟-优化模式的供水水库群联合调度规则研究

提出了基于模拟-优化模式的混联供水水库群联合优化调度规则求解框架。首先,通过构建虚拟聚合水库,编制联合调度图,以做出水库群对各用水户的供水方案;其次,通过优化成员水库供水任务分配因子,并结合供水水库群常规调度规则,实现共同供水任务在水库间的优化分配。采用改进粒子群算法 （NSPSO） 对观音阁-葠窝-汤河水库群联合供水调度模型决策变量 （联合调度图调度线位置和成员水库供水任务分配因子） 进行多目标优化,分析联合供水调度过程中目标之间的竞争关系,检验联合调度规则的合理性与有效性以及NSPSO算法的优化效率。     

狭长型水库蓄水至初期运行阶段水温演化规律研究

高拱坝建成后,上游将形成典型的狭长河道型水库,水库水温分层变化规律与大坝结构安全密切相关,对其进行跟踪反馈研究具有重要意义。本文基于溪洛渡水库近4年的水库水温及相关监测资料,同时考虑水库的实际地形信息、气象资料、水文资料和调度资料,引入CE-QUAL-W2模型,实现了水库从开始蓄水到初期运行阶段的水库水温模拟,计算结果与实测数据吻合良好,验证了水动力模型CE-QUAL-W2的适用性。研究结果表明,由于溪洛渡水库河道狭长且水深较深的特殊性,水库在初期蓄水成库过程中,水温一直与河水温度基本相同,水库蓄水接近正常水位后,将逐渐形成4个明显的区域：水位变动区、温度不稳定区、温度过渡区和温度相对稳定区,不同区域水温随季节变化的特性不同。其中,库底温度基本保持稳定,过渡区温度也相对稳定,主要受低温季节来水温度影响。研究结论可为类似高拱坝工程结构设计考虑温度荷载时提供参考。     

Particle Swarm Optimization for Automatic Calibration of Large Scale Water Quality Model (CE-QUAL-W2): Application to Karkheh Reservoir,Iran

An automatic calibration of water quality model is developed in this research. Automatic calibration as the process to determine the parameters appearing in the equations of a 2-dimensional, hydrodynamic, and water quality models (CE-QUAL-W2) is carried out with Particle Swarm technique as an optimization tool. In the calibration of the CE-QUAl-W2 model, evaporation as a significant parameter influences the thermal profile and water surface elevation in reservoir, simultaneously. Therefore to consider the simultaneous effects of the water temperature variations on water surface elevation in the reservoir, a multi objective technique is used to minimize the weighted sum of total deviations of temperature from field data at check points on monitoring days and those of water surface elevation on daily monitoring period. The proposed approach overcomes the high computational efforts required if a conventional calibration search technique was used, while retaining the quality of the final calibration results. The automatic calibration approach is applied in temperature and water budget calibration of Karkheh reservoir in Iran. Applying the proposed automatic calibration approach, shows the produced results by the CE-QUAL-W2 model with the calibrated coefficients agree closely with a set of field data.     

Improved Reservoir Operation Using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Neurofuzzy Computing

A hybrid genetic and neurofuzzy computing algorithm was developed to enhance efficiency of water management for a multipurpose reservoir system. The genetic algorithm was applied to search for the optimal input combination of a neurofuzzy system. The optimal model structure is modified using the selection index (SI) criterion expressed as the weighted combination of normalized values of root mean square error (RMSE) and maximum absolute percentage of error (MAPE). The hybrid learning algorithm combines the gradient descent and the least-square methods to train the genetic-based neurofuzzy network by adjusting the parameters of the neurofuzzy system. The applicability of this modeling approach is demonstrated through an operational study of the Pasak Jolasid Reservoir in Pasak River Basin, Thailand. The optimal reservoir releases are determined based on the reservoir inflow, storage stage, sideflow, diversion flow from the adjoining basin, and the water demand. Reliability, vulnerability and resiliency are used as indicators to evaluate the model performance in meeting objectives of satisfying water demand and maximizing flood prevention. Results of the performance evaluation indicate that the releases predicted by the genetic-based neurofuzzy model gave higher reliability for water supply and flood protection compared to the actual operation, the releases based on simulation following the current rule curve, and the predicted releases based on other approaches such as the fuzzy rule-based model and the neurofuzzy model. Also the predicted releases based on the newly developed approach result in the lowest amount of deficit and spill indicating that the developed modeling approach would assist in improved operation of Pasak Jolasid Reservoir.     

基于GPU和数据同化的深水湖库水温与溶解氧中短期预报

深水水库通常存在季节性温度分层,由温度分层引起溶解氧等水质指标的分层还会诱发库区水环境水生态问题。当前在中短期时间尺度上对水库水温和溶解氧进行预报的研究相对较少,提高数学模型的模拟效率与精度对提升中短期预报效果至关重要。本文采用集合卡尔曼滤波算法作为同化方法,基于CE-QUAL-W2模型建立水库水动力水质数学模型,基于OpenACC的GPU并行方法提升模型计算效率,构建大黑汀水库水温与溶解氧的数据同化系统,在中短期时间尺度上开展水库水温与溶解氧高精度、高效率预报。预报结果符合水库水温与溶解氧的中短期变化规律,能够为大黑汀水库的供水与生态安全提供技术支撑。     

Climate change impact on water quality in the integrated Mahabad Dam watershed-reservoir system

Climate change, besides global warming, is expected to intensify the hydrological cycle, which can impact watershed nutrient yields and affect water quality in the receiving water bodies. The Mahabad Dam Reservoir in northwest Iran is a eutrophic reservoir due to excessive watershed nutrient input, which could be exacerbated due to climate change. In this regard, a holistic approach was employed by linking a climate model (CanESM2), watershed-scale model (SWAT), and reservoir water quality model (CE-QUAL-W2). The triple model investigates the cumulative climate change effects on hydrological parameters, watershed yields, and the reservoir’s water quality. The SDSM model downscaled the output of the climate model under moderate (RCP4.5) and extreme (RCP8.5) scenarios for the periods of 2021–2040 and 2041–2060. The impact of future climate conditions was investigated on the watershed runoff and total phosphorus (TP) load, and consequently, water quality status in the dam’s reservoir. The results of comparing future conditions (2021–2060) with observed present values under moderate to extreme climate scenarios showed a 4–7% temperature increase and a 6–11% precipitation decrease. Moreover, the SWAT model showed a 9–16% decline in streamflow and a 12–18% decline in the watershed TP load for the same comparative period. Finally, CE-QUAL-W2 model results showed a 3–8% increase in the reservoir water temperature and a 10–16% increase in TP concentration. It indicates that climate change would intensify the thermal stratification and eutrophication level in the reservoir, especially during the year’s warm months. This finding specifies an alarming condition that demands serious preventive and corrective measures.     

长江溢油事故中数值模型的研究与应用

为分析长江溢油事故中溢油输移扩散特征,在二维潮流模型的基础上,采用油粒子模型理论,建立适合溢油事故模拟的二维数值模型。针对水平扩散方式模拟油膜自身扩展存在的响应速度慢、溢油量未获响应的不足,提出了修正方案。在假定工况下,将模型应用于长江镇江—扬州段溢油事故模拟分析,结果表明模型能较好反映溢油在流场、风场、自身风化以及复杂地形条件影响下的平面迁移特征及溢油自身厚度变化特征,能合理预测溢油迁移对研究区中敏感对象的持续影响。研究方法可为长江溢油事故的应急处置及长江水环境保护提供有力的技术支持。     

Improvement of pre- and post-processing environments of the dynamic two-dimensional reservoir model CE-QUAL-W2 based on GIS.

An Environmental Information System (EIS) coupled with a Geographic Information System (GIS) and water quality models is developed to improve the pre- and post-data processing function of CE-QUAL-W2. Since the accuracy of the geometric data in terms of a diverse water body has a great effect on the water quality variables such as the velocity, kinetic reactions, the horizontal and vertical momentum, to prepare the bathymetry information has been considered a difficult issue for modellers who intend to use the model. For identifying Cross Section and Profile Information (CSPI), which precisely contains hydraulic features and geographical configuration of a waterway, the automated CSPI extraction program has been developed using Avenue Language of the PC Arc/view package. The program consists of three major steps: (1) getting the digital depth map of a waterway using GIS techniques; (2) creating a CSPI data set of segments in each branch using the program for CE-QUAL-W2 bathymetry input; (3) selecting the optimal set of bathymetry input by which the calculated water volume meets the observed volume of the water body. Through those approaches, it is clear that the model simulation results in terms of water quality as well as reservoir hydraulics rely upon the accuracy of bathymetry information.     

Coliform transport in a pristine reservoir: Modeling and field studies

This paper reports on field studies and model development aimed at understanding coliform fate and transport in the Quabbin Reservoir, an ofgotrophic drinking water supply reservoir. An investigation of reservoir currents suggested the importance of wind driven phenomena, and that both lateral and vertical circulation patterns exist. In-situ experiments of coliform decay suggested dependence on light intensity and yielded an appropriate decay coefficient to be used in CE-QUAL-W2, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model. Modeling confirmed the sensitivity of reservoir outlet concentration to vertical variability within the reservoir, meteorological conditions, and location of coliform source.     

An Entropy-Based Approach to Fuzzy Multi-objective Optimization of Reservoir Water Quality Monitoring Networks Considering Uncertainties

In this study, a new fuzzy methodology for a multi-objective optimization of reservoir Water Quality Monitoring Stations (WQMS) was developed, based on Transinformation Entropy (TE), the IRanian Water Quality Index (IRWQI), and fuzzy social choice considering uncertainties. The approach was utilized in the Karkheh Dam reservoir in Iran. The objective functions were: 1) minimizing costs, 2) minimizing redundant information and uncertainties, and 3) maximizing the spatial coverage of the network. A CE-QUAL-W2 model was used for the simulation of water quality variables. The IRWQI was computed to reveal a complete picture of the reservoir water quality. The TE quantities were calculated for each pair of potential stations. The TE values were plotted against the spatial distances among potential WQMS to obtain the TE–Distance (TE–D) curve, and minimize redundant information among stations, while providing coverage of the entire network. A multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) was applied to obtain Pareto-optimal solutions taking stakeholder preference into account. The most preferred solution was then obtained using fuzzy social choice approaches to achieve a consensus. The fuzziness embedded in the decision-making procedure, the uncertainty in the value of mutual information, and the uncertainty in identifying the optimal distance among WQMS were also investigated. Results indicated that the three fuzzy social choice approaches (Borda Count, Minimax, and Approval Voting) led to the same number of optimized WQMS in each fuzzy alpha-cut. Based on the fuzzy linguistic quantifiers method, the number of optimized WQMS was increased.     

基于模拟-优化模式的供水水库群联合调度规则研究

提出了基于模拟-优化模式的混联供水水库群联合优化调度规则求解框架。首先，通过构建虚拟聚合水库，编制联合调度图，以做出水库群对各用水户的供水方案；其次，通过优化成员水库供水任务分配因子，并结合供水水库群常规调度规则，实现共同供水任务在水库间的优化分配。采用NSPSO算法对观音阁-葠窝-汤河水库群联合供水调度模型决策变量（联合调度图调度线位置和成员水库供水任务分配因子）进行多目标优化，分析联合供水调度过程中目标之间的竞争关系，检验联合调度规则的合理性与有效性以及NSPSO算法的优化效率。     

Water Transfer Triggering Mechanism for Multi-Reservoir Operation in Inter-Basin Water Transfer-Supply Project

This paper proposes a new water transfer triggering mechanism for multi-reservoir system to divert water from abundant to scarce regions with a constant diversion flow in an inter-basin water transfer-supply project. Taking into account of the uncertain nature of inflow, the storage of reservoir is taken as a signal for decision-making to indicate water abundance or water scarcity. In this study, a set of rule curves based on storage of donor reservoir and storage of recipient reservoir are used together to determine when to start water transfer. To initiate water diversion to each recipient reservoir effectively, several water transfer rule curves of the donor reservoir are set for each recipient reservoir respectively in the multi-reservoir system with one donor reservoir and several recipient reservoirs, which is the main difference in comparison with other water transfer triggering mechanisms. In addition, a systematic framework is developed to integrate the water transfer rule curves with hedging rule curves to simultaneously solve the water transfer and water supply problems, since they interact with each other during the operation process. In order to verify the utility of the new water transfer triggering mechanism, an inter-basin water transfer-supply project in China is used as a case study and an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (IPSO) with a simulation model is adopted for optimizing the decision variables. The results show that the proposed water transfer triggering mechanism can improve the operation performances of the inter-basin system.     

城市原水系统水质水量控制耦合模型研究

针对如何从水质水量两方面提高我国大中型城市原水系统供水安全保障的问题，从原水系统水质水量联合调度出发，采用大系统分散控制形式，在传统水质水量耦合模型研究基础上，增加了以三条信息传递通道（信息输入通道、信息反馈通道、控制信息输出通道）和一个策略分析器（水库的水质调控策略分析器）为主要元素的水质-水量反馈机制，构建了集水量优化调度、水质仿真模拟和水质调控策略分析于一体的城市原水系统水质水量控制耦合模型，采用闭环模式的反馈迭代计算，以利于充分发挥水质模拟结果对水量调度决策的指导作用，并提出了基于有向图广度优先和深度优先混合遍历技术的网络迭代求解方法。在深圳市原水调度系统中应用表明：通过定性控制系统的自动调控，利用水库群对污染物的稀释、净化能力可以快速改善受污染水库的水质，验证了本文模型的可行性和有效性，为提高原水水质安全保障水平提供了新方法。     

Performance Evaluation Model for Multipurpose Multireservoir System Operation

This paper describes the development of a performance evaluation based model for the operation of multipurpose multireservoir in a river basin system. The methodology developed in the present study has been evolved for (1) allocation of releases for multi-purpose from each reservoir, (2) fair allocation of mandatory flow releases in the river, and (3) the assessment of the system capability for multipurpose operation. The System Performance Index (SYSPI) has been introduced as a measure of the overall performance of the system. SYSPI is defined as a function of the performance indicator indices which are developed to measure each of the objectives of the multireservoir system, namely, reliability of water supply, hydropower production, revenue income, and spill prevention. The SYSPI is maximized using a search algorithm which is linked to the simulation module. The application of the developed methodology is demonstrated for the reservoirs on the Narmada River System, India. The application of the methodology should enable increasing the hydropower generation within the existing framework.     

平原型水库水体热分层的水质响应特征与水质改善成效

针对平原型水库热分层特征及其对水质的影响问题,采用CE-QUAL-W2模型建立了立面二维水温模型,模拟了2018年全年的水温变化特征,三个率定断面的绝对平均误差分别为0.53℃、0.35℃和0.14℃。基于模拟结果和监测数据,分析了水库热分层的季节性变化及水质响应特征。在轴流泵混合曝气技术的基础上提出了一种移动式扬水器用以增加水库底层DO浓度,基于监测数据初步分析了移动式扬水器对垂向水质的改善效果。结果表明:水库全年呈现单循环混合模式(5月-11月为分层期,12月-4月为混合期),夏季形成稳定的热分层结构,底层形成厚度约为8m的缺氧区(DO浓度低于2mg/L);厌氧环境下底层污染物(铁、锰、总氮、总磷、COD、氨氮等)的释放量远大于表层和中层,底层水质较差;移动式扬水器能够有效提高底层DO含量,弱化热分层结构(工作中心的DO浓度由0.2mg/L提高至0.8mg/L,温跃层厚度减少了4m)。     

三峡水库香溪河库湾不同异重流下水温分层模式研究

三峡水库蓄水后支流库湾水体的水动力条件发生变化,水温在垂向上的分布也呈现出了不同模式。为了分析不同类型的倒灌异重流条件下水体的水温分布情况,对香溪河库湾不同断面的水温进行原位监测,并构建库湾水体的水温水动力数学模型(CE-QUAL-W2)。研究结果表明:水库正常运行的不同时期,香溪河库湾水体的主要水动力条件和水温分布结构均不同,在水库运行时的泄水期,库湾水体水动力主要为表层倒灌异重流,水温呈现传统的分布模式;在水库汛期低水位运行时,库湾水体水动力主要为中层倒灌异重流,水温呈“双混斜”式分布;在水库蓄水期,库湾水体水动力主要为底部倒灌异重流,水温呈“半U”型分布。研究成果可为揭示香溪河水流水温特性、营养盐迁移及水华预测预报提供相关的理论支持和技术支撑。