肾移植术后并发自体泌尿系统恶性肿瘤22例的临床分析

目的 分析肾移植受者并发自体泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的临床特征.方法 回顾性分析单中心1945例肾移植受者的临床资料,其中发生自体泌尿系统恶性肿瘤22例(发生率为1.13％),占所有恶性肿瘤的56.4 ％(22/39).22例中肾乳头状腺癌、肾乳头状细胞癌、肾血管肉瘤各1例;肾盂移行细胞癌1例,肾盂输尿管移行细胞癌6例,输尿管移行细胞癌7例,肾盂输尿管膀胱移行细胞癌1例;膀胱恶性肿瘤4例(包括膀胱移行细胞癌3例、膀胱交界恶性肿瘤1例).22例中,以肉眼血尿为主要症状者17例,2例反复出现镜下血尿,只有3例无明显临床症状.患者的发病年龄为(54.3±12.3)岁,诊断肿瘤的中位时间为移植术后53个月.10例采用环孢素A+硫唑嘌呤+泼尼松预防排斥反应,12例采用环孢素A+吗替麦考酚酯+泼尼松.所有患者均接受手术治疗,其中3例肾脏恶性肿瘤患者接受了根治性肾切除手术,15例肾孟、输尿管肿瘤患者接受患侧肾、输尿管切除并膀胱袖状切除,4例膀胱恶性肿瘤患者中,3例接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,1例行膀胱部分切除术.结果 随访2～97个月,死亡9例,死亡时间为肿瘤手术后6～97个月,死亡原因为骨转移1例,肺转移1例,脑转移2例,肝转移2例,全身广泛转移3例.随访截止时存活13例,存活时间最长者为单纯膀胱肿瘤患者,存活92个月,存活超过4年者4例,存活超过1年者5例.结论 自体泌尿系统恶性肿瘤是肾移植术后的一个重要并发症;无痛性肉眼血尿是最常见的症状;根治性手术切除是最主要的治 疗手段.     

肾移植受者术后并发泌尿系统恶性肿瘤(附12例报告)

目的分析肾移植受者术后并发泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的特点。方法回顾性分析1978年6月至2006年8月间3150例肾移植受者的临床资料，研究受者肾移植术后泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的发生率、发病年龄、发生时间以及免疫抑制剂的应用情况和肿瘤的治疗方案等。结果在3150例肾移植受者中，肾移植术后共发生33例（发生率1．05％）恶性肿瘤，其中泌尿系统恶性肿瘤12例（发生率0．38％），占肾移植术后恶性肿瘤的36．4％。这12例患者的发病年龄为48-66岁，平均（58．3±4．6）岁；肾移植术后发生肿瘤的平均时间为（62±18）个月；肾移植术后免疫抑制剂方案为：6例服用环孢素A＋硫唑嘌呤＋泼尼松，5例服用环孢素A＋霉酚酸酯＋泼尼松，1例服用他克莫司＋霉酚酸酯＋泼尼松。肿瘤发生后，12例患者中有11例施行了肿瘤根治性手术，其中1例在根治术后不久因突发脑溢血死亡。结论泌尿系统恶性肿瘤是肾移植受者术后的一个重要并发症；免疫抑制剂的使用与肿瘤的发生密切相关。因此，应定期评估肾移植受者术后的免疫状态，早期发现肿瘤，及时手术治疗，并适当减少免疫抑制剂用量。     

肾移植术后并发泌尿系统恶性肿瘤44例临床分析

目的：对肾移植受者并发泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的情况进行分析，探讨其防治措施。方法：回顾分析肾移植术后发生泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的44例患者的临床资料。44例受者的免疫抑制方案，11例为环孢素A（CsA）、霉酚酸酯及泼尼松（Pred）联用，1例采用CsA、咪唑立宾及Pred联用，1例采用他克莫司、咪唑立宾及Pred联用，其余采用CsA、硫唑嘌呤及Pred联用。结果：44例的肿瘤诊断时间为移植后2～273个月，中位数为39．5个月，其中肾细胞癌5例，双侧肾盂输尿管癌10例，单侧肾盂输尿管癌16例，输尿管癌1例，膀胱癌12例；共有8例出现淋巴结或远处转移。诊断肿瘤后，对免疫抑制方案进行调整，43例患者接受了手术治疗，1例由于诊断不及时，丧失手术机会。经过治疗，39例存活，5例死亡。结论：肾移植术后恶性肿瘤尤其是泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的发生率明显升高，治疗的关键在于早期诊断、及时手术，并辅以免疫抑制方案的调整。     

肾移植术后恶性肿瘤12例分析

目的　探讨肾移植后肿瘤的发病情况和防治措施。方法　回顾性分析 931例 10 15次肾移植的临床资料。结果　共发生恶性肿瘤 12例 ,发生率 1.2 8% ,于移植术后 (45 .9± 36 .8)个月 (12～ 12 4个月 )得到明确诊断 ,其中泌尿系统肿瘤 5例 ,硬脑膜小细胞癌、胰头癌、胃腺癌、肝癌、肺门鳞癌及滤泡状淋巴瘤各l例 ,另有 1例原发瘤不明的转移性肝癌。 6例获手术治疗 ,存活 (11.0± 8.8)个月 ,现仍存活 ;5例于诊断后 (4.4± 2 .7)个月死亡。结论　肾移植患者的肿瘤发生率明显增高 ,以泌尿系统的肿瘤多见 ,治疗上应尽早采取以手术为中心的综合治疗     

来氟米特替代霉酚酸酯或硫唑嘌呤在肾移植中的应用

目的探讨来氟米特(LEF)替代霉酚酸酯(MMF)或硫唑嘌呤(Aza)进行免疫抑制治疗的可行性。方法选取肾移植后使用环孢素A(CsA)或他克莫司(FK506)+MMF或Aza+泼尼松三联免疫抑制方案的受者16例,用LEF替代MMF或Aza维持治疗,替换时间为肾移植术后1~50个月,平均(8.8±12.3)个月。结果受者使用LEF替代治疗1~18个月,平均(8.7±7.2)个月,其中9例使用LEF超过6个月,7例超过12个月,3例已服用了18个月。受者肾功能稳定,换药前血肌酐为(103±24)μmol/L,换药半年后血肌酐为(95±26)μmol/L,换药1年后血肌酐为(108±27)μmol/L。16例受者中有1例因经济困难于1个月后退出观察,继续服用Aza;1例受者于半年后因血肌酐从130μmol/L增加到143μmol/L,要求恢复使用MMF。换药后发生急性细胞性排斥反应1例,轻度脱发2例,皮疹1例;未见肝功能明显异常、严重感染、贫血加重和血白细胞明显降低。结论肾移植后用LEF替代MMF或Aza的免疫抑制剂方案是安全可行的。     

肾移植术后肝功能异常患者用他克莫司替换环孢素A疗效的初步观察

目的　观察他克莫司 (FK5 0 6 )替换环孢素A(CsA)并联合应用霉酚酸酯 (MMF)及泼尼松 (Pred)防治肾移植术后肝功能异常患者的有效性及安全性。方法　肾移植术后 8例肝功能异常患者 (男性 5例 ,女性 3例 ,平均 38.2 3岁 ) ,用FK5 0 6替换CsA治疗 ,停用CsA 2 4h后 ,开始给予FK5 0 6。FK5 0 6初始剂量根据患者体重、肝功能损害程度及术后时间确定 ,服药 1周后 ,根据全血FK5 0 6谷值浓度调整剂量 ,使其谷值浓度维持于 5～ 15 μg/L。结果　用FK5 0 6替换CsA ,1个月后患者血中直接胆红素从替换前的 (2 2 .6 6± 17.19) μmol/L下降至 (7.0 5± 2 .32 ) μmol/L ,P <0 .0 5 ;间接胆红素从替换前的 (4 2 .15± 34.15 ) μmol/L下降至 (14.5 4± 2 .5 9) μmol/L ,P <0 .0 5 ;血清丙氨酸转氨酶从替换前的 (83 .0 0± 93 .14)IU/L下降至 1个月后的 (2 9.5 0± 15 .41)IU/L ,P >0 .0 5 ;血清肌酐从 (177.91±86 .41) μmol/L下降至 (135 .92± 34.0 5 ) μmol/L ,P >0 .0 5。 3例腹水的患者均于药物替换 1个月后完全消失。仅有 1例患者出现便秘、食欲下降伴上肢颤抖。结论　用FK5 0 6替换CsA并联合应用MMF及Pred对防治肾移植术后肝功能异常是安全和有效的措施     

肾移植术后泌尿系恶性肿瘤

1病例摘要 患者,女性,55岁,10年前因药物中毒致双肾功能衰竭,行3年规律血液透析治疗后,于2003年于外院接受右侧肾移植术.术后应用环孢素A 8 mg/(kg·d)、硫唑嘌呤50 mg/d及泼尼松20mg/d行免疫抑制治疗.4年前查体时发现自体右肾盂癌,并行右肾盂癌根治术,术后病理示:右肾盂移行上皮乳头状癌.2个月前患者开始出现全程无痛性肉眼血尿,间歇性发作.     

肾移植术后恶性肿瘤4例报告

我院1992-1999年行同种异体肾移植126例，其中4例并发恶性肿瘤，现报告如下。例1男，56岁。因慢性肾小球肾炎、尿毒症并发乙肝表面抗原阳性于1996年行肾移植术，手术后肾功能3 d恢复正常，术后应用环孢素A（CsA)，硫唑嘌呤（Aza)，泼尼松（Pred)三联免疫抑制疗法。3年后突然出现上消化道出血。经胃镜及病理证实为胃印戒细胞癌，予对症治疗，3个月后因晚期胃癌带肾死亡。例2男，37岁。因慢性肾小球肾炎、尿毒症于1995年1月行肾移植术，术后肾功能恢复正常。常规使用CsA、Aza、Pred三联免疫抑制疗法。术后2年出现移植肾肾炎，增加免疫抑制…     

肾移植术后早期并发癫痫三例

器官移植术后可并发癫痫,国外资料显示其发生率为5%左右[1].回顾我中心2008年7月至2010年6月244例肾移植受者的临床资料,有3例(1.22%,3/244)在肾移植术后早期(3个月内)并发癫痫,现报告如下. 临床资料 例1为男性,19岁,于2008年12月接受肾移植,术前接受血液透析8个月.术后免疫抑制方案为环孢素A(CsA)+吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)+泼尼松(Pred).肾移植术后出现肾功能恢复延迟(DGF).     

肾移植术后自体泌尿系统肿瘤25例临床分析

目的 总结肾移植术后并发自体泌尿系统肿瘤的诊断和治疗经验.方法 25例肾移植受者,发生肿瘤的时间平均为移植术后48.2个月(29～72个月),其中23例以间歇性血尿为首发症状,2例为体检时发现.25例中,3例为肾癌,行腹腔镜下肾癌根治术；8例为上尿路的尿路上皮肿瘤,行经腹腹腔镜下肾盂癌根治术,其中3例同时合并浅表膀胱肿瘤；14例为膀胱尿路上皮肿瘤,13例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,1例行全膀胱切除并移植肾输尿管造口.术后将吗替麦考酚酯减量至原剂量的2/3,环孢素A或他克莫司减量至2/3或1/2.4例受者将环孢素A或他克莫司转换为西罗莫司.结果 随访12～84个月.1例肾癌患者因对侧复发,合并双肺及胸壁多发转移,6个月后死亡.2例合并淋巴结转移的肾盂输尿管肿瘤患者分别于术后14和20个月,因多发转移死亡.其余22例患者存活,血清肌酐维持在98～163 μmol/L.结论 肾移植术后出现血尿的患者需注意筛查自体泌尿系统肿瘤.确诊的患者需要手术切除病变,术后调整免疫抑制方案.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.