泄洪洞反弧末端掺气减蚀研究

对高水头、大单宽流量、低佛氏数、小底坡长明流泄洪洞，在反弧段末端采用常规的掺气坎往往难以取得理想的掺气效果，同时，反弧段下游边墙易出现空蚀破坏。本文在大比尺模型试验的基础上，提出了竖向、纵向及横向三维均连续变化的新型掺气坎，并对比分析了掺气坎三维体型的变化对掺气特性的影响。试验表明，空间三维连续变动的V型坎能使挑射水流形成连续变化的空腔长度，较二维掺气坎在上述特点的泄洪洞中能形成稳定的空腔形态、减小空腔回水并提高挟气量。试验同时表明，泄洪洞反弧末端掺气坎后空腔段水流动水压强小、水流空化数低，容易出现空化；同时，反弧段下游水流表面自掺气尚不够充分，底部强迫掺气尚未充分扩散，致使反弧段下游附近边墙存在较大范围的掺气盲区，从而容易导致反弧段下游边墙的空蚀破坏。     

泄洪洞掺气减蚀设施空腔回水研究

泄洪洞内高速水流空化引起过流表面空蚀一直以来都是一个值得关注的问题,掺气减蚀是解决泄洪洞过流表面空蚀的有效措施。以某水电站泄洪洞明流泄槽的掺气设施为例,从对掺气坎体型增加坎高、加设坎下平台、加设下游陡坡、圆弧形底板等多个角度进行了探索比较优化。研究成果表明:挑跌坎掺气槽后接圆弧底板布置形式,较好地解决了掺气坎下游水流反向漩滚和空腔回水的问题。这一成果为类似掺气设施的布置提供了参考。     

适宜大流量小底坡掺气设施的翼型挑坎研究

大流量小坡度泄洪洞布置的掺气减蚀设施,往往存在空腔偏短及空腔回水等问题。根据大流量小底坡泄洪洞掺气设施已有的研究和应用成果,提出了翼型挑坎的掺气设施布置,以求解决上述问题。针对涔天河水库扩建工程1^#泄洪洞,开展了水工模型试验研究,比较了不同翼型挑坎布置型式对掺气设施水力特性的影响,论证了翼型挑坎对于减轻掺气设施空腔回水的有效性。通过水工模型试验研究,确定了翼型挑坎掺气设施的基本布置型式,为进一步开展研究和推广应用奠定了基础。     

跌坎型掺气槽过流的掺气特性

本文在分析实测资料的基础上，探讨了无挑角跌坎型掺气槽空腔区水舌的掺气特性，并重点研究了射流水舌的掺气超始流速，掺气层厚度，断面浓度分布以及通气量等参数的理论预测。     

V型掺气坎在龙抬头式泄洪洞中的应用

本文通过试验研究,从掺气坎后空腔区的三维形态考虑,提出了一种新型V型槽式掺气坎(简称V型坎),其主要特点是:坎后射流水舌的流速、挑角和高程沿中心向两侧保持连续变化,其水舌落水点范围即空腔长度成为一连续变化的曲线,且沿曲线水流流速亦呈连续变化,很好地减弱或消除了龙抬头式泄洪洞掺气坎后水流落水处产生的回水.在V型坎出口断面处,水流的三维扩散充分,水舌与空腔的接触面明显增大,对底空腔长度、通气量等掺气特性指标都有明显改善.     

挑坎型掺气减蚀设施过流掺气特性研究

采用一维激光测速系统，对掺气减蚀工程中常用的直线型挑坎的流场特性进行试验研究．通过测量挑坎上及空腔区水流的流速分布及紊动特性，探讨通气量与紊动强度的关系．同时在深入研究流场特性和掺气机理的基础上，通过分析影响掺气的因素，从理论上探求临界掺气流速的计算，重点分析挑坎型掺气过流在空腔负压较大的情况下，临界掺气条件的理论预测，并通过试验资料验证了该计算方法．在此基础上，还进一步研究了掺气量的计算公式及其变化规律．     

高水头泄水建筑物掺气坎体型研究

对具有高水头、大单宽流量的泄洪建筑物，工程中通常采用强迫掺气减蚀措施防止壁面发生空蚀破坏。本文主要通过物理模型试验研究方法，对高水头龙抬头明流泄洪洞反弧段下游底板和侧墙掺气减蚀进行了研究，提出了一种底部突跌凸型坎和侧墙加贴角联合掺气的新型掺气坎，解决了洞顶余幅、底空腔内回水和突缩引起掺气坎后形成水翅之间的问题。采用这种新型的掺气坎体型后，底空腔内没有回水，同时消除了反弧段后侧墙出现的清水区；侧空腔畅通并直接和底空腔相连，对侧墙和底板都起到了很好的保护。该体型对类似工程的设计及修复具有一定参考价值。     

两河口水电站放空洞掺气减蚀实验研究

回水问题是小底坡、低弗氏数下经常出现的影响掺气减蚀效果的问题.本文通过掺气坎掺气实验研究对不同高度下掺气坎掺气效果进行比较.结果表明,经多次体型优化证明,提高掺气坎高度可以明显提高低弗氏数下空腔净空高度,但是鉴于工程量、造价、等多方面考虑,在过水隧洞使用频率不高的情况下,可以选择标准下限来取得各方面最优选择.     

通气孔对掺气坎空腔长度影响的试验研究

掺气坎空腔长度是控制掺气减蚀效果的一个重要参数.影响掺气坎空腔长度的因素众多,其中一个是空腔内负压,而空腔内负压又与通气孔的面积有关.通过水槽试验,研究了不同流量、挑坎高度、挑坎坡度、水槽底坡等因素发生变化时,通气孔面积对空腔长度的影响.试验结果表明:通气孔大小对空腔长度的影响明显,在其他条件不变时,通气孔的面积越大,形成的空腔长度就越长,但当通气孔面积大于一定数值后,空腔长度将不再增加.因此在工程中,必须保证合适的通气孔面积,以形成良好的掺气空腔,有效地完成掺气减蚀.     

前置掺气坎高度对阶梯溢流坝水力特性的影响

将掺气坎设置于阶梯溢流坝闸墩出口处,有利于阶梯掺气,避免阶梯空蚀空化。通过1∶25模型试验,在宽尾墩阶梯溢流坝上设置不同体形的前置掺气坎,研究了掺气坎高度变化对坎后有效空腔长度、空腔最大高度、下游坝面掺气浓度沿程分布、水舌冲击力大小的影响,并与未设掺气坎体形时对应的水力学参数进行了对比分析。结果表明:与未设掺气坎相比,增设掺气坎后阶梯沿程掺气浓度增长明显;有效空腔长度随坎高的增大而增大,空腔最大高度随坎高的增加无明显变化;随着坎高增加,水舌冲击力相应增加,对于53°的溢流坝面,坎高超过1.2 m后,水舌冲击压强将大于20×9.8 kPa。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.