诱蝇产卵基质配方的研究

目的筛选出对家蝇产卵行为具有强引诱作用的因子,研制引诱家蝇产卵基质的最佳配方。方法在实验室条件下,比较家蝇对不同配方诱卵基质的产卵行为反应,完成引诱家蝇产卵基质的最佳配方研究。结果白糖对家蝇产卵具有较强的引诱力;10%白糖和10%碳酸氢铵混合物对家蝇产卵的引诱率达95%以上;家蝇信息素对家蝇的产卵行为没有明显影响。结论白糖对家蝇产卵具有明显引诱作用,10%白糖和10%碳酸氢铵的混合物对雌蝇的引诱力更强,可以在下一步捕蝇诱卵器的研制中作为引诱物加以利用。家蝇信息素对家蝇产卵没有引诱力。     

家蝇诱卵器的研制

目的研制安全、高效、环保、无公害的捕蝇诱卵器。方法将筛选出的几种对家蝇有强引诱力的因子相结合,在实验室及野外条件下进行捕蝇诱卵实验,并进一步研制捕蝇诱卵装置。结果黑色与10%NH4HCO3、10%白糖、5%全脂奶粉和0.6%家蝇信息素的新鲜湿麦麸混合物组合后,对家蝇的产卵行为具有极强的引诱力。新研制成的捕蝇诱卵器包括诱蝇盘、捕蝇罩和诱卵物三部分。结论该款捕蝇诱卵器的设计不但能引诱雌蝇前来产卵,还能将诱来产卵的雌蝇捕获,而且对雄蝇也有引诱力,值得推广应用。     

家蝇成虫对不同食物气味的反应

目的测定家蝇成虫对不同食物气味的反应。方法在实验室内利用“Y”形嗅觉仪在动态的气流中进行测定。结果不同日龄的家蝇成虫对红糖、奶粉、鱼粉均有显著的趋向反应，以红糖、奶粉、鱼粉作为引诱物引诱到不同日龄家蝇的成虫数分别为（5．4～7．4）只、（5．2～7．2）只和（4．4～6．8）只，分别是对照组诱蝇只数的（4．5～18．o）倍、（6．5～12．0）倍和（2．3～11．3）倍。家蝇成虫对蛋卷、米粉的趋向反应一般，对蛋白胨的趋向反应则与日龄有关。结论家蝇非常喜爱含糖类、蛋白质的物质，红糖、奶粉、鱼粉在家蝇防治中作为引诱物，具有一定的应用潜力。     

提高诱蝇毒饵灭蝇效果的研究

目的：为提高诱蝇毒饵（以下简称毒饵）引诱和毒杀苍蝇的效果。方法：分别将６种品牌毒饵和奶粉在实验室和现场反复进行引诱及毒杀苍蝇试验。结果：奶粉和Ⅰ、Ⅵ号毒饵具有快速诱蝇作用，而且奶粉在１０ｍｉｎ内４个不同观察时间的诱蝇数均多于６种毒饵；６种毒饵对家蝇４ｈ诱杀率差别显著，最高为５６％，最低为１６％，均未达到８５％的理想诱杀率。结论：必须从配方和加工工艺等几个方面进行改进，以提高毒饵诱杀苍蝇的效果     

复配杀虫剂对抗性家蝇杀灭效果的研究

目的：研究杀虫剂的合理复配，提高复配杀虫剂对抗生家蝇的杀灭效果，方法：本实验采用农药登记卫生杀虫剂室药效试验方法和农药登记卫生杀虫剂内药效评价标准。在实验室内对复配卫生杀进行了杀灭抗性家蝇的药效试验研究，结果，单方杀虫剂即使在提高浓度和剂量后，其杀灭效果仍不如复配杀虫剂，结论：复配杀虫剂对抗性的家蝇药效与抗性调查的结果基本一致，单方杀虫剂即在提高浓度和剂量后，可以提高杀虫剂杀灭效果，是家蝇在综合防制中化学灭蝇的一种重要手段，也是延缓及减少抗性发生和发展的有效方法。     

模拟现场不同诱饵对家蝇诱捕效果的研究

目的在模拟现场条件下筛选对家蝇引诱力强的配方,探索可商品化的用于蝇类密度监测的诱饵。方法在模拟现场用捕蝇笼比较2种不同配方诱饵诱捕家蝇的差别。结果通过2次筛选,从诱捕率和成本综合分析,SA-8（腐鱼膏剂50g＋红糖100g＋水100g）配方明显优于其他配方,其诱捕率（36.95%）高于糖醋诱饵的诱捕率（12.64%）,且二者差异有统计学意义（χ2=214.35,P〈0.01）。结论 SA-8可作为候选诱饵,用于现场实验,进一步验证其对家蝇和其它蝇种的引诱效果。     

臭氧对家蝇生物学效应的研究

目的：研究臭氧(O3)对家蝇的生物学效应。方法：用一定浓度的臭氧对家蝇的卵、蛹、成虫作用一定时间，分别观察其成活率及子代的翅脉变异。结果：O3对家蝇卵有致死作用；O3对蛹有一定杀伤作用，使羽化受到明显抑制，羽化时间相对延长；O3对成蝇有一定致死作用，存活的家蝇进行传代，子代F1、F2、F3均出现短翅和翅脉变异，但对于代性别无明显影响。结论：家蝇的卵、蛹、成虫分别用O3处理，产生不同程度生物学效应，可以认为O3对家蝇子代有诱变作用。     

自动捕蝇器捕捉家蝇效果的实验观察

目的;观察自动捕蝇器的捕蝇效果。方法：将捕蝇器放置于模拟室中央离地面１．２ｍ高处,在滚筒上加涂引诱剂,连续开启４ｈ记录捕获蝇类。结果：连续开启４ｈ的平均捕获率为８７．８３％,分时段捕捉的累计４ｈ家蝇平均捕获率为５１．３３％,差异有非常显著意义。结论：根据家蝇的聚集现象,可提高捕蝇器的捕蝇率。     

复配杀虫剂对抗性家蝇杀灭效果的研究

目的：在实验室内对复配卫生杀虫剂进行杀灭抗性家蝇的药效试验研究;方法：本试验采用农药登记卫生杀虫剂室内药效试验方法和农药登记卫生杀虫剂室内药效评价标准^[1];结果：复配杀虫剂对抗性的家蝇药效与抗性监测点抗性调查的结果基本一致。单方杀虫剂既使在提高浓度和剂量后,其杀灭效果仍不如复配杀虫剂;结论：杀虫剂的合理复配,可以提高杀虫剂杀灭效果,是家蝇在综合防制中化学灭蝇的一种重要手段,也是延缓及减少抗性发生和发展的有效方法。     

家蝇对辛硫磷抗性预测研究

目的：预测辛硫磷防治家蝇造成的抗性趋势；方法：用辛硫磷对家蝇进行室内选育，用点滴法测定家蝇的抗性水平，无选择压力下饲养观察家蝇对辛硫磷的敏感性变化，观察不同抗性水平家蝇的生物学；结果：经过8次辛硫磷处理，家蝇抗性水平RF由38上升到633，而在无选择压力下30代后，家蝇抗性水平RF从44衰迟到16。用辛硫磷处理的家蝇对胺菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯的敏感性上升，LD50分别下降了71．7％、54．1％和45．1％，而对乙酰甲胺磷、益必添、杀螟松及溴氰菊酯敏感性下降，LD50分别上升了271．0％、105．7％、66．0％和55．0％，而5％的残杀威对家蝇的24h死亡率只有20％。低抗性水平家蝇成蝇大量发生早于高抗性水平家蝇，其蛹期内的前6d蛹量占整个世代的约50％，而高抗性水平家蝇仅占25．0％左右；结论：家蝇对辛硫磷抗性增长速度远远大于抗性衰退的速度。用辛硫磷防治家蝇时不宜连续使用，可以与辛硫磷轮用的菊酯类杀虫剂有胺菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯。化学方法防治低抗性水平的家蝇应在种群大量发生的早期进行，而防治高抗性水平的家蝇应该采用有长期控制作用的方法。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.