猪跟腱胶原蛋白海绵的制备

目的为了更好利用猪跟腱资源,提高其附加值及拓宽胶原在包装方面的应用,探讨猪跟腱胶原蛋白海绵的制备及该海绵对乙醇的吸附作用。方法采用单因素实验考察猪跟腱胶原蛋白浓度、甘油含量、浇注厚度对力学性能的影响,并考察海绵孔隙率和时间对乙醇吸附性能的影响。结果当胶原的质量分数为1%,甘油的质量分数为0.6%,浇注厚度为5 mm时,制备的海绵抗张强度为210.91 k Pa,断裂伸长率为6.98%,此工艺条件下制备的海绵孔隙率为91.19%,30 d乙醇吸附量为416.32 mg/g,吸附量与海绵的孔隙率成正相关。结论猪跟腱胶原蛋白在此工艺下制备的海绵比其他动物胶原蛋白海绵的抗张强度高,且对乙醇具有吸附作用。     

鸡毛水解残渣海绵的制备及其吸油性能研究

为对还原法水解废弃鸡毛所产生的残渣加以二次利用,使用冷冻干燥方法将其制备成残渣海绵.确定了当残渣海绵孔隙率控制在96.5％时其吸油量和拉伸性能之间会有一个较优平衡,此时拉伸强度约为5.14 kPa;吸油试验表明残渣海绵具有良好的单油介质下吸油性能(橄榄油17.24 g/g,液体石蜡14.11 g/g)和优异的油水介质下选择性吸油能力,在最极端条件下吸附油水比例也可达4∶9,整体吸油表现优于同类吸油材料,如再生纸、脱脂棉等;FT-IR显示残渣中蛋白质未被完全水解仍存在大量肽键,SEM微观形貌和氮气吸-脱附曲线表明残渣海绵具备多孔结构,这些均为残渣海绵的高吸油特性提供了微观依据.结合残渣海绵吸油受温湿度变化影响较小的特点,可以认为其是一款具有良好应用价值且用途广泛的清洁材料.     

玉米芯/壳聚糖基多孔碳材料的制备及其气体吸附性能研究

采用玉米芯为碳源,壳聚糖(CS)为氮源,800℃碳化并进一步通过CO_2活化制备了多孔碳材料。研究玉米芯/CS在不同质量比时对多孔碳材料的孔径分布,表面化学性质及气体吸附性能的影响。利用全自动气体吸附仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱分析仪对样品进行了孔隙结构和表面化学性质的表征。实验结果表明,所制备的多孔碳材料具有丰富的孔隙结构。当玉米芯/CS质量比为1∶15时,比表面积最大值达到702m~2/g,最大孔容为0.310cm~3/g,N掺杂量为1.59%,在常温常压下CH_4的吸附量达到36mg/g,CO_2吸附量达到117mg/g。     

基于偶氮桥连卟啉的共轭微孔聚合物的制备及其表征

以卟啉作为基本构筑单元,通过偶氮键的链接制备得到基于偶氮链接卟啉的共轭微孔聚合物。通过红外(FT-IR)表征,偶氮键(—NN—)的特征吸收峰(1 597cm-1)证明该材料中大量偶氮键的生成。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对其形貌进行分析,发现该材料表面粗糙且具有很明显的孔结构。热重分析(TGA)表明其在N2中具有很好的热稳定性(195℃失重5%)。利用N2、CO2和H2对该材料进行气体吸脱附实验,结果显示该材料的比表面积达到571m2/g;CO2吸附量可达94.2mg/g(273K);H2吸附量可达8.6mg/g(77K)。CO2和H2的吸附焓(ΔH)经计算分别达到37和7kJ/mol。     

环糊精基石墨烯气凝胶的制备及其气体吸附性能研究

以氧化石墨烯(GO)为骨架,β-环糊精(β-CD)为交联剂,采用一步水热法成功制备了结构均匀的环糊精基石墨烯气凝胶(C-GAs)。采用比表面及孔径分析仪对样品的孔隙结构进行了表征,并进一步研究了其孔隙结构对二氧化碳(CO_2)、氢气(H_2)和甲烷(CH_4)气体的吸附性能的影响。结果显示,在β-CD∶GO的质量配合比为0.5∶1条件下,C-GAs拥有较高的比表面积537m~2/g和总孔容0.750m~3/g,显示了其极好的结构特性,在298℃,1.0Pa条件下,C-GAs对CO_2的吸附量达到44.73mg/g,对CH_4的吸附量达到6.82mg/g;在77℃,1.0Pa条件下,C-GAs对H_2的吸附量达到1.17mg/g,制备的C-GAs对CO_2具有较强的吸附能力以及良好的吸附选择性,且制备过程简单、绿色、安全。     

用于挥发性有机化合物探测的微悬臂梁传感器

在研制成功的用于化学气体探测的热驱动微悬臂梁谐振器的基础上,提出了基于这种微悬臂梁谐振器,并以聚合物涂层作为挥发性有机化合物吸附敏感层的谐振式气体传感器.利用3种聚合物材料：聚氧化乙烯（PEO）、聚乙烯醇（PVA）和聚乙二醇乙醚醋酸酯（PEVA）,在微悬臂梁谐振器上制备气体敏感层,探测6种挥发性有机化合物：甲苯、苯、乙醇、丙酮、己烷和辛烷.通过有限元分析估计了聚合物涂层的工作温度.用喷射法制备了PVA和PE-VA涂层,用点滴法制备了PEO涂层.测试了传感器的开环幅频特性,实验检测了气体传感器的谐振频率变化与分析物蒸气浓度的关系以及传感器对相对湿度的响应,分析了传感器的灵敏度和线性度.实验结果表明,这种涂覆聚合物敏感层的热驱动微悬臂梁谐振器为探测挥发性有机化合物提供了良好的平台.根据实验结果,可开发几种基于不同聚合物敏感层的高灵敏度微型气体传感器.     

膨胀石墨的表面修饰及其对甲醛吸附性能研究

以氧化插层法制备的膨胀石墨(expanded graphite,EG)为吸附剂,采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium btomide,CTAB)对EG进行表面修饰(改性).研究改性和吸附工艺对EG吸附甲醛气体性能的影响.结果表明:改性荆的浓度对EG吸附甲醛气体有较大影响,当CTAB的浓度为0.04 mol/L时,改性EG对甲醛的吸附效果较好.随着改性温度和时间的增加,改性EG对甲醛的吸附量先增加后减少,最佳改性温度和时间分别为70℃和90min.在室温(25℃)下,改性EG对甲醛气体的吸附效果较好.最佳工艺条件下,改性EG对甲醛气体的吸附量高达840mg/g.     

木屑和花生壳粉对酸性荧光黄染料吸附研究

以木屑、花生壳粉作为吸附剂,采用静态吸附法,研究吸附酸性荧光黄染料的性质,讨论了pH值,染料初始浓度,温度,时间以及盐离子浓度对吸附量的影响,并应用等温模型分析了吸附机理。实验结果表明,在pH为5左右,木屑最佳吸附量为5.18mg/g;在pH为6左右,花生壳粉最佳吸附量为4.46mg/g;吸附最佳的条件是染料初始浓度为150mg/L,吸附剂用量为1.0g,盐浓度为0.17mol/L,25℃下反应90min、木屑、花生壳粉对酸性荧光黄染料的吸附量分别为5.84mg/g、8.66mg/g。吸附平衡时间是90min;吸附随着温度的升高吸附量下降,在25℃时吸附量最佳。盐离子的加入对木屑和花生壳粉对酸性荧光黄染料的吸附有促进作用。木屑、花生壳粉对酸性荧光黄的最大吸附量分别为21.80mg/g和11.00mg/g。经等温方程拟合后,木屑吸附符合多分子层吸附,花生壳粉吸附符合单分子层吸附。2种材料对酸性荧光黄染料的吸附都是放热过程。     

硅锰复合物的水热合成及其对水中Ni~(2+)的吸附

采用一步水热法制得核壳结构的纳米硅锰吸附复合物(SMNA)。对SMNA进行了表征,并对水中镍离子(Ni~(2+))的吸附性能进行研究,研究了有共存离子条件下溶液pH值、吸附时间和解吸再生等对SMNA吸附性能的影响。结果表明:当SiO_2掺杂量为15%(wt,质量分数)时,SMNA对Ni~(2+)的吸附量可达34.14mg/g,比δ-MnO_2的吸附量提高了17.08%;并且吸附速率也有所增大,达到吸附平衡的时间由原来的60min缩短到了20min;SMNA经过酸再生4次循环后吸附量为32.25mg/g,仅比未经酸再生循环时的最大吸附量34.14mg/g下降了5.36%,具有较好的吸附性能。     

柔性海藻酸钙海绵伤口敷料的制备及性能

采用甘油为增塑剂对海藻酸钙海绵进行改性处理,制备了可用作伤口敷料的柔性海绵。结果表明,改性后海藻酸钙海绵的柔韧性增强,可任意弯折,表面光滑平整,不易碎,摩擦不掉渣,能同时满足医用伤口敷料的功能性和舒适性的要求。随着甘油含量的增加,海绵的柔韧性增强,断裂延伸率和对蒸馏水的保液量增加,但是海绵的断裂强度、初始模量、孔隙率、透气率和吸液量下降。海藻酸钙海绵的最佳增塑工艺为甘油浓度6%,处理时间12h,处理温度30℃,此时其柔软度指标为326.8°,断裂强度为0.376MPa,孔隙率为82.3%,透气率为59.8%,对蒸馏水的吸液量和保液量为13.1和6.73g/g。     

蒙脱土对纤维素基吸湿衬垫结构与性能的影响

目的在羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)与壳聚糖(CS)基材中添加纳米蒙脱土(MMT),制备安全无毒、具有良好吸水性的海绵衬垫,可用于鲜肉的保鲜包装。方法将不同比例的MMT添加到CMC-Na和CS混合溶液中,冻干后采用氯化钙交联得到海绵衬垫,测定衬垫在水中的溶胀率和可溶物含量以优化配比,然后测定最优衬垫的吸湿速率、红外光谱、形貌、压缩强度以及色差等。结果当MMT质量分数为5%时,衬垫在水中的溶胀率最高,可溶物含量较低,且与空白对照品相比,由于MMT在高分子基材表面形成大量微米级团聚粒子,所以其比表面积增大,吸湿速率加快。同时,由于MMT良好的力学强度,且与CMC-Na和CS基材结合良好,因此MMT的添加大大提高了衬垫的压缩强度。加入MMT后,虽衬垫的颜色有所加深,但肉眼观察并不明显。结论 MMT的加入可改善CMC-Na/CS衬垫的性能,促进其在鲜肉包装中的实际应用。     

海藻酸钠/羽毛角蛋白复合纤维的制备与性能

采用酸碱法在鸭毛中提取羽毛角蛋白（FK）,通过正交实验研究了FK提取的最佳条件。将FK与海藻酸钠（SA）进行共混,制备SA/FK复合溶液,测试了复合溶液的流变性。通过湿法纺丝制备SA/FK复合纤维,研究了复合纤维的基本性能并表征了复合纤维分子间氢键作用。结果表明:在最佳提取条件下（提取温度为60.0℃,提取时间为120.00 min,碱浓度为2.00wt%）,FK产率最高为45.75%。SA/FK复合溶液的表观黏度随剪切速率的增加而减小,随FK含量的增加呈现先增后减的趋势。FK的加入使分子间氢键作用增强。SA/FK复合纤维的力学断裂强度能够达到1.96 cN/dtex。SA与FK的复合破坏了原有分子的晶体结构,SA/FK复合纤维分子结构是以非晶态存在。SA/FK复合纤维的表面具有均匀的沟槽结构。      

Preparation and characterization of sponge film made from feathers

Feather wastes generated from poultry farms will pose a problem for disposal, but they are sustainable resources of keratin. Reduction is one of the commonly used methods to obtain soluble keratin from feather. However, the residues generated during feather reduction reaction were rarely investigated. In this study, the residues were transformed into a porous and flexible sponge film by freeze-drying without pretreatment or addition of cross-linking agents. Glycerol was used to alter the physical and chemical characteristics of the sponge film. The film was characterized with a fiber strong stretch instrument, a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, an elemental analyzer, a differential scanning calorimeter and an automatic air permeability apparatus. Tensile strength and melting point of the sponge film with the optimum glycerol content were 6.2 MPa and 170 °C respectively. Due to air permeability of 368 mm/s, the film can potentially be used in medicine, biology, textile, environmental technology, and so on. It is ecologically friendly and will produce additional benefits from the renewable materials. The film was utilized as adsorbents to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions and as a filtering material for air pollution. Its maximum Cr(VI) uptake capacity was about 148.8 mg/g and the removal rate of PM₁₀ was 98.3%.     

Fabrication of highly porous keratin sponges by freeze-drying in the presence of calcium alginate beads

Novel fabrication method of highly porous and flexible keratin sponges was developed by combining a particulate-leaching method and a freeze-drying method. Reduced keratin aqueous solution was mixed with dried calcium alginate beads and was lyophilized to give keratin/calcium alginate complex, which was subsequently treated with EDTA solution to leach out calcium alginate beads. The resultant keratin sponge was flexible enough to handle even in dried state because of its quite high porosity (98.9 ± 0.1%), which was brought about by the large and small pores formed by the elimination of calcium alginate beads and water. The sponge supported the attachment and the proliferation of mouse fibroblast cells. Thus, the keratin sponge given by the present fabrication method afforded one alternative as a cell scaffold for tissue engineering.     

两种超细活性碳纤维的制备及其甲醛吸附性能

以超细预氧化纤维毡为原料,采用电加热和微波加热方法制备两种超细活性碳纤维吸附剂(UFACF-1、UFACF-2),在相同湿度条件下,对两种超细活性碳纤维的甲醛吸附性能进行测定;采用场发射扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外-拉曼光谱仪、全自动比表面和孔径分布分析仪对两种超细活性碳纤维吸附剂的纤维形态、结构、比表面积、孔容和孔径分布进行表征;两种超细活性碳纤维在纤维形态、结构和甲醛吸附性能上均有差别,其中,UFACF-1比表面积为805.25m2·g-1,总孔容为0.366cm3·g-1,UFACF-2比表面积为733.32m2·g-1,总孔容为0.386cm3·g-1,UFACF-1甲醛吸附性能优于UFACF-2;UFACF-1含有大量极微孔和含氧官能团,对于室内甲醛处理,是一种有应用潜力的新型吸附材料。     

离子液体法纤维素海绵的研究——(Ⅱ)纤维素含量的影响

采用离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([BMIM]Cl)为溶剂、无水硫酸钠为成孔剂、脱脂棉为增强纤维,以棉浆为原料制备了离子液体法纤维素海绵,探讨了纤维素含量对纤维素海绵的吸水性、保湿性、拉伸强度、染色性能以及形态结构的影响。结果表明,随着纤维素含量的增加,纤维素海绵的致密度增加,吸水性和保湿性下降,但海绵的拉伸强度随之增大。当纤维素含量<6%时,纤维素海绵的染色性能基本保持不变,而当纤维素含量>6%时,海绵的染色性能略有下降。     

An efficient conversion of waste feather keratin into ecofriendly bioplastic film

Feathers biomass from poultry industry is considered as an important waste product, which creates serious environmental problems. In this study, keratin was extracted from waste chicken feathers using sodium sulfide as a reducing agent under optimized conditions. The extracted keratin particles were used to develop a bioploymeric film by adding microcrystalline cellulose as nano-additive agent. The calculated yield of 80.2% was obtained for keratin from feathers dry weight 25 g (w/w). The extracted keratin was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The physiochemical characteristics of the feathers were compared with the keratin powder. The regenerated keratin particles preserved their chemical composition, thermal strength and stability after chemical extraction. The extracted keratin particles showed 10–20-µm spongy porous microparticles in SEM analysis. The keratin powder was used to synthesize a bioplastic film using glycerol (3.5%) and microcrystalline cellulose (0.2%) in NaOH for 48 h at 60 °C. The calculated thickness of bioplastic film was 1.12 × 10^?4 mm with tensile strength of 3.62 ± 0.6 MPa. The Young’s modulus and break elongation for synthesized bioplastic film were 1.52 ± 0.34 MPa and 15.8 ± 2.2%, respectively. The feather and keratin showed maximum similarity index of 64.74% (l-alanyl, l-alanyl, l-alanine, p-nitroanilide) and 64.32% with d-pantethine, respectively, using OMNIC Specta software. Overall, the study presented a highly efficient method to convert the waste feather biomass into a bioplastic film which can be used in biopolymer, biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.     

Three-dimensional graphene oxide nanostructure for fast and efficient water-soluble dye removal

In this study, we demonstrated the potential of graphene nanomaterials as environmental pollutant adsorbents by utilizing the characteristics of ultralarge surface area and strong π-π interaction on the surface. We generated a three-dimensional (3D) graphene oxide sponge (GO sponge) from a GO suspension through a simple centrifugal vacuum evaporation method, and used them to remove both the methylene blue (MB) and methyl violet (MV) dyes which are main contaminants from the dye manufacturing and textile finishing. The efficiency and speed of dye adsorption on a GO sponge was investigated under various parameters such as contact time, stirring speed, temperature, and pH. The adsorption process shows that 99.1% of MB and 98.8% of MV have been removed and the equilibrium status has been reached in 2 min. The 3D GO sponge displays adsorption capacity as high as 397 and 467 mg g(-1) for MB and MV dye, respectively, and the kinetic data reveal that the adsorption process of MB and MV dyes is well-matched with the pseudo second-order model. The MB and MV adsorption on the 3D GO sponge involved in endothermic chemical adsorption through the strong π-π stacking and anion-cation interaction with the activation energy of 50.3 and 70.9 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The 3D GO sponge has demonstrated its high capability as an organic dye scavenger with high speed and efficiency.     

角蛋白及其提取

简要介绍了角蛋白结构，综述了角蛋白的加工和提取的主要方法，包括机械法和化学法，最后探讨了角蛋白的应用前景。     

Particles from bird feather: A novel application of an ionic liquid and waste resource

The dissolution and regeneration of the waste chicken feathers in an ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimi-dazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) were demonstrated for preparing chicken feather based particles. The structure and properties of the regenerated chicken feathers were investigated by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, BET and water contact angle. The crystallinity of the regenerated chicken feathers was decreased, and the content of β-sheet was 31.71%, which was clearly lower than the raw feather (47.19%). The surface property of chicken feather changed from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity after regenerated from [BMIM]Cl as indicated by the change of the water contact angle from 138 to 76°. The chicken feather particles regenerated from [BMIM]Cl showed an excellent efficiency (63.5–87.7%) for removing Cr(VI) ions in wastewater at the concentrations from 2 to 80 ppm. The Freundlich constant (k_F) for the adsorption of Cr(VI) ion by the particles of the regenerated chicken feather was four times larger than that of the raw chicken feather, the possible reason is the hydrophilic groups such as amino and carboxyl groups were tend to self-assemble towards surface when the dissolved CF were regenerated by water, amino group will partly hydrate to cationic amino and Cr(VI) ion occurs as an anion in the aqueous phase, so the cationic amino will adsorb the anionic Cr(VI) ion onto the RCF particles through electrostatic attraction. This work demonstrated a new application of the ionic liquid for dissolving chicken feather and a renewable application of waste chicken feather for removing Cr(VI) ion in water.