萌发玉米粉对发酵的影响

本文研究了萌发6d的玉米粉对乳酸发酵和面包面团发酵的影响.实验结果表明,作为添加成分,在乳酸发酵中,萌发玉米粉可以促进乳酸菌的生长,提高其产酸量,并使发酵乳的粘度迅速增加.在面包面团发酵中,萌发玉米粉能够促进酵母菌的增殖,增加面团持气性,缩短发酵时间.     

响应面法优化酵母冷冻面团馒头生产工艺

为了确定酵母冷冻面团馒头的最佳生产工艺,选取酵母添加量、加水量、发酵温度、发酵时间进行试验。在单因素的基础上,进行Box-Behnken中心组合研究,建立了对酵母冷冻面团馒头感官总分影响的数学模型,确定了酵母冷冻面团馒头的最佳生产工艺。结果表明,各因素对酵母冷冻面团馒头感官总分的影响顺序为:发酵温度酵母添加量发酵时间加水量。最佳工艺条件为:酵母添加量1.2 g、加水量51.2 m L、发酵温度35.7℃、发酵时间43.7 min,在此条件下预期的酵母冷冻面团馒头感官总分是76.8分,实际感官评价得分为76分。     

南方馒头冷冻面团生产技术研究

该试验开展了南方馒头冷冻面团生产技术的研究,重点探讨了加糖量、酵母添加量、发酵温度和发酵时间等因素对冷冻面团生产的南方馒头的感官评分、硬度、比容等品质指标的影响,并采取响应面法建立了上述工艺参数对冷冻面团生产的南方馒头品质影响的数学模型。结果表明,南方馒头冷冻面团生产的最佳发酵工艺为：发酵温度35 ℃,加糖量8.2%,酵母添加量1.0%,发酵时间41 min。在此最佳条件下,冷冻面团生产的南方馒头感官评分达79.7分,硬度805.26 g,比容2.98 mL/g。     

食品添加剂对冷冻面团面包品质的影响

采用快速发酵法制作冷冻面团面包,研究了酵母、海藻糖、抗冻改良剂(F-99)和硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)等添加剂对冷冻面团面包质构和感官品质的影响,通过单因素和正交试验,优化确定了不同添加剂的最佳添加量。结果表明:添加适量的酵母、海藻糖、F-99和SSL等添加剂能提高面包弹性、降低硬度等,4种添加剂添加量对冷冻面团面包品质影响顺序为:海藻糖SSL酵母F-99。最佳添加剂配方为:酵母1.8%,海藻糖5%,F-99 6%,SSL 0.4%,制作的冷冻面团面包水分含量42%、比容5.1m L/g、酸度4.4o T、硬度3.13N、弹性11.93mm、胶黏性2.5N、咀嚼性29.88m J,面包质量符合国家规定标准,硬度、弹性等指标明显优于对照制品。     

植物乳杆菌改性玉米粉制作玉米面条的工艺及品质分析

以植物乳杆菌发酵改性玉米粉为原料,在谷朊粉添加量、沙蒿胶添加量、黄原胶添加量3个单因素试验的基础上,进行正交试验。通过对玉米面条穿刺功的测定与感官评价,确定发酵玉米粉制作玉米面条的最佳工艺配方。经过单因素和正交试验的分析,发酵改性玉米面条的最佳配方为:谷朊粉添加量6%,沙蒿胶添加量1.2%,黄原胶添加量0.6%。此工艺条件下所制得的发酵改性玉米面条最佳蒸煮时间为7 min,吸水率为159%,吸光度为0.119,有较低的浑浊度。而未改性玉米粉在此条件下无法和成面团。     

玉米发酵面条的研制

将玉米粉和小麦粉混合,添加谷朊粉和酵母等辅料,制作玉米发酵面条。通过单因素及正交试验,确定玉米发酵面条的最佳配方和最优发酵工艺为:玉米粉、小麦粉的比例为4:6、谷朊粉的添加量为12%、水添加量为60%、酵母添加量为0.8%、发酵时间为3.5 h、醒发时间为40min。此条件生产的面条适口性好,弹性及韧性较好,发酵风味浓郁适中,有玉米香味。     

酶制剂在现烤面包生产中的应用研究

对两种酶制剂(α-淀粉酶、木聚糖酶)在冷冻1 d和3 d面团中的应用进行了研究。结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,面团的发酵力、酵母存活率、面包比容、面包柔软性均呈下降趋势;与对照相比,α-淀粉酶、木聚糖酶对面团的发酵特性和面包品质改善作用明显;冷冻1 d时,α-淀粉酶添加量为0.4 g/kg或木聚糖酶为0.8 g/kg时面团的酵母存活率、面包比容、面包柔软性最佳,α-淀粉酶添加量为0.6 g/kg或木聚糖酶添加量为0.4 g/kg时发酵力最佳;冷冻3 d时,α-淀粉酶添加量为0.6 g/kg时面团的酵母存活率、面包比容、面包柔软性最佳,α-淀粉酶添加量为0.8 g/kg时酵母发酵力最佳,木聚糖酶添加量为1.2 g/kg时面包柔软性最佳,添加量为0.8 g/kg时酵母存活率、面包比容、酵母发酵力最佳。     

预醒发酵子冷冻面团馒头发酵工艺的优化研究

为了确定酵子冷冻面团馒头最佳发酵工艺,首先研究了预醒发时间对冷冻面团馒头品质的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,选取酵子添加量、加水量、发酵温度、发酵时间进行了4因素3水平的正交试验,确定了酵子冷冻面团馒头的最佳发酵工艺。结果表明:预醒发时间60 min时,冷冻面团的外观较好,成品馒头的感官总分最高;各因素对馒头感官品质的影响顺序为:发酵时间>加水量>发酵温度>酵子添加量,酵子冷冻面团馒头的最佳发酵工艺为:酵子添加量8 g、加水量50 m L、发酵温度35℃、发酵时间135 min。对照试验中,酵子冷冻面团馒头感官总分比酵母冷冻面团馒头高,酵子冷冻面团馒头与新鲜馒头相比,新鲜馒头感官总分较高。     

耐冻藏酵母冷冻生包子生产工艺

将筛选出的一株耐冻藏酵母菌应用到冷冻生包子生产中,探讨酵母添加量对面团品质的影响及品质改良剂和醒发条件对包子生产工艺的影响。以质构、感官评分、比容、高径比为主要指标,通过单因素正交试验和响应面试验进行考察,确定冷冻生包子的最佳生产工艺。结果表明,酵母添加量1.2%时,硬度、弹性、体积最佳,面团的品质最好;品质改良剂的最佳配比为硬脂酰乳酸钠添加量0.2%、卡拉胶添加量0.7%、瓜尔豆胶添加量0.6%;醒发的最优工艺条件为温度43℃,湿度70%,时间40 min。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对冷冻面团和面包品质的影响

对谷氨酰胺转氨酶在冷冻1 d、3 d面团中的应用进行了研究。结果如下:与对照相比,谷氨酰胺转氨酶对面团的发酵特性和面包品质改善作用明显;随着冻藏时间的延长,面团的发酵力、酵母存活率、面包比容、面包柔软度均呈下降趋势;冷冻1 d时,谷氨酰胺转氨酶添加量为0.8 g/kg时酵母存活率最大、酵母发酵力最强、面包比容和柔软度最好;冷冻3 d,对酵母存活率和面包比容的影响,最佳添加量为0.8 g/kg,对酵母发酵力的影响,最佳添加量为1.6 g/kg,对面包柔软度的影响为1.2 g/kg。     

马铃薯全粉对比萨饼底加工工艺及品质的影响

研究马铃薯全粉对比萨面团流变学特性、发酵能力和比萨饼底质构特征、感官品质的影响。结果表明:马铃薯全粉能提高小麦粉的吸水率,缩短面团的形成时间,但会导致比萨面团的稳定时间缩短,弱化度增加;马铃薯全粉的添加量与面团的拉伸阻力、延伸度、最大拉伸比例和拉伸面积呈极显著负相关;马铃薯全粉能够提高面团的发酵能力和弹性,但会导致比萨饼底的硬度增加,感官品质略有下降,因此综合考虑确定马铃薯全粉的最佳添加量为15%;并进一步通过单因素和正交试验确定马铃薯比萨饼底的最佳原料配方为马铃薯全粉添加量15%、加水量60%、酵母添加量1.2%;在最佳原料配方的基础上确定马铃薯比萨的最佳工艺条件为醒发温度38℃、醒发湿度75%、醒发时间30 min、烘烤温度200℃、烘烤时间15 min,所得比萨的硬度为4 166.493 g,感官品质最佳。     

Effect of β‐Glucan–Rich Barley Flour Fraction on Rheology and Quality of Frozen Yeasted Dough

Research has shown that prolonged frozen storage of bread dough reduces the quality of the end product. In this study, the effect of air‐classified barley flour fraction rich in β‐glucan (approximately 25%) on rheology and quality of frozen yeasted bread dough was investigated. Wheat flour (W) was replaced by air‐classified barley flour fraction (B) at 10% without or with 1.4% vital gluten to produce β‐glucan enriched barley dough (WB) or barley dough plus gluten (WB + G). Dough products were stored at ?18 ºC for 8 wk and their rheological properties were investigated weekly. During frozen storage dough extensibility increased, while elastic and viscous moduli decreased. Differential scanning calorimeter and nuclear magnetic resonance data indicated that WB and WB + G dough products contained approximately 10% less freezable water and 9% more bound water compared to the control dough (W). β‐Glucan enriched dough also exhibited less changes in gluten network as shown by SEM photographs. The addition of air‐classified barley flour fraction at 10% in frozen dough reduced deterioration effects caused by frozen storage via minimizing water redistribution and maintaining rheological properties of frozen dough.     

Effect of Amino Acids and Peptides on Mixing and Frozen Dough Properties of Wheat Flour

Free amino acids, peptides, and vital wheat gluten were investigated to determine their effect on the mixing and frozen dough baking properties of wheat flour. Addition of 1% cysteine and aspartic acid decreased and glutamic acid, histidine, arginine, and lysine increased the mixing tolerance of flour. Cystine, methionine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine increased but isoleucine, histidine, glycine, arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and lysine decreased loaf volume of nonfrozen dough breads. However cystine, methionine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine did not increase loaf volume of bread prepared from frozen dough. Vital wheat gluten increased mixing tolerance and bread loaf volume only for the nonfrozen dough. However, wheat gluten hydrolysate, corn, and bonito peptides decreased mixing tolerance after optimum mixing time and were effective in increasing loaf volume for both frozen and nonfrozen dough. As the amount of corn and bonito peptide increased, specific loaf volumes also increased. Addition of 2.5% corn peptide was most effective in increasing loaf volume of frozen dough bread. Crust browning and crumb stickiness increased, whereas crumb softness decreased with addition of peptides. Addition of less than 1% peptide did not adversely affect the aftertaste and off‐flavor of bread. These results suggest that addition of peptides are effective for improving the baking quality of frozen dough, whereas amino acids and gluten have no effect.     

挤压膨化玉米粉对小麦粉面团特性及馒头质构特性的影响

对比研究不同添加量的挤压膨化玉米粉和玉米粉对小麦面团粉质特性、糊化特性以及对馒头质构特性的影响。结果表明:挤压膨化玉米粉添加量增加到25%时,面团吸水率升高6.72%、稳定时间下降82.64%、蛋白质弱化度升高60.78%、形成时间下降88.37%、峰值黏度降低55.60%、低谷黏度降低60.91%、最终黏度降低58.41%、崩解值降低34.07%、回生值降低50.43%;膨化玉米粉添加量为10%时,馒头的弹性、内聚性和回复性最大,硬度显著的低于对照(p<0.05),馒头的口感柔软、筋道,爽口不黏牙,品质最好。玉米粉添加量、面团的粉质特性、糊化特性与馒头的质构特性显著相关,可通过混合粉面团的粉质特性和糊化特性对馒头的质构特性进行预测。与玉米粉相比,挤压膨化玉米粉能够提高面团的吸水率,增强小麦粉的热稳定性,延缓面团的老化,改善了馒头的品质。     

Effects of Waxy Wheat Flour and Water on Frozen Dough and Bread Properties

ABSTRACT:  The quality of bread made from frozen dough is diminished by changes that occur during freezing. New cultivars of waxy wheat flour (WWF), containing less than 2% amylose, offer unique properties for the production of baked products. In this study, dough properties and bread quality were investigated at various levels of WWF (0% to 45% flour weight) and water (55% to 65%). Dough stickiness increased with higher levels of WWF and water. During frozen storage, dough with greater WWF and lower water had less change in stickiness. Maximum resistance to extension (MRE) decreased with higher WWF and water. Dough with greater WWF and less water had less change in extensibility after frozen storage. Dough with greater WWF and water was more extensible. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies showed that frozen dough with higher WWF content had lower transverse relaxation ( T ₂) time of 9 to 11ms. After frozen storage, dough with higher WWF still showed lower T ₂. Dough with 15% WWF had higher yeast activity. Bread made from 15% and 30% WWF had higher volume in bread made from unfrozen and frozen dough. Bread firmness decreased with higher amounts of WWF and water. This research demonstrated that specific combinations of WWF and water produced a better quality of frozen dough and bread.     

γ-聚谷氨酸对全麦冷冻面团烘焙特性的影响

将γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)添加至全麦冷冻面团中,通过全麦粉持水率、酵母存活率研究γ-PGA的保水性和抗冻活性;以面包比容和质构等作为评价指标,研究γ-PGA对冷冻面团制作的全麦面包烘焙品质的影响。结果表明,添加γ-PGA可提高冷冻全麦面团的酵母存活率和发酵高度,增大全麦面包比容,减小面包硬度,促进面包芯中形成大气孔;贮藏3 d后,添加γ-PGA的全麦面包硬度和老化率显著降低(P<0.05),且γ-PGA的最佳添加量为1%。     

Effect of HPMC on the quality of wheat-free bread made from carob germ flour-starch mixtures

Carob germ proteins have been shown to have functional properties similar to wheat gluten enabling formulation and production of yeast leavened gluten-free baked goods from a true dough rather than a stiff batter. The purpose of this research was to optimize the production of wheat-free bread containing carob germ flour, corn starch, NaCl, sucrose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and H(2)O. A key criterion was to formulate viscoelastic dough similar to wheat dough. To that end, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimal levels of carob germ flour, H(2)O, and HPMC. Components varied as follows: 4.94%-15.05% for carob germ flour, 0.05%-3.75% HPMC, and 65.25%-83.75% H(2)O (percents are on a flour basis, where carob germ flour in combination with maize starch equals 100%). Sucrose, NaCl, and yeast were held constant at 2%. Bread parameters evaluated were specific volume and crumb hardness, where the largest specific volume and the lowest value for crumb hardness were considered most desirable. The optimum formula as determined by RSM consisted of 7% carob germ flour, 93% maize starch, 2% HPMC, and 80% H(2)O with predicted crumb hardness of ~200 g of force and a specific volume of ~3.5 cm(3)/g. When proof time was optimized, a specific volume of ~5.6 ml/g and crumb hardness value of ~156 g of force was observed. Carob germ flour may be used as an alternative to wheat flour in formulating viscoelastic dough and high quality gluten-free bread. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Celiac disease affects approximately 1% of the world's population. Sufferers of the disease must consume a gluten-free diet. Currently, gluten-free baked products are made from batters and lack the ability to be made from dough based systems which limits the overall processability and product variety. This research is aimed at the utilization of carob germ protein and its ability to form dough to produce an optimal gluten-free bread formulation. This will help to alleviate problems in processability and product variety associated with gluten-free baked goods.     

黑玉米全粉对小麦面团流变学特性及酥性饼干品质的影响

为了拓宽黑玉米全粉在烘焙食品领域的应用,将黑玉米全粉以0~50%的比例替代强中筋小麦粉,利用黏度仪、粉质及拉伸仪等研究黑玉米全粉替代对小麦粉理化特性及面团热机械特性的影响;利用质构仪、感官评价研究黑玉米全粉替代对酥性饼干品质特性的影响。结果表明,黑玉米全粉的加入对面筋网络结构起到阻隔和断裂作用,湿面筋含量及沉降值分别下降了73.2%、71.0%,面团筋度显著降低。黑玉米全粉替代显著改变了面团的流变学特性,面团形成时间、稳定时间下降,弱化度升高;拉伸能量、延伸度、最大拉伸阻力下降,面团强度、稳定性及耐搅拌性降低,加工性能劣化。黑玉米全粉替代小麦粉酥性饼干的延展因子、质构特性及感官评价指标综合分析结果显示,20%黑玉米全粉添加量的饼干延展因子最大,组织结构细密均匀,表面光滑无裂纹,咀嚼性及硬度最大,酥脆性最好,口感最佳。黑玉米全粉酥性饼干常温下6个月保质期内水分、酸价、过氧化值及菌群总数、大肠菌群、霉菌、致病菌指标都符合国家标准。20%的黑玉米全粉添加量使得小麦粉面团在筋度适当下降的同时获得具有黑玉米风味、口感较好的酥性饼干,该研究可为黑玉米全粉在食品加工行业的应用提供理论依据。     

藜麦粉对冷冻面团特性及其面包品质的影响

将藜麦和小麦粉按一定比例混合,用快速粘度分析法测定混合粉糊化特性,流变仪测定了冻藏过程中小麦-藜麦冷冻面团的流变学特性,核磁共振法测定面团中水分迁移,并测定其发酵体积变化,最后分析了冷冻面团组织状态与产品品质的关系。结果表明：藜麦粉对冷冻面团及面包的品质均有改善。藜麦粉降低了混合粉体系的糊化粘度和崩解值。冻藏后,冷冻面团的弹性模量和粘性模量增加,小麦粉冷冻面团损耗角正切值增加了4.73%,添加量为5%时冷冻面团损耗角正切值仅增加0.41%;小麦冷冻面团自由水上升了3.90%,藜麦添加后仅上升2.40%,可见藜麦粉能冷冻面团降低水分迁移程度;同时,添加藜麦粉能维持面团面筋网络结构的完整性,发酵体积由26.42 mL/h增大到29.17 mL/h。不同添加量的藜麦粉对面团及面包的品质改善程度不同,最适添加量为10%,烘烤后面包比容为3.08 mL/g,硬度为2803.48 g。本研究可为开发藜麦冷冻面团提供理论基础,在藜麦新产品开发方面具有重要的指导意义。