类胡萝卜素清除自由基的动力学及体外模拟消化对清除率的影响

测定不同质量浓度类胡萝卜素在不同温度条件下清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基的能力;考察经人工胃液、肠液及胃液-肠液3 种方法模拟消化后类胡萝卜素清除DPPH自由基能力的变化情况。结果表明：反应温度（T）对类胡萝卜素清除DPPH自由基的速率（k）影响显著（P＜0.05）,T升高,k增大,即k45 ℃＞k37 ℃＞k30 ℃,而对清除率（α）无显著影响;类胡萝卜素初始质量浓度（ρ）对α影响显著,ρ升高,α增大,而对k无显著影响;类胡萝卜素对DPPH自由基的清除作用符合一级反应动力学模型;T对半数效应浓度（EC50）、k和半衰期（t1/2）影响显著,T升高,EC50减小（EC50（45 ℃）＜EC50（37 ℃）＜EC50（30 ℃））、k增大（k45 ℃＞k37 ℃＞k30 ℃）、t1/2减小（t1/2（45℃）＜t1/2（37℃）＜t1/2（30 ℃））;表观活化能（Ea）和方程常数（K0）不受ρ的影响,Ea=17.039 kJ/mol、K0=7.38×106;体外模拟消化后的类胡萝卜素对DPPH自由基的清除率减小,且底物浓度越大,清除率下降百分比越大,降幅越小;与油脂混合后的类胡萝卜素经体外模拟消化后对DPPH自由基的清除率低于不加油脂组,即脂溶性的类胡萝卜素与油脂混合后更易被人体消化吸收,但因不同植物油的脂肪酸组成不同,对其消化吸收的影响存在差异。     

黑加仑果汁中花色苷的贮藏稳定性

以黑加仑果汁为原料,研究不同温度、不同可溶性固形物含量和抗氧化剂（抗坏血酸）存在条件下贮藏过程中果汁花色苷的化学稳定性、降解动力学及颜色变化。结果表明：果汁中花色苷在4 ℃、可溶性固形物含量9°Brix条件下较稳定,随着贮藏温度升高和可溶性固形物含量升高,花色苷残留率越低。贮藏过程中花色苷的降解符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数k越大,半衰期t1/2越小,活化能Ea越低。添加50 mg/L抗坏血酸使果汁花色苷降解速率常数k明显增大,半衰期t1/2和降解活化能Ea明显减小,因此抗坏血酸对花色苷残留率的减少有促进作用。在贮藏过程中随着时间的推移,花色苷不断的减少,果汁发生褐变,亮度和红色度逐渐降低,黄色度逐渐增加,而且抗坏血酸对贮藏过程中花色苷的颜色变化具有促进作用。     

采用挥发性盐基氮动力学模型预测低盐虾酱的货架寿命

本文采用挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)为低盐虾酱的品质变化和货架寿命的指示指标,根据感官评定结果和SB/T 10525-2009,确定TVB-N值4.50 mg/g为货架寿命终点。建立TVB-N与贮藏时间(t)之间的一级动力学方程和TVB-N变化速率常数(k)与贮藏温度(T)之间的Arrhenius方程,以预测在某一贮藏温度下低盐虾酱的货架寿命理论值。求得Arrhenius方程中TVB-N变化反应的活化能Ea为63.69 kJ/moL,指前因子k0为2.76×109,TVB-N的变化速率常数k为2.76×109e-63690/RT。分别在15℃、30℃和37℃条件下验证动力学模型的准确性,得到货架寿命预测值与实际值的相对误差分别为9.79%、7.00%和-6.54%。进一步通过Arrhenius方程外推法求得低盐虾酱在23℃和27℃条件下保藏的理论货架寿命分别为155.8 d和107.2 d,预测结果与实际值之间能较好地符合。     

T1脂肪酶催化合成甘油酯过程酯化率变化规律初探

采用自制新型T1脂肪酶在无溶剂中催化甘油与油酸合成甘油酯,考察了水添加量(4%~8%)、温度(40~70℃)和甘油/油酸物质的量比(2∶1~6∶1)对酯化反应的影响。基于反应条件,假设该酶促反应遵循一级反应,建立了酶促过程中油酸酯化率的动力学模型Er=CE×[1-e-k(t-t0)],通过规划求解得到了不同反应条件下的反应速率常数(k)、理论上平衡时最大酯化率(CE)和酶活性发挥所需的延迟时间t0。不同反应条件对方程系数(k、CE、t0)的影响程度各不同,该结果为该酶催化过程优化控制提供了直接的数据支持;通过对比由动力学方程计算油酸酯化率的理论值与试验实测值,两者的相关系数达0.996,验证了该反应是符合一级反应,也反映了该酶催化合成甘油酯过程中反应速率常数及油酸酯化率的变化规律。     

苹果酸对黑加仑果汁中花色苷稳定性的影响

花色苷是黑加仑果汁的主要色素物质,也是黑加仑果汁中主要生物活性成分,其稳定性受果汁可溶性固形物浓度、贮藏温度、p H以及辅色剂的影响。本文以黑加仑果汁为原料,研究苹果酸对不同可溶性固形物浓度黑加仑果汁中花色苷在不同p H、不同贮藏温度条件下的化学稳定性和降解的影响。花色苷含量测定采用p H示差法,降解变化规律研究采用Arrhenius方程进行拟合。实验结果表明:0.08%苹果酸在可溶性固形物浓度为10°Brix,p H 3.0、4℃条件下,延缓降解反应速率;提高了果汁中花色苷的残留率,此条件下加入苹果酸使半衰期t1/2由51 d提高到141 d,活化能由51 k J/mol提高到61 k J/mol。添加苹果酸的黑加仑果汁花色苷在贮藏中的降解变化符合一级反应动力学。将苹果酸应用于低可溶性固形物浓度、低p H和低温条件下的黑加仑果汁可起到一定辅色作用,提高花色苷的稳定性。     

库尔勒香梨贮藏品质的量化评价方法

本研究旨在探讨温度对库尔勒香梨贮藏品质变化的影响规律,掌握不同温度贮藏下香梨品质变化状况。以香梨采后实际贮藏条件下的温度(-1、5、25℃)出发,研究了香梨贮藏过程中主要品质指标随时间-温度的变化情况。并进一步建立品质指标变化动力学模型,以期对库尔勒香梨贮藏品质进行定量评价。结果表明:温度显著影响香梨贮藏品质;不同贮藏温度下库尔勒香梨的果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、果皮叶绿素含量、相对电导率变化均符合一级反应动力学(R20.93);各品质指标的反应速率常数及温度敏感性符合Arrhenius方程,并基于动力学理论和Arrhenius方程构建了库尔勒香梨贮藏品质量化评价模型。经试验验证发现,贮藏60d后,品质指标实测值与预测值相关系数R均大于0.97,平均相对百分比偏差P值小于10%,说明所建模型能够真实反应香梨的硬度、可溶性固形物含量、果皮叶绿素含量、相对电导率的变化规律,并证明该模型在不同贮藏温度下预测香梨品质指标变化及货架期的有效性;研究结果可为库尔勒香梨实际贮藏环境下商品销售、品质评价和货架期预测提供理论依据。     

C.I.活性蓝19的消除反应动力学研究

为更好地了解乙烯砜型活性染料在近中性条件下的稳定性,采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）研究了乙烯砜型活性染料C.I.活性蓝19的消除反应动力学。实验结果表明,C.I.活性蓝19的消除反应为二级反应,在缓冲溶液中可看成拟一级反应,其拟一级反应速率常数K=kc（OH-）。一定温度下,由于原盐效应,二级反应速率常数k随着缓冲溶液离子强度的增大而增大;在无限稀释的条件下,k仅与温度有关,k=8.86×1011exp（-6604/T）,反应活化能约为54.91 kJ/mol。     

动力学模型预测即食南美白对虾货架寿命

研究采用挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)为即食南美白对虾的品质变化和货架寿命的指示指标,根据感官评定结果,确定TVB-N 值16.0mg/100g 为货架寿命终点。建立TVB-N 与贮藏时间(t)之间的一级动力学方程以及TVB-N 变化速率常数(k)与贮藏温度(T)之间的Arrhenius 方程,以预测在某一贮藏温度下即食南美白对虾的货架寿命理论值。求得Arrhenius 方程中TVB-N 变化反应的活化能Ea 为66.24kJ/mol,指前因子k0 为8.41 × 109。分别在15、37、42℃条件下下验证动力学模型的准确性,得到货架寿命预测值相比实际值的相对误差分别为10.45%、－ 4.72%、－ 0.87%。进一步通过Arrhenius 方程外推法求得真空包装的即食南美白对虾在20℃和25℃条件下下保藏的理论货架寿命分别为151.8d 和96.5d。     

冷却猪肉货架期预测模型建立及验证

建立针对不同贮藏温度下冷却猪肉的货架期预测模型,为猪肉贮藏和物流过程中品质评价、货架期预测提供技术支持。分析了0,2,4,6,8,10℃不同贮藏温度下猪肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH值、色差(a*)、水分活度(Aw)与感官评定结果的相关性,利用一级反应动力学方程和Arrhenius方程求得TVB-N变化反应的活化能(E0)为87.19 kJ/mol,指前因子(k0)为2.169×1014,速率常数k为2.169×1014e-87190/RT,在此基础上建立了以TVBN为指标的冷却猪肉货架期预测模型。在0,4,8,10℃贮藏条件下对TVB-N预测模型进行验证,相对误差均小于10%,准确度和偏差度均为1.03,在可接受范围内。TVB-N是预测冷却猪肉货架期的有效指标,用其建立的货架期预测模型准确实用。     

宣化牛奶葡萄贮藏过程中生理品质变化及货架期动力学模型

以宣化牛奶葡萄为对象,研究不同贮藏温度条件下其质量损失率、褐变指数、可溶性固形物含量和相对电导率的变化规律,以探讨宣化牛奶葡萄贮藏过程中的品质变化并建立其货架期的预测模型。结果表明,在不同贮藏温度条件下宣化牛奶葡萄的质量损失率、褐变指数和相对电导率均随贮藏时间（0～8 周）的延长而增加,可溶性固形物含量降低。变化遵循一级反应动力学方程,Arrhenius方程和一级化学反应动力学方程相关系数均大于0.9,具有较高的拟合精度。宣化牛奶葡萄在0 ℃和－1 ℃条件下贮藏时货架期的预测值和实测值之间误差不超过±10%,表明该模型可以快速可靠地预测－2～8 ℃条件下贮藏宣化牛奶葡萄的货架期。     

Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Carotenoids and Visual Color of Papaya Puree

The degradation kinetics of carotenoids and visual color of papaya puree were investigated at selected temperatures (70 to 105°C). The concept of fractional conversion was applied to determine the kinetic parameters. The degradation of papaya color was based on change of Hunter a and b values and it was found that combination of Hunter (a × b) value adequately represented thermal color change. Degradation of carotenoids and visual color followed first order reaction kinetics. Dependence of the rate constant followed the Arrhenius relationship. The process activation energies for carotenoids and visual color were 20.56 and 32.59 kJ/mol respectively. Higher activation energy value indicated greater temperature sensitivity of visual color as compared to carotenoids. The degradation of pigment and visual color varied linearly. Visual color could therefore be used for on‐line quality control of papaya puree.     

Influence of storage conditions on pigment degradation in paprikas from different greenhouse pepper cultivars

A comparative study was made of the pigments and kinetics of pigment degradation in paprika from Ocal, Datler, Belrubí and L T Datler varieties of pepper cultivated in greenhouse conditions during storage in darkness and at different temperatures and degrees of humidity. Differences were established after fitting the experiment data to a first- or second-order kinetic model. The pigment degradation rate constants and half-lives were obtained for each variety and each storage condition. As expected, the speed of pigment degradation increased for all the paprika types at higher storage temperatures and decreased as relative humidity rose. The data obtained allowed the determination of the parameters involved in the respective Arrhenius equations which equate the pigment degradation rate constant (supposed first or second order) with absolute temperature in cases of zero humidity. Significant differences with respect to degradation rate and pigment content were found between the cultivars in most of the storage conditions assayed. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Astaxanthin Extraction from Shrimp Wastes and its Stability in 2 Model Systems

Abstract: The objective of this work was to study the stability of astaxanthin, obtained from shrimp wastes, and incorporated to 2 model systems: egg albumin protein solution and sunflower oil. Shrimp wastes were ensiled by a treatment with formic/acetic acids (4%–4% v/w wastes) and stored at 4 °C for 24 h. The pigment was extracted with organic solvents (petroleum ether:acetone:water, 15 : 75 : 10) and concentrated. The storage parameters studied were: illumination (light/dark), temperature (4/20 °C), atmosphere (air/air-free), and storage time (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 wk). Results showed that total xantophylls and astaxanthin were more stable in sunflower oil than in the protein system. Total xantophylls showed more stability than astaxanthin, possibly due to the presence of other, more stable carotenoids quantified together with xantophylls. Astaxanthin concentration was significantly affected by storage time; its degradation followed a first-order reaction rate under all the studied conditions. This pigment was stable only for 17 d, even when stored in air-free flasks, under refrigeration, and in the dark. Practical Application: Shrimp catching and farming generate large amounts of polluting wastes; they can be an important source of added-value red-orange pigments. However, these pigments are highly unstable to various transformation processes and to storage conditions. This research studied the effect of storage on 2 model systems (protein and lipid) on pigment degradation.     

雪茄烟叶晾制过程色素降解和膜脂过氧化对颜色变化的影响

[目的]探究雪茄烟叶在调制过程中色素降解和膜脂氧化对烟叶颜色形成的作用.[方法]以"德雪7号"中部叶为试验材料,测定了雪茄烟叶晾制期间色素及膜脂含量的变化,并探究了色素、膜脂与烟叶颜色变化之间的关系.[结果]①烟叶在晾制过程中,叶绿素和类胡萝 卜素逐渐降解,类胡萝 卜素/叶绿素含量呈现先增大后减小的趋势;②烟叶的膜脂含...     

Changes in individual carotenoids on processing and storage of mango (Mangifera indica) slices and purée

Susceptibility of different carotenoids to degradation during thermal processing and storage of two mango cultivars was investigated. The carotenoid composition was practically maintained on processing mango (cultivar Tommy Atkins) slices. The only significant change was the increase in luteoxanthin, compatible with the conversion of 5,6- to 5,8-epoxide. More evident transformations occurred on processing mango (cultivar Golden) purée. The major pigment β-carotene decreased 13%, resulting in a corresponding reduction of the vitamin A value. Auroxanthin, not found in the fresh fruit, appeared while violaxanthin and luteoxanthin decreased. During storage of mango slices in lacquered (epoxy) or plain tin-plate cans, no appreciable loss of β-carotene was observed during 10 months. Between the tenth and fourteenth month, about 50% reduction of β-carotene occurred. The degradation continued, resulting in a total loss of 84% after 24 months. A tendency of violaxanthin to decrease, and auroxanthin to increase, during storage was also noted. β-carotene showed a greater susceptibility to degrade in bottled mango purée (18% loss after 10 months) than in the canned product. As in the case of mango slices, however, both bottled and canned purée suffered 50% loss of β-carotene after the tenth month, and a total loss of 83% after 24 months. Violaxanthin and luteoxanthin tended to decrease while auroxanthin maintained a comparatively high level throughout storage. The vitamin A values reflected the degradation trend of β-carotene, a pattern that appears to agree with a free radical mechanism.     

胭脂萝卜红色素热处理及贮藏过程中降解动力学

本文研究了胭脂萝卜红色素在不同溶液体系(pH=3.0的缓冲溶液和不同Vc添加量的软饮料）中的热降解动力学及储藏动力学。结果表明：对胭脂萝卜红色素进行加热处理(75~95 oC),其降解动力学均符合一级反应动力学,且降解速率与温度呈正比。同时,不同Vc添加量对胭脂萝卜红色素的降解速率有一定影响,软饮料中降解速率依次为120 mg/L<40 mg/L<0 mg/L<360 mg/L。在4 oC及25 oC储藏条件下,胭脂萝卜红色素的降解动力学分别符合零级动力学和一级反应动力学模型。     

Nitrogen Oxide-Initiated Cholesterol Oxidation and Carotenoid Degradation in an Egg Lipid Model System

The influence of nitrogen oxide (NO _x ) concentrations on the oxidation of cholesterol and carotenoids in an egg lipid model system was investigated. The effects of dietary α-tocopherol supplementation on cholesterol and carotenoid stability in egg lipids were also evaluated. The rate constants for cholesterol oxidation and carotenoid degradation in egg lipids during storage at 40°C were affected by both the egg treatments and the level of exposure to NO _x before storage. The presence of NO _x greatly promoted the oxidation of cholesterol and carotenoids. Dietary supplementation with α-tocopherol greatly improved the stability of carotenoids and cholesterol in egg lipids exposed to NO _x . The addition of carotenoids to egg lipids also protected cholesterol from NO _x -initiated oxidation. The patterns of cholesterol oxidation and carotenoid loss in this lipid model system were similar to those in egg powders processed by the direct gas-fired spray-dryer.     

Quantitative changes in carotenoids during the storage of dried red pepper and red pepper powder

The quantitative changes in the main carotenoids (capsorubin, capsanthin, β + χ-carotene, zeaxanthin + lutein) of red pepper powder and dried red pepper during the storage have been investigated. Four drying temperature conditions such as 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C have been used. The total pigment of the dried red pepper was found to be slightly affected by the drying temperature. During the storage, the stability of the main carotenoids was dependent on the drying conditions of the product. The rate constants of degradation and the half-life period of the main pigments have been calculated under these 4 temperature conditions, too.     

Comparison of Spray-drying, Drum-drying and Freeze-drying for β-Carotene Encapsulation and Preservation

Pure β-carotene was encapsulated in 25 Dextrose Equivalent maltodextrin by three drying processes (spray, freeze and drum). Stability was studied at 11% and 32% RH and 25°C, 35°C and 45°C. No significant influence of %RH was observed on the retention of β-carotene. Oxidation followed first order kinetics with an initial fast first order reaction followed by a second much slower first order reaction period. Although drum-drying caused more initial loss in drying, the lower surface carotenoids and larger particle size resulted in greater stability as compared to the other methods. The chromametric measurements of “L” and “a” corresponded to the other kinetics and indicated that the first period rapid loss corresponded to the oxidation of surface carotenoids.