参数自适应的KPCA先验形状约束目标分割

为克服固定先验形状在分割可变形目标时的困难,提出一种基于核主元分析(KPCA)的参数自适应先验形状约束水平集分割方法.首先使用KPCA变换获取目标先验形状特征空间的基底向量;其次用Parzen窗估计待分割图像的灰度分布以构造图像数据能量项;然后使用仿射变换对齐图像感兴趣区域与先验形状,从而将目标形状先验知识集成到分割模型中;最后在基于水平集方法求解演化方程时自适应地估计参数,实现形变目标的分割.实验结果表明,相比于CV (Chan-Vese)模型和单先验形状约束的水平集方法,该模型能够有效地分割不同姿态的目标形状.     

稀疏形状先验的脑肿瘤图像分割

目的 在脑部肿瘤图像的分析过程中,准确分割出肿瘤区域对于计算机辅助脑部肿瘤疾病的诊断及治疗过程具有重要意义。然而,由于脑部图像常存在结构复杂、边界模糊、灰度不均以及肿瘤内部存在明暗区域的问题,使得肿瘤图像分割工作面临严峻挑战。为了克服上述困难,更好地实现脑部肿瘤图像分割,提出一种基于稀疏形状先验的脑肿瘤图像分割算法。方法 首先,研究脑部肿瘤图像的配准与形状描述,并以此为基础构建脑部肿瘤的稀疏形状先验约束模型;继而,将该稀疏形状先验约束模型与区域能量描述方法相结合,构建基于稀疏形状先验的能量函数;最后,对能量函数进行优化及迭代,输出脑部肿瘤区域分割结果。结果 本文使用脑胶质瘤公开数据集BraTS2017进行算法测试,本文算法的分割结果与真实数据之间的平均相似度达到93.97%,灵敏度达到91.3%,阳性预测率达到95.9%。本文算法的实验准确度较高,误判率较低,鲁棒性较强。结论 本文算法能够结合水平集方法在拓扑结构描述和稀疏表达方法在复杂形状表达方面的优势,同时由于加入了形状约束,能够有效削弱肿瘤内部明暗区域对分割结果造成的影响,从而更准确和稳定地实现脑部肿瘤图像分割。     

基于局部模型匹配的几何活动轮廓跟踪

目的 在复杂背景下,传统轮廓跟踪方法只考虑了目标的整体特征或显著性特征,没有充分利用目标的局部特征信息,尤其是目标发生遮挡时,容易发生跟踪漂移,甚至丢失目标.针对上述问题,提出一种基于局部模型匹配的几何活动轮廓(LM-GAC)跟踪算法.方法 首先,利用超像素技术将图像中的颜色特征相似的像素点归为一类,形成由一些像素点组成的超像素,从而把目标分割成若干个超像素块,再结合EMD(earth mover's distance)相似性度量构建局部特征模型.然后,进行局部模型匹配,引入噪声模型来估算局部模型参数θ,这样可以增强特征模型的自适应性,提高局部模型匹配的准确性.最后,结合粒子滤波的水平集分割方法提取目标轮廓,实现目标轮廓精确跟踪.结果 本文算法与多种目标轮廓跟踪算法进行对比,在部分遮挡、目标形变、光照变化、复杂背景等条件的基准图像序列均具有较高的跟踪成功率,平均成功率为79.6%.结论 实验结果表明,根据不同的图像序列,可以自适应地实时改变噪声模型参数和粒子的权重,使得本文算法具有较高的准确性和鲁棒性.特别是在复杂的背景下,算法能较准确地进行目标轮廓跟踪.     

基于知识的多层Mumford-Shah向量值图像分割模型

针对多层Mumford-Shah模型不能正确分割对比度小且部分被遮挡的复杂医学图像问题, 将目标形状先验知识窄带水平集统计形状模型集成到多层Mumford-Shah模型, 提出了基于目标形状先验知识的多层Mumford-Shah向量值图像分割模型和求解该图像分割模型泛函最小值的水平集逐层迭代算法. 实验结果表明, 该方法能够有效分割对比度小且部分被血管遮挡的早期青光眼病人视乳头图像.     

先验模型约束的抗干扰轮廓跟踪

目的 基于水平集的轮廓提取方法被广泛用于运动物体的轮廓跟踪。针对传统方法易受局部遮挡、复杂背景等因素影响的问题,提出一种先验模型约束的抗干扰（AC-PMC）轮廓跟踪算法。方法 首先,选取图像序列的前5帧进行跟踪训练,将每帧图像基于颜色特征分割成若干超像素块,利用均值聚类组建簇集合,并通过该集合建立目标的先验模型。然后,利用水平集分割方法提取目标轮廓,并提出决策判定算法,判断是否需要引入形状先验模型加以约束,避免遮挡、复杂背景等影响。最后,提出一种在线模型更新算法,在特征集中加入适当特征补偿,使得更新的目标模型更为准确。结果 本文算法与多种优秀的轮廓跟踪算法相比,可以达到相同甚至更高的跟踪精度,在Fish、Face1、Face2、Shop、Train以及Lemming视频图像序列下的平均中心误差分别为3.46、7.16、3.82、13.42、14.72、12.47,算法的跟踪重叠率分别为0.92、0.74、0.85、0.77、0.73、0.82,算法的平均运行速度分别为4.27 帧/s、4.03 帧/s、3.11 帧/s、2.94 帧/s、2.16 帧/s、1.71 帧/s。结论 利用目标的先验模型约束以及提取轮廓过程中的决策判定,使本文算法在局部遮挡、目标形变、目标旋转、复杂背景等条件下具有跟踪准确、适应性强的特点。     

基于形状先验模型的平面型工件抓取位姿检测

为了能够在复杂的工业环境中抓取平面型工件,提出一种图割法与形状先验模型结合的工件图像分割方法,并且对工件的位姿信息进行测量.首先,建立先验形状,提出基于最小包围矩形法将工件的形状模板与目标工件人工分割形状进行配准,得到先验形状.为了保证分割结果的准确性,采用单一的先验形状.图割模型中加入了目标形状先验知识.其次,通过自适应调整形状先验项的权重系数,使得图割法的能量函数形状先验项自适应于被分割的图像.第三,本文可以采用形状先验方法分割一幅图像中的多个工件,并且能够计算吸盘的最优抓取位置.最后,采用结构光视觉系统采集工件的点云信息,拟合工件平面,确定工件法向量,得到工件的抓取姿态.实验结果表明,本文算法能够适应遮挡、光照变化的工件图像,同时也能够分割复杂环境中的目标工件;平面型工件抓取位姿的计算结果有效,可以应用于遮挡、反光、复杂干扰背景条件下的工件抓取作业.     

多先验形状的图割分割方法*

为了分割图像中的多个目标,提出多先验形状约束的多目标图割分割方法。首先,使用离散水平集框架的形状距离定义先验形状模型,并将这一模型合并到图割框架的区域项中,同时通过加入多类形状先验扩展形状先验能量。然后,通过自适应调节形状先验项的权重系数,实现自适应控制形状项在能量函数中所占的比重,克服人工选择参数的困难,提高分割效率。最后,为使方法对于形状仿射变换具有不变性,使用尺度不变特征变换和随机抽样一致结合的方法进行对准。实验表明,文中方法能够较好分割图像中的多个目标,且能较好克服图像的噪声污染、目标被遮挡等信息缺失问题。     

形状约束下活动轮廓模型冠脉血管图像多尺度分割

目的 由于计算机断层血管造影(CTA)图像的复杂性,临床诊断冠脉疾病往往需要经验丰富的医师对冠状动脉进行手动分割,快速、准确自动分割出冠状动脉对提高冠脉疾病诊断效率具有重要意义。针对双源CT图像特点以及传统单一基于区域或边界的活动轮廓模型的不足,研究了心脏冠脉3维分割算法,提出一种基于血管形状约束的活动轮廓模型分割方法。方法 首先,利用改进的FCM(fuzzy C-means)对心脏CT图像感兴趣区域初分割,其结果用于初始化C-V模型水平集演化曲线及控制参数,提取感兴趣区域轮廓。接着,由3维心脏图像数据获取多尺度梯度矢量信息构造边界型能量泛函,然后利用基于Hessian矩阵的多尺度血管函数对心脏感兴趣区域3维体数据增强滤波,获取血管先验形状信息用于约束能量泛函。最后融合边界、区域能量泛函并利用变分原理及水平集方法得到适合冠脉血管分割的水平集演化方程。结果 由于血管图像的灰度不均匀,血管末端区域更为细小,所以上述算法的实施是面向被划分多个子区域的血管,在缩小的范围内进行轮廓的演化。相比于传统的血管分割方法,该方法充分融合血管图像的先验信息及梯度场信息,能够从灰度及造影剂分布不均匀的冠脉血管图像中准确分割出冠状动脉,对于细小的血管结构亦能获得较好的分割效果。实验结果表明,该方法只需在给定初始轮廓前提下,有效提取3维冠脉血管。结论 对多组心脏CT图像进行分割,本文基于血管先验形状约束的活动轮廓模型可以准确分割出冠脉结构完整轮廓,并且人工交互简单。该方法在双源CT冠脉图像自动分割方面具有较好的正确率与优越性。     

融合形状先验的向量CV模型图像分割算法

Chan等人提出的向量CV模型尽管解决了传统CV模型无法分割向量值图像的问题,但是向量CV模型对于含有噪声或遮挡物等复杂的图像,无法正确分割目标。针对此问题提出一种融合形状先验向量CV模型。其能量泛函主要包含形状先验项、图像区域信息项以及距离正则项。此能量函数使得主动轮廓和形状先验位置相近时停止演化。该模型所用形状模板可以与目标形状仿射不同,使得算法更加灵活。该模型对含噪以及目标遮挡的图像具有很好的分割效果。     

融合分割先验的多图像目标语义分割

目的 在序列图像或多视角图像的目标分割中，传统的协同分割算法对复杂的多图像分割鲁棒性不强，而现有的深度学习算法在前景和背景存在较大歧义时容易导致目标分割错误和分割不一致。为此，提出一种基于深度特征的融合分割先验的多图像分割算法。方法 首先，为了使模型更好地学习复杂场景下多视角图像的细节特征，通过融合浅层网络高分辨率的细节特征来改进PSPNet-50网络模型，减小随着网络的加深导致空间信息的丢失对分割边缘细节的影响。然后通过交互分割算法获取一至两幅图像的分割先验，将少量分割先验融合到新的模型中，通过网络的再学习来解决前景/背景的分割歧义以及多图像的分割一致性。最后通过构建全连接条件随机场模型，将深度卷积神经网络的识别能力和全连接条件随机场优化的定位精度耦合在一起，更好地处理边界定位问题。结果 本文采用公共数据集的多图像集进行了分割测试。实验结果表明本文算法不但可以更好地分割出经过大量数据预训练过的目标类，而且对于没有预训练过的目标类，也能有效避免歧义的区域分割。本文算法不论是对前景与背景区别明显的较简单图像集，还是对前景与背景颜色相似的较复杂图像集，平均像素准确度（PA）和交并比（IOU）均大于95%。结论 本文算法对各种场景的多图像分割都具有较强的鲁棒性，同时通过融入少量先验，使模型更有效地区分目标与背景，获得了分割目标的一致性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.