CaCO3微球的制备及表征

采用搅拌共沉淀法,用表面活性剂CMC调控合成微米级CaCO_3微球。利用SEM、粒径分布、N2吸附/脱附测试、微球表面ζ电势、TGA对所得CaCO_3微球进行表征。探讨了CMC浓度、搅拌速率、搅拌时间对微球形貌的影响,优化制备工艺条件,搅拌速率2600 r×min~(-1)(15 min),20℃静置60 min得CaCO_3(n)微球粒径为1.5～2.5μm,平均孔径为30 nm,比表面积为7.03 m~2×g~(-1),孔体积为0.09 cm~3×g~(-1),表面电荷为+12.6 mV;在CMC质量浓度为0.5 g×L-1,搅拌速率2600 r×min~(-1)(15min),沉积温度20℃,沉积时间8h,得CaCO_3(CMC)微球中CMC量约为w=3.9%,粒径为3～5μm,平均孔径为3.84 nm,比表面积为44.0 m2×g~(-1),孔体积为0.07 cm3×g~(-1),表面电荷为-33.6 mV。结果表明,CMC的加入对CaCO_3微球的形貌、微结构和表面电荷起到调控作用。     

新型聚氨酯微球制备及其药物释放规律的研究

以低相对分子质量生物可降解DL-聚乳酸二醇和六亚甲基二异氰酸酯为原料,通过悬浮聚合法合成了一种新型聚氨酯微球(PUMS),考察了扩链剂1,4-丁二醇(BDO)的含量对微球表面形态和药物包封率的影响。用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FFIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及激光粒度分析仪对微球的化学结构、表面形态、粒径及其分布进行了表征,并以溴百里酚兰为亲水性模型药物,初步研究了微球的药物释放行为。结果表明,合成的微球的平均粒径47um,粒径分布在10～90um之间;微球表面有孔,但随着BDO含量的增加,微球表面变得相对粗糙,孔数减少,孔径减小,直至孔消失;BDO含量的增加也使模型药物的包封率减小,释放速率变慢;药物释放初期出现程度不同的“暴释”现象,但随后近似于零级释放。     

负载玫瑰香精多孔微球的制备及缓释性能研究

以分散聚合合成的单分散聚苯乙烯微球作为种子微球,采用两步种子溶胀法制备多孔聚苯乙烯-二乙烯苯微球,并吸附玫瑰香精制备了香精多孔微球。利用马尔文激光粒度仪、比表面积孔径分布测定仪(BET)、热重分析仪(TGA)、扫描电镜(SEM)对种子微球和多孔微球的粒径、比表面积和孔结构、缓释性能、表观形貌进行了分析表征。结果表明:种球的粒径随着分散介质中无水乙醇体积分数的增大而增加;随着溶胀剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)用量的增加,多孔微球的平均粒径变大,分布变宽;随着交联单体二乙烯苯(DVB)用量增加,多孔微球平均粒径减小,分布变窄;以甲苯为致孔剂制备的多孔微球单分散性最好。当V(DBP):m(种球)=3:1,V(DVB):V(苯乙烯)=4:0时,制备的多孔微球的平均粒径约为4μm。以此多孔微球负载玫瑰香精,可以减缓香精的释放速率,提高起始分解温度,实现对香精的缓释。     

微米级单分散聚苯乙烯微球的制备

以苯乙烯(St)为单体、偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散稳定剂,在乙醇-水反应介质中,采用分散聚合法制备了微米级单分散聚苯乙烯(PS)微球。分别用电镜扫描和激光粒度仪表征了PS微球表面形貌、粒径及粒度分布,探讨了影响PS微球粒径及粒度分布的诸多因素。结果表明,AIBN用量(以单体质量计,下同)大于5.0%或PVP用量(以单体质量计,下同)小于2%时,PS粒子间有聚并现象;当St浓度为10%、AIBN用量为2.5%、PVP用量为5.5%、醇水质量比为90∶10、聚合温度为70℃时,制备的PS微球粒径为1.612μm、粒度分散系数为0.357,微球单分散性及球形度最佳。     

连续法制备单分散聚苯乙烯微球及粒径影响因素的研究

以苯乙烯为单体,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,采用连续分段添加引发剂的方法制备微米级的聚苯乙烯微球。研究了引发剂的添加方式,各组分用量变化对聚苯乙烯微球粒径和粒径分布的影响。结果表明:在反应过程中不断地补加引发剂可以保持活性自由基的生成速率,对聚苯乙烯微球的粒径和粒径分布有着重要的影响。在此基础上,通过改变各组分的用量可以制备出表面光洁,粒径在1.3μm左右的聚苯乙烯微球,且单分散性良好,单分散系数在1.02左右。     

单分散窄分布聚苯乙烯微球的制备研究

以苯乙烯为单体,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,甲醇为分散介质,利用分散聚合法制备了微米级单分散聚苯乙烯微球。通过傅立叶红外分析(FT-IR),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),激光粒度分析(LPS)等方法对微球进行测试表征。研究了PVP用量对微球产物的影响。结果表明:单体的转化率随PVP用量的增加而增大,PS微球的粒径随着PVP用量的增大而减小,其粒径分布先变窄后变宽。当PVP用量为1.5%时微球的粒径分布最窄,单分散性最好。改变PVP用量可以得到不同粒径的PS微球。     

交联聚苯乙烯微球的制备

以聚乙烯醇为分散剂、水为反应介质、过氧化二苯甲酰为引发剂,异戊醇为致孔剂,采用苯乙烯——二乙烯基苯悬浮共聚悬浮聚合的方法,通过优化反应条件,成功制得了平均粒径为0．8mm的多孔微球。研究了引发剂浓度,制孔剂浓度,分散剂浓度和搅拌速度对微球粒径的影响。并用扫描电镜（SEM）对微球进行了表征。     

木质素改性多孔酚醛树脂微球的制备研究

本文以苯酚和甲醛为反应单体,采用聚乙烯醇(PVA1788)作分散剂,三乙胺(TEA)作碱催化剂,六次甲基四胺(HMTA)作交联剂,利用水相悬浮缩聚法制备了球形酚醛树脂。在稳定悬浮缩聚体系引入致孔剂,制备多孔的酚醛树脂微球,并对木质素部分替代苯酚制备多孔酚醛树脂微球进行初步探讨。通过实验确定了水相悬浮缩聚法制备酚醛树脂珠体基本合成工艺:先将苯酚、甲醛、三乙胺加入到一定浓度的PVA水溶液,在95～97℃反应40 min后,加入HMTA,继续反应4 h,再用1 mol/L的盐酸溶液调节pH值至2,固化反应1 h,可得到形态规整的珠体;并发现PVA浓度对酚醛树脂珠体粒度影响很大,粒度分布较宽。甲苯致孔得到多孔球形酚醛树脂微球,粒径分布较无致孔剂时窄,孔径在2μ以上;甲苯用量5 g,PVA浓度为0.375%时,得到的粒径在20～80目间的粒子数量达90%;提高甲苯量能增大多孔球形酚醛树脂微球比表面积,但加宽粒径分布;且高甲苯添加量时,PVA浓度对缩聚产物形态影响非常显著,低PVA浓度下易结块,高PVA浓度下得细粉(粒径小于200目)。邻苯二甲酸二丁酯致孔得到外表面光滑内表面多孔的酚醛树脂中空微球,粒径分布也窄,粒径在20～80目间粒子数量占80%以上。木质素替代苯酚制备多孔球形酚醛树脂,木质素能参与反应成球,但球形度稍差,孔径也更小。     

淀粉基阴离子微球的制备

以可溶性淀粉为原料,N’N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)及环氧氯丙烷(ECH)为交联剂,先在反向悬浮体系中采用两步交联法制备了中性淀粉微球,再用K3P3O9与中性淀粉微球反应制得淀粉基阴离子微球。以微球的平均粒径为指标,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和光透式粒度分析仪对产物进行了表征。结果表明,反应时间为2.5 h,淀粉溶液浓度为15%,油相与水相的体积比为3∶1,MBAA用量为0.4 g,乳化剂用量为1.0 g时,微球平均粒径分布较为均一,粒径在65μm以下的微球占95.5%,球形圆整,表面粗糙多孔,可用作药物载体和吸附剂。     

W/O/W乳液法制备多孔聚合物微球

采用W/O/W乳液法制备了多孔聚合物微球(聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯)(PSDS),通过扫描电子镜、激光粒度仪、孔径及比表面积分析仪等对微球进行了表征,研究了乳化剂类型、分散剂用量及搅拌速率等对PSDS微球形貌、粒径等性能的影响。结果表明:不同种类乳化剂(Span-80、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、OP-10)均能得到聚合物微球,以Tween-80为乳化剂,形成的PSDS不规则,以Span-80为乳化剂,PSDS的粒径分布较窄;分散剂用量增加,PSDS微球粒径变小,粒径分布变窄;搅拌速率越快,PSDS微球的粒径越小,粒径分布越窄;典型PSDS的比表面积为175.3m~2/g,孔容为0.35cm~3/g,平均孔径为0.86 nm。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.