桂江流域岩溶碳汇特征

为研究岩溶区碳汇动态变化特征,使用德国Merck公司生产的碱度计每月定期对桂江流域14个岩溶大泉和16条地下河出口水中HCO3-含量进行了现场测定。结果表明桂江流域枯水期(11月至次年2月)地下水中HCO3-含量平均为223.62mg/L,平水期(3月、9月)为222.11mg/L,丰水期(4月至8月)为210.19mg/L,枯水期和平水期的HCO3-平均含量比丰水期高13.43mg/L和11.92mg/L。尽管丰水期的HCO3-平均含量不及枯水期和平水期,但其平均流量最大,是平水期的2倍,枯水期的2.8倍,因此其岩溶碳汇量也最大,是平水期的4.7倍,是枯水期的2.7倍。在碳汇构成上,丰水期的岩溶碳汇量占年总碳汇量的63.13%,而平水期和枯水期只分别占年总碳汇量的13.35%和23.51%。      

农业活动对表层岩溶泉水化学特征及溶解无机碳损失量的影响

以重庆市南川区不同农业活动强度下的3个表层岩溶泉为例,通过分析泉点水化学变化特征来估算不同泉点的DIC损失量（△DIC）和探讨农业活动对岩溶碳汇的影响。研究结果表明:柏树湾泉水温变幅较小,电导率、pH值相对兰花沟泉、后沟泉较低。由于农业活动的影响,兰花沟泉、后沟泉Ca2+ 浓度偏高,而HCO3-浓度偏低。NO3-、SO42-浓度也因农业活动干扰,表现出后沟泉、兰花沟泉远大于柏树湾泉。随农业活动强度的增加,△DIC也逐渐增大,表现为:柏树湾泉（1.64 mmol/L）＜兰花沟泉（4.28 mmol/L）＜后沟泉（4.36 mmol/L）。△DIC与(SO42-+NO3-)呈正相关,表明农业活动越强烈,DIC损失量越大,岩溶碳汇的损失也随之增大。      

表层岩溶泉域短时间尺度岩溶作用碳汇效应初步研究——以重庆市金佛山水房泉域为例

本文以水房泉表层岩溶泉域为例,通过CDTP300多参数自动水质监测仪提供的年际连续的电导率、水温、水位,利用岩溶水化学-径流量方法计算出水房泉连续两年各月的CO2吸收量和年吸收总量。计算结果显示水房泉各月CO2吸收量中6、7、8三个月吸收量较大,1、2、12月吸收量均较小;年最大CO2吸收量出现在7月份,年中最小CO2吸收量出现在1月份。水房泉各月CO2吸收量同水房泉出口月径流量和月降雨量都有很好相关性,雨季吸收量远大于旱季吸收量。泉水HCO3-含量受到气温、降水、径流量和土壤CO2含量的综合影响, HCO3-含量的最高值与月CO2吸收量的最大值在时间上存在2个月的滞后现象。相对于较大流域碳汇的估算,以小流域为对象从短时间尺度计算碳汇更加精确,而且对于流域岩溶作用碳汇过程及其控制机理的深入揭示也是非常必要的。      

表层岩溶地下水出露地表后的脱气作用——以重庆市南川区柏树湾表层岩溶泉溪流为例

以重庆市南川区柏树湾表层岩溶泉溪流为例,沿柏枝溪流程以一定间距监测水体中HCO3-的浓度及其pH、电导率、溶解氧等水化学参数,并初步探究溪流水的脱气效应。结果显示(1)表层岩溶地下水出露地表后,HCO3-浓度沿流程呈现出递减的规律;(2)HCO3-浓度递减的快慢反映了脱气作用的强弱,溪流脱气速率具有“枯水期>平水期>丰水期”的特点;(3)暴雨期间由于稀释效应HCO3-浓度递减趋势不明显,但降雨后期,递减又开始逐渐产生;(4)脱气效应在造成溪流水HCO3-浓度减小的同时,也导致电导率(EC)沿柏枝溪流程逐渐降低,而pH值逐渐升高;(5)沿途溶解氧(DO)昼夜变化表明,水生生物作用对脱气作用可能也有一定的影响,但其影响机制还有待进一步的研究。      

人类活动影响下娘子关岩溶水系统地球化学演化

娘子关泉是我国北方最大的岩溶泉之一,也是阳泉市工农业生产和人民生活的重要供水水源。地下水地球化学演化分析表明,在地下水由补给区向排泄区运移过程中,除固有的水岩相互作用外,由于受采矿活动和地表水入渗补给的影响,岩溶水由低离子含量的HCO3-SO4或HCO3型水逐渐成为SO4型、SO4-HCO3型和SO4-HCO3-Cl型水。在泉群集中排泄区,区域流动系统与局部流动系统的地下水发生混合作用,最终形成了水质相对良好的HCO3-SO4型或SO4-HCO3型岩溶泉水。在此过程中,地下水对方解石和白云石也由最初的溶解作用演变为沉淀再结晶。尽管石膏呈持续溶解现象,但在采煤活动严重影响区域,石膏的沉淀也可能出现。地球化学模拟表明,在岩溶含水层中,地下水首先以方解石（白云石）的溶解为主;随着石膏溶解数量的增加,方解石（白云石）的溶解开始受到抑制,进而发生沉淀,石膏的溶解成为控制地下水水化学的主导过程。当矿坑水混入时,地下水相对石膏过饱和,地下水对碳酸盐岩含水介质的溶蚀能力得到增强。随着水岩反应的演进,铁氢氧化物大量沉淀,通过共沉淀和吸附作用去除了地下水中的重金属类污染物。      

短时间尺度下岩溶泉碳汇效应研究——以重庆金佛山水房泉为例

通过对金佛山水房泉的离子含量、电导率、水位等参数进行监测,采用水化学—流量法计算出水房泉一个完整水文年的月碳汇通量。结果显示,水房泉雨季碳汇通量远大于旱季,碳汇通量最大值出现在7月,最小值出现在1月。月碳汇通量与月降雨量和月径流量之间存在很好的同步关系。水房泉HCO3-的含量受温度、降雨、流量以及表层土壤CO2等因素综合影响,且月碳汇通量的最值与HCO3-含量的最值在时间上存在很大的差异。降雨量是控制岩溶地下水碳汇通量的绝对主导因素。相比于年尺度下大流域的碳汇估算,短时间尺度下小流域的碳汇计算更加准确。另外,分析地下水流量、气候变化等因素对岩溶碳汇的影响,对于水化学—流量法的准确运用以及岩溶碳汇机制的深入研究也有十分重要的意义。     

基于锶同位素的亚热带典型岩溶动力系统降雨条件下岩溶作用速率及其意义

岩溶动力系统中微量元素及其同位素是指示岩溶动力系统运行过程及其环境意义的重要指标。本研究以我国南方亚热带地区典型岩溶动力系统为研究对象,利用高分辨率监测及采样方法研究了暴雨期昼夜尺度上岩溶泉水微量元素Sr及其同位素的变化特征,计算了暴雨条件下的岩溶作用速率。研究结果表明CO_2效应和稀释效应是降雨初期泉水水化学变化的主要控制机制,随后随着流量的持续上升,稀释效应占主导地位。降雨所导致的稀释效应对泉水Sr含量变化影响非常明显,但对岩溶泉水n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)同位素的影响非常有限。降雨期岩溶动力系统内持续的岩溶作用,维持了泉水相对稳定的n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)值特征。通过质量平衡方程计算表明暴雨期内补给的雨水溶蚀灰岩来源的n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)只占泉水总输出n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)的24.3%,当期补给的雨水所引发的CaCO_3净溶蚀速率为0.136 mg/(cm~2·d),其所产生的碳汇通量为1.01 t CO_2。这一结果初步确定了岩溶动力系统中"老水"和新近补给的雨水所导致的溶蚀速率差异和碳汇量差异,这为准确计算降雨诱发的岩溶溶蚀速率和碳汇量准确计算具有十分重要的意义。     

典型岩溶水系统碳汇通量估算

现代岩溶学研究成果表明,碳酸盐岩在全球碳循环中响应极其迅速,水循环过程中的碳汇效应显著。本研究选取广西桂林寨底地下河系统、广西环江大安地下河系统、重庆北碚青木关地下河系统三个典型岩溶地下水系统,利用各系统地下河的流量和HCO3-浓度的监测资料,采用简单化学平衡模式法估算碳汇通量(CO2)。结果显示,寨底地下河系统的单位面积年碳汇通量为68.82 t/(km2.a),大安地下河系统的单位面积年碳汇通量为81.18 t/(km2.a),青木关地下河系统的单位面积年碳汇通量为100.07 t/(km2.a)。分析认为同一个岩溶水系统的结构特征和环境条件基本上是稳定的;地下河的流量和HCO3-浓度是影响岩溶碳汇强度的关键因素,尤其是地下河流量的变化对碳汇强度的影响显著;不同岩溶水系统的碳汇通量不但受水化学条件和地下水动力条件的控制,同时受土地利用变化的影响。该研究对于改进碳循环模型和评价岩溶地质碳汇有重要意义。     

土地覆盖对岩溶地下河碳汇的影响——以广西打狗河流域为例

以广西打狗河为例,对比分析河流东、西两岸地下河的土地覆盖差异及其对岩溶碳汇的影响。打狗河东岸林地占56.13%,耕地占15.15%;而西岸林地、耕地分别只占20.8%、12.95%。但西岸的裸岩和荒地比例大,分别占29.57%和25.95%,而东岸分别占14.19%和10.98%。植被和土壤覆盖差异导致了东、西两岸碳循环的地球化学指标有明显的差异,东岸地下河水的HCO3-、Ca2+、PCO2(平均分别是233.71mg/L、85.5mg/L、909.46Pa)明显高于西岸(分别为177.26mg/L、64.65mg/L、257.37Pa),而东岸的SIC、pH值(分别为0.12和7.40)又低于西岸(分别是0.38和7.85)。因此,东岸有更强的岩溶动力条件,东岸地下河的平均碳汇强度比西岸高14%,其中,东岸下桥地下河的碳汇强度是西岸旦峒地下河的3.7倍。东西岸地下河水的δ13CDIC、TOC资料也进一步证明了土地覆盖条件对地下河岩溶碳汇具有重要的影响。      

桂林潮田河Ca2+、Mg2+与HCO3-关系模型及岩溶碳汇影响因素分析

尽管大气中CO2浓度不断增加,但全球碳源与碳汇相抵后还存在遗失碳汇(missing sink).一般认为遗失碳汇主要为地质碳汇.而碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用可在短时间内产生大量的地质碳汇,与此同时,该过程也伴随着HCO3-、Ca2+、Mg2+等离子进入水中.由于水中的Ca2+、Mg2+比HCO3-稳定,故探讨Ca2+、Mg2+与HCO3-的关系,可以间接得到影响碳汇的各种主要因素.本文通过对岩溶区3种岩性5个监测点的Ca2+、Mg2+与HCO3-数据建立关系模型发现:(1)灰岩地区Ca2+可以与HCO3-建立良好的关系模型,相关性较好,而白云岩区Ca2+、Mg2+与HCO3-的相关关系比Ca2+与HCO3-的相关关系好;总之,在岩溶动力系统下,Ca2+、Mg2+全面考虑可更好指示碳汇的去向;(2)Ca2+、Mg2+与HCO3-的关系模型可以间接说明碳汇主要影响因子;由Ca2+、Mg2+与HCO3-的关系模型可得岩溶区地表明流段,水生生物的光合作用是碳汇主要影响因子,而地下河或泉水出口处,地质作用、CO2分压可能是碳汇的主要影响因子.得出碳汇主要影响因素,为潮田河流域碳汇研究区域划分以及准确计算地质碳汇提供依据与基础.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)