益肾续骨颗粒的成型工艺研究

目的:确定益肾续骨颗粒剂的成型工艺条件.方法:考察不同辅料(乳糖、可溶性淀粉、糊精)对浸膏粉吸湿性的影响:用正交试验法优选制粒工艺条件.结果:3种辅料均可明显降低浸膏粉的吸湿性.最佳制粒工艺条件为:浸膏粉与糊精的配比为8:2,用80%乙醇为润湿剂,醇的用量为浸膏粉的4%.结论:本实验为益肾续骨颗粒确定了制粒工艺条件.     

治疗痛风性关节炎的穿山龙胶囊成型工艺

目的:通过试验探讨穿山龙胶囊的成型工艺。方法:对不同辅料对浸膏粉吸湿性的影响进行考察;以颗粒的合格率作为指标,筛选最佳制粒工艺条件,并考察颗粒的休止角、堆密度及临界相对湿度。结果:浸膏粉与辅料按2∶3的比例混匀,加入70%乙醇制粒,所得颗粒的休止角为37.3°,堆密度为0.442g/mL,临界相对湿度为61%。结论:该成型工艺合理、可行,为生产实践提供了理论依据。     

当归妇康胶囊剂成型工艺的研究

目的:确定当归妇康胶囊剂成型工艺条件.方法:考察不同辅料对浸膏粉吸湿性的影响;以颗粒的流动性与吸湿性为指标,用单因素法优选制粒工艺条件.结果:最佳制粒工艺条件为:浸膏粉(药材提取物:淀粉=5:2)与微晶纤维素按7:1的比例混匀,以95%乙醇为润湿剂制软材,醇用量为浸膏粉的5%.结论:成品颗粒的流动性好,临界相对湿度约为65%.     

正交试验优选参芪颗粒干法制粒工艺

目的:优选参芪颗粒干法制粒工艺。方法:以一次成型率和溶化性为评价指标,以羧甲基淀粉钠、乙醇、聚维酮K30、乳糖分别与参芪浸膏粉的比例为考察因素,采用正交试验优选辅料配比;以一次成型率为评价指标,以轧辊压力、浸膏粉水分含量、轧辊转速、进料转速为考察因素,采用正交试验优选干法制粒工艺参数。结果:最佳辅料配比为加入参芪浸膏粉用量的0.05倍羧甲基淀粉钠、0.03倍乙醇、0.02倍乳糖;最佳制粒工艺为轧辊压力2.0MPa、浸膏粉水分含量2.0%、轧辊转速10r·min-1、进料转速14r·min-1。结论:所选工艺合理、可行,可用于制备参芪颗粒。     

治咽颗粒的成型工艺

目的：将治咽茶改为治咽颗粒，并通过试验筛选出最佳成型工艺。方法：采用三水平三因素的正交试验设计，以每日服用量、粒度、溶化性为指标，综合评价治咽颗粒的成型工艺。结果：最佳成型工艺为浸膏粉：可溶性淀粉（1：3），浸膏粉的含水量应该控制在1．5％左右，用70％的乙醇润湿，制粒顺利，颗粒均匀，稳定性良好。结论：本法确定的最佳成型工艺可为其生产提供依据。     

激光散射法在铁皮洋参颗粒一步制粒工艺优化中的应用

目的 建立激光散射法测定铁皮洋参颗粒粒度,并优化其一步制粒工艺。方法 采用激光粒度分布仪,干法模式测定铁皮洋参颗粒粒度分布,参数设置：Mie光学模式,物质折射率1.52,吸收率0.01,遮光率5%～10%,气源压力0.20 MPa,斗料高度0.9 mm,进料速度7档。以成型率与粒度均匀性为关键质量属性,运用风险评估和正交设计优化铁皮洋参颗粒一步制粒关键工艺参数。结果 所建立的激光散射法能够快速测定铁皮洋参颗粒粒度分布情况。所得较佳一步制粒工艺以0.2 mL·g^-1铁皮石斛浸膏为黏合剂,西洋参浸膏粉和木糖醇粉为底料,物料温度50℃,雾化压力1.0 MPa,供液速度14 r·min^-1,风机频率由10 Hz增至35 Hz。该工艺所得颗粒成型率为94.4%;D10值、D50值、D90值、峰值粒径依次为152.8,443.4,852.5,532.0μm;粒度均匀性为1.38;水分为1.91%;休止角为36.4°。结论 激光散射法可快速、准确测定铁皮洋参颗粒粒度,直观反映整体粒度分布。优化所得铁皮洋参颗粒一步制粒工艺可行性强,可为中药颗粒剂质量评价与工...     

中兽药芪蓝颗粒成型工艺的研究

目的:优化中兽药芪蓝颗粒剂的成型工艺条件。方法:采用星点设计-效应面法优化制粒工艺条件。结果:最佳制粒工艺条件为:辅料可溶性淀粉与糊精比例为8:1混合,浸膏粉与辅料比例为1:1.6混合,以70%乙醇为润湿剂制软材,成品颗粒的流动性好,临界相对湿度为69%。结论:优化的芪蓝颗粒制粒工艺条件合理、可行。     

养血当归片防潮成型工艺的研究

目的建立浸膏粉吸湿过程的数学模型,考察养血当归片防潮成型工艺,改善其吸湿性。方法选取养血当归片为实验对象,以吸湿特性参数和成型工艺参数为指标,筛选防潮辅料及成型工艺。结果最佳防潮成型工艺:以9%乳糖,3%的微粉硅胶为填充剂,75%乙醇为润湿剂,0.5%的硬脂酸镁作为润滑剂湿法制粒压片,所制颗粒的CRH为69%。结论该工艺防潮成型效果较好,可有效的降低浸膏粉的吸湿性。     

更安颗粒成型工艺研究

目的探讨更安颗粒的成型工艺条件。方法以成型性、流动性、吸湿性和制粒情况为指标,筛选各处方加入辅料的种类、配比及最佳成型工艺。结果最佳制粒工艺为浸膏粉与糊精按1∶1混匀,以75%乙醇为润湿剂制软材,湿粒在60℃下干燥,成品的流动性和抗吸湿性好,临界相对湿度为78%。结论筛选出的工艺简便可行,不失为更安颗粒较好的成型工艺。     

肿节风颗粒特定条件下最优制粒区间研究

目的:初步探索获得中药制剂最优制粒区间的可行性。方法:以肿节风颗粒成型工艺为模型,采用析因设计进行试验,以颗粒得率、颗粒成型率加权后的综合评分值为考察指标,采用Origin 8.0软件分别绘制不同含水量混合粉(浸膏粉-可溶性淀粉)综合评分值与润湿剂浓度、液固比关系效果图,并用Origin 8.0软件中的Screen Reader功能进行坐标提取,综合得到肿节风颗粒在特定条件下的最优制粒区间;在该制粒区间下,选择不同批次浸膏粉进行实验室规模及处方放大试验进行验证。结果 :当浸膏粉-可溶性淀粉配比为1∶2时,肿节风颗粒存在一个最适制粒区间,即当物料含水量在[2.0%,6.0%]、润湿剂浓度在[50%,80%]及液固比在[15.3 mL/g,18.6 mL/g]范围内时,所制肿节风颗粒均符合要求;验证试验的综合评分值均大于85%,证实所制颗粒合格。结论:本研究建立的考察中药浸膏在特定条件下的最优制粒区间的方法,对解决中药制粒工业生产批间差异大、重现性差等问题,具有一定的参考作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.