超疏水超亲油三聚氰胺海绵的制备及其油水分离性能

利用正十二硫醇和氯化铜反应制备十二烷基硫铜,然后将其配制成乙醇悬浮液;将表面涂覆有聚多巴胺的三聚氰胺海绵浸入上述悬浮液中成功制备出超疏水三聚氰胺海绵,并用它来分离油水混合物.采用扫描电镜观察海绵表面形貌,利用接触角测量仪表征其润湿性能,借助红外分光测油仪测定水中含油量.研究结果表明,三聚氰胺海绵表面形成了凹凸不平的微纳米结构,呈超疏水超亲油状态;测得它对水的静态接触角为152°,而油滴能在1 s内被完全吸收.该样品对油水混合物具有良好的分离能力,分离后水中菜籽油含量从约25 g/L降到15.20 mg/L;对同一大豆油水混合物连续分离五次后其含油量可从36.45 mg/L降低至5.12 mg/L.该超疏水海绵具有良好的吸附油的能力,可吸收约自身质量54～77倍的有机溶剂或油品;在重复使用100次后仍能保持145°的接触角和达自身质量68.6倍的吸油能力;在海水中浸泡36 h后仍保持约147°的接触角和73.4倍的吸油能力.     

高内相乳液法制备P(St-DVB)多孔吸油材料及其在油水分离中的应用

利用超疏水多孔材料的选择吸油性可以很好地处理突发性溢油事故和肆意排放的含油废水.本实验通过高内相乳液法制备了一种可压缩的聚苯乙烯多孔材料,通过SEM、IR对该材料结构进行了表征,并测试了其油-水分离性能.结果显示,在传统小分子乳化剂Span 80的基础上加入牡蛎壳粉(OSP)可以有效阻止液滴的合并,能显著提升乳液的稳定性.在75℃下通过偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)引发自由基聚合制得了具有多孔结构的海绵材料,材料的密度、孔径和孔隙率可通过水量调节,当水的体积比达到98.22％时,材料呈现出可压缩性.通过接触角测量仪测试了材料的水接触角(WCA)为147.8°,油接触角接近0°,表明材料具有超疏水性和超亲油性.材料对不同油品的饱和吸油倍率在46.7～101.9 g/g,且在30 s内可达到吸油饱和;吸油后的材料可通过离心或挤压实现二次利用,该材料有望在油水分离领域得到广泛应用.     

天然生物质材料吸油性能研究

采用小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、锯末、中药渣作为吸油材料,重点研究了吸附材料粒径、吸附时间以及不同油品对这4种天然生物质材料的吸油性能的影响。同时,研究对比了这4种材料的吸水性能和保油能力。在对原油进行吸附实验时,发现锯末和小麦秸秆在0.25～0.83mm粒径范围内具有较好的吸油性能,吸油量分别为5.79和6.02g/g,其次为玉米秸秆,0.15～0.18mm之间的材料吸油量最大能达到5.02g/g,而中药渣在0.18～0.20mm之间的吸油量仅为2.37g/g。比较4种材料对有机物甲苯及植物油的吸附性能发现,其对原油的吸附效果优于植物油和甲苯。材料均有一定的保油能力,而锯末的保油能力最高,其油水比>11。由于天然生物质材料属固体废物,其吸油后可直接作为燃料使用,可达到以废治废的目的,因此在含油污水处理领域具有较好的开发和应用前景。     

不同改性剂对聚氨酯海绵亲油疏水改性研究

以聚醚多元醇C3050H为原料制备了聚氨酯海绵,同时分别以二甲基硅油、疏水性二氧化硅粉体材料等3种改性试剂对聚氨酯海绵进行了疏水改性。通过冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、静态接触角、力学拉伸等性能表征,对不同改性聚氨酯海绵对二甲苯的吸油倍率及200次循环使用性能进行了测定比较。结果表明:3种改性聚氨酯海绵均具有良好的疏水亲油性,对二甲苯的初次吸附倍率分别为0.81g/cm~3、0.90g/cm~3和0.85g/cm~3,使用200次后,对二甲苯的吸附倍率分别为0.69g/cm~3、0.82g/cm~3和0.71g/cm~3,与初次吸附倍率相比,仅分别降低了14.8%、8.89%、16.5%,与水的静态接触角仅分别降低了3.56%、8.11%和4.17%,循环使用后依然保持了较好的亲油疏水性能。研制的3种改性聚氨酯海绵具有吸附倍率稳定、可循环使用、无二次污染的特性,可作为水体苯系物泄露时的应急处理材料。     

层层自组装法制备超疏水/超亲油棉织物及其油水分离性能

被油污染的水资源严重影响人类健康和生态系统.为得到具有优异油水分离性能的材料,利用层层自组装法,在棉织物表面组装纳米银薄层,随后用十二烷基硫醇修饰,制备了具有超疏水/超亲油性能的棉织物.通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、接触角测试仪、分离效率表征超疏水/超亲油棉织物的微观形貌、表面化学组成、润湿性及油水分离性能.改性后的棉织物表面负载致密的纳米银薄层,水在该表面的接触角高达160°,而油的接触角为0°,显示出其良好的超疏水/超亲油性能;纳米银牢固地附着在棉织物的表面,使其表现出良好的抗磨损性、耐腐蚀性.油水分离测试显示,该棉织物对不同类型油品和水混合物的分离效率达88％以上,且具有较好的循环利用性.此外,该棉织物不仅能分离水上轻油、水下沉油,还能分离轻油-水-沉油三相所形成的混合物.     

表面微溶喷涂法制备不对称结构高强度锦纶油水分离材料及其性能研究

使用奥利弗宝对平纹结构的锦纶机织布进行改性,将改性机织布一侧浸泡在质量分数不同的甲酸溶液中,使用喷涂方式把聚四氟乙烯纳米颗粒喷涂在改性机织布表面,得到一侧表面疏水疏油、另一侧表面疏水亲油的油水分离材料。使用X射线光电子能谱仪、接触角测试仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜等对纯锦纶机织布和改性锦纶机织布中元素含量、吸液性能、形貌特征进行分析和表征,并测试了材料的油水分离性能和力学性能。研究表明:当甲酸质量分数为20%时,制备的油水分离材料具有较高的分离效率,拉伸强度为138.97MPa,耐磨性更高、实用性更强,可将其应用于特殊环境的油水分离。     

疏水性KH550-TiO2@PDMS@PU海绵的简单制备及油水分离性能

在钢铁产品的生产流程中,不可避免地产生含油废水,若不加以处理,会对生态环境造成严重的破坏,进而威胁人类健康。以TiO₂纳米颗粒,3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)与聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为主要化学试剂,通过简单的一步浸渍法,制备了一种疏水亲油的KH550-TiO₂@PDMS@PU改性海绵。低表面能PDMS层与KH550改性的TiO₂微米颗粒形成的粗糙结构,能显著提高海绵的疏水性能,接触角为(147.25±1.44)°。改性后的海绵经过胶粘、挤压、酸碱、超声等复杂条件下仍能保持稳定的疏水性和耐久性。改性海绵的吸油能力高达自身质量的20～25倍,可通过吸附-挤压循环的方式进行吸油。优秀的油水分离性能表明,KH550-TiO₂@PDMS@PU海绵具有无毒、易制备、稳定、疏水等优点,在钢铁行业具有广阔的应用前景。     

多孔聚二甲基硅氧烷吸油材料制备及吸油性质机理研究

以葡萄糖、蔗糖和聚二甲基硅氧烷为原材料,制备疏水亲油性的多孔聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)吸油材料,对其吸收有机溶液和植物油性能进行测试,探讨其吸收机理。实验表明,多孔PDMS吸油材料具有明显的3D孔洞结构,进行油水分离实验室时,材料表现出良好的亲油疏水性,对有机溶剂和油类物质具有高选择性和高吸收性。吸收的有机溶剂和油类物质的质量能够达到其自身质量的3~20倍。通过物理挤压多孔材料,可将材料中吸收的有机溶液和油类物质回收,同时材料恢复吸附和吸收能力,可以重复使用。该研究为油水分离和废油回收提供了一种经济、高效、环境友好的材料及解决方法。     

疏水聚氨酯海绵吸油材料研究进展

采用吸油材料处理油水混合物是油水分离领域一种重要的方法,综述了疏水聚氨酯海绵作为吸油材料的最新研究成果。首先概括了聚氨酯海绵吸油过程和机理,以及聚氨酯海绵疏水改性的两种思路。然后全面介绍了通过简单浸涂、层层自组装、枝接改性、溶胶-凝胶、化学刻蚀等表面改性方法制备的疏水聚氨酯海绵,以及通过优化发泡底物和共混改性试剂直接合成的疏水聚氨酯海绵。最后总结了研究中存在的问题,主要是采用疏水聚氨酯海绵对处理乳化油的研究较少,且对乳化油的吸油机理的认识还很浅。     

鸡毛角蛋白海绵垫的制备及对丙酮的吸附性能

利用还原C法提取鸡毛中可溶性角蛋白后产生的残渣,通过简单的物理方法处理后制得致密多孔的角蛋白海绵材料.针对增塑剂对角蛋白海绵结构的影响进行了实验研究,结果发现,甘油质量分数4%时,其机械性能最佳,拉伸强度为5.04 MPa,断裂伸长率为8.60%,完整性和柔韧性最好.利用红外光谱仪对组成残渣的分子基团等进行了表征,以有机挥发性气体丙酮作为实验对象,考察孔隙率和吸附温度等因素对鸡毛角蛋白海绵垫吸附性能的影响.实验结果显示:当角蛋白海绵垫的孔隙率为82.59%、环境温度为25℃时,对丙酮挥发性气体24 h的吸附量为205.4 mg/g;吸附1个月后达到饱和状态,饱和吸附量达374.8 mg/g.充分利用废弃鸡毛这一资源,对于去除环境中气体污染物具有一定的应用潜力.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

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