大豆分离蛋白对调理重组牛肉品质特性的影响

为探讨大豆分离蛋白添加量对调理重组牛肉制品品质特性的影响,以碎牛肉为实验原料,经过调理和重组工艺,研究不同大豆分离蛋白添加量对产品的各项品质特性的影响。结果表明:随着大豆分离蛋白添加量的增加,调理重组牛肉制品的解冻损失显著降低(P0.05),出品率显著提高(P0.05),产品的质构特性得到显著改善(P0.05),黏结强度显著增强(P0.05),但是产品的色泽变暗(P0.05)。另外,低场核磁检测发现,增加大豆分离蛋白的添加量,T_(2b)和T_(21)的弛豫时间均逐渐变短,而T_(22)的弛豫时间逐渐延长,说明产品的保水性逐渐增强。对产品进行感官评价表明,大豆分离蛋白添加量为2.0%时,产品品质最好。综合考虑产品品质和感官质量,确定在调理重组牛肉制品中大豆分离蛋白的最佳添加量为2.0%。     

降低食盐添加量对火腿肠的感官、质构及保水特性的影响

为研制低钠盐火腿肠,研究降低食盐添加量对火腿肠质量的影响。设置6个不同的食盐添加量梯度(以原料猪肉质量为基准计)：3%(对照)、2.5%、2.0%、1.5%、1.0%、0.5%,分别对产品的水分活度、保水性和质构进行测定,同时进行感官评分。结果表明：随着食盐添加量的降低,火腿肠的水分活度逐渐升高,而保水性逐渐下降;质构测定显示,产品的硬度、咀嚼度、黏聚性也随着食盐添加量的下降而降低,当食盐添加量极低时,这种下降趋势很明显,但弹性却变化不大;感官评定结果表明,随着食盐添加量的降低,火腿肠颜色变浅,切面粗糙,咸味下降,当食盐添加量降低到1.0%时不易被接受。因此,食盐对猪肉火腿肠的感官、质构和保水性等有着重要的作用,本研究为进一步调整配方开发低钠盐火腿肠提供了重要参考。     

复合磷酸盐添加量对调理重组牛肉品质特性的影响

本试验在调理重组牛肉制品中添加不同浓度的复合磷酸盐,探究产品水分迁移、黏结强度、色差、p H值等指标的变化,进而说明复合磷酸盐的添加量对调理重组牛肉制品品质特性的影响。结果表明随着复合磷酸盐添加量的增加,黏结强度、p H值和出品率显著升高(P0.05),解冻损失显著降低(P0.05)。并且结合低场核磁研究发现,拟合后的T_2弛豫时间主要分布为3个峰,其中,T_(2b)、T_(21)随复合磷酸盐添加量的增加向快的弛豫方向移动,当复合磷酸盐添加量为0.3%时,弛豫时间最短,说明此时结合水和不易流动水与肌肉蛋白的结合最紧密;且此时产品的感官评价各项指标均达到最佳。     

添加酪蛋白酸钠对低脂乳化香肠食用品质的影响

本研究测定不同添加量的酪蛋白酸钠(0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2%)对各组乳化香肠保水性、蒸煮损失、色泽、p H、感官品质和质构特性等食用品质的影响。结果表明:添加酪蛋白酸钠组与对照组(酪蛋白酸钠添加量0)的保水性、蒸煮损失、色泽、感官品质和质构特性存在显著差异(p0.05),而p H无显著差异(p0.05)。随着酪蛋白酸钠添加量的增加,保水性、硬度、胶黏性、胶着性、咀嚼性和感官得分显著提高,亮度(L*)和蒸煮损失显著降低。酪蛋白酸钠添加量为1.5%的样品组,香肠保水性、硬度、胶黏性、胶着性、咀嚼性和感官评定得分最高,蒸煮损失最小,添加1.5%的酪蛋白酸钠可作为脂肪替代品在肉制品中推广应用。     

苦荞粉添加量对苦荞复合火腿肠品质的影响

为探索苦荞粉添加量对苦荞复合火腿肠品质特性的影响,对复合火腿肠的凝胶保水性、色度和质构进行测定,同时对复合火腿肠进行感官评定。结果表明:随着苦荞粉添加量的增加,复合火腿肠保水性逐渐上升,当添加量达到15%时增加趋势平缓,苦荞粉的添加有利于复合火腿肠凝胶保水性提高;苦荞粉添加量10%时,复合火腿肠具有较理想的色度和质构,感官总体接受性好。因此,将适量的苦荞粉与肉制品复合可以制出能被消费者接受、保水性和质构好的苦荞复合火腿肠。     

高水分组织化复合蛋白的挤压制备及品质特性研究

以大豆分离蛋白、谷朊粉和豌豆蛋白为原料,采用高水分挤压技术制备组织化蛋白产品,研究了挤压参数对产品品质特性的影响,分别优化出以大豆分离蛋白和豌豆蛋白为主料的两种产品的配方及挤压参数。结果表明,水分添加量对产品品质特性影响显著;螺杆转速在280r/min,挤压温度在160℃时制备的产品具有较好的质构特性和拉丝效果;当大豆分离蛋白添加量40%,谷朊粉添加量35%,豌豆蛋白添加量25%,水分添加量14.0kg/h时,制得的组织化蛋白产品表面光滑,成型性好,可作为鸡肉仿肉制品;当豌豆蛋白添加量45%,谷朊粉添加量35%,大豆分离蛋白添加量20%,水分添加量13.5kg/h时,制得的组织化蛋白产品拉丝状态明显,质构特性指标与牛肉相似。     

腊肉源酵母菌对发酵牛肉品质特性的影响

在发酵牛肉加工中,添加源于河南信阳腊肉的季巴蒙毕赤酵母以及四川绵阳腊肉的汉逊德巴利酵母作为发酵菌株,以研究特色腊肉源单菌株发酵对发酵牛肉品质的影响,选择地方特色产品和空白作为对照,进行产品水分含量、水分活度（aw）、pH值、蛋白质含量、亚硝胺含量、质构及感官评价等特性指标的测定与分析。结果表明,两株菌株单菌株发酵牛肉硬度适中,弹性和咀嚼性显著高于传统产品,其整体可接受性和传统腊肉未见显著差异,而且水分含量,pH值与亚硝胺含量显著低于传统腊肉制品。综合分析显示两种酵母菌均可作为发酵剂用于发酵肉制品生产,以提升产品品质和安全性。     

豆浆中食盐添加量对白豆干质构特性的影响

目的:探究豆浆中食盐添加量对白豆干质构特性的影响。方法:采用全质构分析、蠕变行为试验、扫描电子显微镜等对基于不同食盐添加量(0～1%)豆浆生产的白豆干质构特性及蛋白质凝胶网络结构进行综合评价。结果:豆浆中食盐的添加使得白豆干蛋白凝胶体系内水分含量显著升高(P<0.05)、其网络结构的致密性以及凝胶结构的强度总体降低,且豆浆中食盐添加量与白豆干得率和水分含量高度正相关(r为0.967～0.982),但与白豆干的保水性、凝胶强度、黏聚性、弹性模量等质构特性高度负相关(r为-0.901～-0.994)。结论:在豆浆中添加0.50%～0.75%的食盐可提供白豆干所需咸味,维持豆干良好的质构特性。     

猪血制备的纤维蛋白原黏结剂对重组牛肉品质的影响

将纤维蛋白原作为黏结剂应用于重组牛肉中,其中以2.0%血浆蛋白粉、0.3%复合磷酸盐、0.5%NaCl及4.0%水为基础,分别添加0.0%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%的纤维蛋白原混合。测定重组肉的色差、水分活度及解冻损失,通过质构仪测定纤维蛋白原添加量及凝结时间对黏结力的影响,同时应用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术研究纤维蛋白黏结过程中水分子的迁移变化规律,并通过扫描电子显微镜对比以谷氨酰胺转氨酶(transglutaminase,TG)与纤维蛋白原为黏结剂的重组肉微观结构。结果表明,随着纤维蛋白原添加量的不断增加,重组肉的水分活度稍有降低但不显著(P0.05)、解冻损失率显著减少(P0.05)、产品的红度值显著增加(P0.05),亮度值有所减弱;重组肉的黏结力随纤维蛋白原添加量及凝结时间的延长而显著增大(P0.05)。同时,LF-NMR研究结果显示,纤维蛋白原的添加增加了重组肉黏结过程中水分子的移动性,对重组肉中水分子的束缚能力逐渐增强;电子显微镜检测结果显示,以纤维蛋白原为黏结剂的重组肉比以TG为黏结剂的重组肉微观结构更紧密。上述结果表明,纤维蛋白原可以作为黏结剂应用于重组牛肉加工。     

可得然胶预处理及其对低脂牛肉肠品质的影响

为了研究预处理方法对可得然胶粘度、凝胶强度的影响,探索经过预处理的可得然胶对低脂牛肉肠的保水性和质构特性的影响,本实验分别采用高速斩拌、酸碱中和的方法对可得然胶进行预处理,研究两种预处理方法对可得然胶粘度及凝胶强度的影响。并在低脂牛肉肠的加工中,分别添加0.1%、0.3%、0.5%和0.7%经高速斩拌与酸碱中和预处理的可得然胶,测定低脂牛肉肠蒸煮损失、保水性、质构特性以及感官等指标,探究高速斩拌、酸碱中和预处理所得可得然胶的应用效果。结果表明:高速斩拌和酸碱中和预处理均能显著提升可得然胶的凝胶强度和粘度（P<0.05）,其中,酸碱中和预处理可得然胶的粘度和凝胶强度更高,高速斩拌及碱溶的最适时间分别为5和15 min。随着高速斩拌、酸碱中和的可得然胶添加量的增加,低脂牛肉肠的蒸煮损失显著低于添加未处理可得然胶粉末的低脂牛肉肠（P<0.05）,而非压出水分、保水性、硬度、咀嚼性、感官评分等均显著高于添加未处理可得然胶粉末的低脂牛肉肠（P<0.05）,并且添加酸碱中和可得然胶的实验组效果更佳。因此,高速斩拌和酸碱中和预处理可以显著改善可得然胶的凝胶强度和粘度以及在低脂牛肉肠中的应用效果,并且酸碱中和预处理效果更佳。     

Effect of Salt and Phosphate on the Texture and Color Stability of Restructured Beef Steaks

The effect of salt and phosphate on the textural and color properties of restructured beef steaks was investigated. Restructured steaks were manufactured from U.S. Choice beef chucks to contain one of four salt-phosphate levels: 0.0%–0.0% (control); 0.5%–0.0%; 0.0%–0.5%; and 0.2%–0.2%, respectively. Salt and phosphate (0.2% each) decreased cooking loss and increased bind equal to phosphate (0.5%) alone. Phosphate reduced the amount of oxidation. All steaks decreased in redness over the period of frozen storage. The addition of phosphate to restructured beef steaks containing salt enhanced texture with no deterimental effects on color.     

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of restructured beef steak with added walnuts

The effects of different proportions (0, 5, 10, 15%) of added walnuts on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of restructured beef steak were evaluated. The addition of 10 and 15% walnut reduced (P<0.05) cooking loss. Increasing proportions of walnut in the beef steak increased (P<0.05) water binding and reduced (P<0.05) fat binding properties. The addition of walnut did not affect (P>0.05) textural properties in uncooked restructured beef steak, but in cooked products Kramer shear force and bind strength were reduced (P<0.05) when 10% or more of walnut was added. Product morphology characteristics suggest that walnut interferes with the formation of protein network structures. Restructured steaks made with added walnut presented acceptable sensory properties. Incorporation of nuts in meat products can be use to confer potential heart-healthy benefits (Spanish Patent Application 200300367).     

Characteristics of restructured beef steak with different proportions of walnut during frozen storage

Physicochemical (thawing loss, cooking loss, surface shrinkage, texture, colour and lipid oxidation) and sensory properties of restructured beef steak with different levels of added walnut (0%, 10% and 20%) were determined at various times during frozen storage up to 128 days. Cooking loss (CL), Kramer shear force (KSF) and binding strength (BS) of restructured beef decreased (P<0.05) as the proportion of walnut increased. Walnut enhanced (P<0.05) lightness and yellowness and reduced (P<0.05) redness. Frozen storage did not affect (P>0.05) CL, KSF and BS of restructured beef steak. Redness decreased (P<0.05) over storage for all samples. Lipid oxidation of restructured beef steak containing walnut was not a limiting factor for frozen stability of meat products. Frozen storage had no effect (P>0.05) on the sensory quality of restructured beef steak.     

Restructured beef with different proportions of walnut as affected by meat particle size

Microstructure, texture, colour and sensory properties of precooked restructured beef made with different proportions of walnut (0, 5, 10, 15%) were studied in relation to meat particle size (grinder plate hole: 0.6 and 1.4 cm). In general, increasing amounts of walnut were matched by decreasing Kramer shear force (KSF), bind strength and elongation values. When walnut (5 and 15%) was added, products made with coarsely ground meat presented higher KSF values than those made with finely ground meat. Walnut decreased lightness and increased redness and yellowness. Morphology characteristics suggest that walnut interferes with the formation of a gel protein network. Sensory properties were judged acceptable with 5 and 10% of walnut; however, the products scored highest with 10% walnut in finely ground products and 5% walnut in coarsely ground products.     

粘结剂使用条件对重组牛肉品质的影响

为了改善重组牛肉的品质特征,本实验采用转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)和酪蛋白酸钠(SC)组成的粘结剂对重组牛肉进行品质改性,研究粘结剂的最佳反应条件。通过采用单因素试验方法,研究粘结剂反应时间(1、2、3、4、5、6h)、反应温度(1、4、7、10℃)、反应压强(2、3、4、5、6N/m2)对重组牛肉粘结强度和剪切力的影响,比较不同反应时间、反应温度及反应压强条件下重组牛肉的品质差异。结果表明：通过对加工过程中粘结剂反应时间、反应温度和反应压强3个条件的研究,重组牛肉的解冻损失、蒸煮损失、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性等物理性质存在显著差异,实验得出的最佳反应条件为：反应时间3h,反应温度4℃,反应压强4N/m2。     

滚揉时间和加水量对重组牛肉品质特性的影响

为了改善重组牛肉的品质特征,采用单因素实验的方法,研究了滚揉工艺中滚揉时间(1、1.5、2、2.5h)、加水量(4%、6%、8%、10%、12%)对重组牛肉物理性质的影响,找到最佳的工艺条件。结果显示,滚揉1h,加水量为6%为最佳的工艺条件,经过此滚揉工艺条件的处理,重组肉粘结强度明显增强,剪切力下降,质构改善,产品的颜色较好,融化损失率和蒸煮损失率均较低。该实验表明可以通过对滚揉条件的控制提高重组牛肉的品质。     

Properties of Algin/Calcium and Salt/Phosphate Structured Beef Rolls with Added Gums

Ten polysaccharide gums at two levels (0.5 and 1.0%) were individually incorporated into algin/calcium (AC) and salt/phosphate (SP) structured beef rolls (<6% fat) prepared with 15 and 30% added water. Cook yield, pH, bind and textural properties were evaluated. Each gum had specific effects on properties of beef rolls. For example, kappa-carrageenan improved (P<0.001) cook yields and maintained or improved bind and texture of raw and cooked samples of both meat binding systems. Cook yields of AC products were improved with gellan gum, while yields of SP products were improved with iotacarrageenan. Other gums (xanthan, guar, pectin, carboxymethyl cellulose) improved water holding (cook yields) but had detrimental effects on product texture.     

Effect of Salt Concentration on Quality of Restructured Pork Chops

Restructured pork chops containing approximately 15% fat were manufactured from fresh hams and boston butts taken from sows. The effects of salt level (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) and freezer storage time (0 and 30 days) on quality attributes of restructured pork chops were studied with three replications. Triangle test differences were significant for all comparisons except 1.0% and 1.5% salt groups stored for 30 days. 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values increased linearly with increasing salt levels for both 0 and 30 days storage. Salt addition also linearly increased Instron slicing strength values, and improved flavor, juiciness, and textural properties. The addition of salt decreased raw color evaluations, Instron shearing values and cooking losses. Following 30 days freezer storage, treatments containing salt had higher TBA values and lower color scores than the control treatment containing 0% salt. Salt addition at levels between 0.5 and 1.0% is recommended for restructured pork chops.     

Effects of Connective Tissue on Algin Restructured Beef

Different levels of connective tissues were examined in algin/calcium gel restructured beef tenderloin, riblifter and foreshank products. Foreshank meat, which contained a high level of collagen (4.83%), formulated with algin/calcium gel ingredients, exhibited relatively strong bind in the raw and cooked state. Addition of 5–10% undenatured or 5% denatured connective tissue to algin/calcium restructured riblifter meat resulted in products of acceptable bind and sensory quality. However, beef riblifter formulations containing 10% added denatured connective tissue had greater (P<0.05) discoloration and lower (p<0.05) bind than the other added connective tissue plus algin/calcium treatments. Algin/calcium binder improves quality of restructured meat formulated with increased concentrations of connective tissue.