Identification and quantification of aroma compounds of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) and some of its milling fractions

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) seeds have a strong aroma that characteristically differs from the aroma of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Its phytochemical background has only been recently investigated. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify individual compounds responsible for tartary buckwheat aroma. Volatiles from different samples (whole seed, flour, and husks) were extracted with simultaneous extraction and distillation by Likens-Nickerson apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 48 compounds were quantified and their odor activity values (OAV) were calculated. OAV of 26 compounds was higher than 10; therefore, they significantly contribute to the overall tartary buckwheat aroma. The compounds with OAV > 500 were: (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-nonenal, 2-phenylethanol, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, hexanal, decanal, and nonanal. The most important difference from the aroma of common buckwheat is the absence of salicylaldehyde and presence of naphthalene. Salicylaldehyde could be proposed as a marker to detect contamination/adulteration of tartary buckwheat with common buckwheat. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Buckwheat is becoming one of important alternative crops. Its products which are rich in proteins, fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants have been associated with healthy nutrition. Although tartary buckwheat is similar to more familiar common buckwheat, their characteristic aromas differ notably. This study expands recent research on aroma of tartary buckwheat tea to seed, flour, and husks, and suggests how products from different species of buckwheat can be distinguished by analysis of aroma compounds.     

苦荞糊和苦荞茶挥发性香气成分分析

采用固相微萃取法（SPME）对苦荞茶和苦荞糊中的挥发性香气成分进行提取,并经气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术定性分析。从苦荞茶和苦荞糊中分别检测出30种和41种挥发性香气成分,相同成分有15种,其中含量较高的是烃类、醛类和杂环类,三者在苦荞茶和苦荞糊中含量分别为24.56%、35.04%、18.42%和46.97%、21.22%、7.22%。研究表明,顶空固相微萃取具有快速简便、不使用溶剂和样品检测非破坏性等优点,结合气-质联用技术可以很好的分析苦荞产品中挥发性物质,并说明不同加工工艺制得的苦荞产品其挥发性物质存在一定差异。     

Effects of light on growth,levels of anthocyanin,concentration of metabolites in Fagopyrum tataricum sprout cultures

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) sprouts are a popular healthy product around the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of light on growth, levels of anthocyanin, metabolite concentration in tartary buckwheat sprouts. To investigate the metabolites and accumulation of anthocyanin in tartary buckwheat sprouts, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were conducted. The levels of Cyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside and Cyanidin 3‐O‐rutinoside were higher under light/dark condition than that under dark condition. A total of fifty‐five metabolites, including nineteen amino acids, fifteen organic acids, eight sugars, four amines, two sugar alcohols, seven other kinds were detected in tartary buckwheat sprouts. Multivariate statistical methods were used to fully distinguish between light/dark and dark condition, and eleven compounds were defined as deferentially expressed metabolites using these methods. Our results may be helpful for practical application in the production of nutritional buckwheat sprouts in the future.     

Comparison of Nutritional Composition,Aroma Compounds,and Biological Activities of Two Kinds of Tartary Buckwheat Tea

Tartary buckwheat tea (TBT) is becoming increasingly popular for its unique flavor and health benefits. However, there is little information regarding the differences in nutritional quality among different kinds of TBT. Two kinds of TBT samples, whole grain tea (WGT) and whole plant tea (WPT), were collected from markets in China. The content of their nutritional compositions, including protein, amino acids, starch, fat, fatty acids, and flavonoids, as well as aroma compounds, were determined. Antioxidant and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities were also evaluated. WPT showed higher levels of protein and fat relative to WGT, but the content of essential amino acids and fatty acids was lower. WPT contained more total flavonoids with quercetin as the predominant flavonoid (81%), while rutin was the principal flavonoid compound (86%) in WGT. GC‐MS analysis indicated that there were some differences in the aroma compound profile between WGT and WPT, though 14 aroma compounds were identified in both of them with 3‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine as the predominant compound. In addition, WPT showed superior antioxidant and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities than WGT. However, the total flavonoid content determined in tea soup was decreased by 60% and 98% compared with that in the alcohol extracts of WGT and WPT, respectively. The antioxidant and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities of tea soup were also lowered, especially for WPT. The differences between 2 kinds of TBT might be due to the variety of raw materials and processing methods. Diversified plant materials and scientific processing technologies should be taken into account to develop a nutritional and healthy TBT product.     

苦荞营养、功能和香气成分的研究进展

苦荞麦是我国传统的杂粮品种之一,有丰富的可开发功能性成分,可加工成多种保健食品和药品,市场发展前景十分广阔。该文对苦荞的营养、功能性成分和挥发性香气成分的研究进展进行综述,并对苦荞食品的深加工进行总结,为今后高营养附加值、优质风味苦荞食品的综合开发利用提供参考。     

苦荞脆片加工工艺优化及其挥发性成分分析

为了提高苦荞资源的多元化利用,开发苦荞脆片类休闲食品。选取苦荞粉添加量、膨化温度和膨化时间进行单因素实验,以综合评分为响应值,利用响应面Box-Behnken试验优化苦荞脆片生产工艺,并利用气相离子迁移谱技术（GC-IMS）对其挥发性成分进行对比分析。试验结果表明,苦荞脆片的最佳工艺条件为:苦荞粉占面粉质量比10%,膨化温度180 ℃,膨化时间10 min。在该优化条件下,苦荞脆片的综合评分为80.73分,与模型预测值综合评分83.19分基本一致。通过GC-IMS检测苦荞脆片中富含醛类、醇类、酮类等43种挥发性有机物,与空白脆片相比,其相对主要风味成分为E-2-辛烯醛、反式-2-戊烯醛、2-甲基丁醛、糠醛、 γ -丁内酯、2-乙酰基呋喃、1-辛醇、丙酸等物质。本研究结果为制备具有独特风味的苦荞脆片休闲食品及其风味评价提供一定理论依据。     

超声辅助苦荞中蛋白和黄酮的同步提取工艺

苦荞中不仅蛋白质所占比例较大,含有丰富的必需氨基酸,也含有其他谷物中没有的芦丁、槲皮素等黄酮类物质,具有较高营养价值和保健功能,可以预防多种慢性疾病。本研究以优化超声辅助进行苦荞中荞麦蛋白和黄酮类化合物的同步提取工艺为目的。根据粉碎粒度、液料比、pH、时间、温度五个单因素试验,对粉碎粒度、pH、温度进行三因素三水平的响应面分析。结果表明苦荞中荞麦蛋白和黄酮类化合物的最佳同步提取工艺条件为:粉碎粒度60目,液料比30∶1mL/g,pH 9.15,提取时间40min,超声温度67.2℃。在此条件下苦荞蛋白得率验证值为7.79%,苦荞黄酮得率验证值为1.14%。可通过该研究得出超声辅助苦荞中蛋白和黄酮的最佳同步提取工艺条件。     

响应面法优化玛咖苦荞复合茶饮料加工工艺

以玛咖和苦荞为主要原料加工复合茶饮料,通过响应面优化实验,对玛咖苦荞复合茶饮料加工过程中玛咖粉、苦荞茶及稳定剂添加量进行优化,提高产品品质。研究结果显示最优产品配方为：玛咖粉添加量2.1%,苦荞茶添加量1.6%,果葡糖浆添加量5.7%,三个因素的作用大小依次为：果葡糖浆>玛咖粉>苦荞茶。最优稳定剂配方为：CMC-Na添加量0.07%,黄原胶添加量0.07%,海藻酸钠添加量0.03%。三个因素的作用大小依次为：CMC-Na>果胶>海藻酸钠。最终产品感官评分平均值达95.4±0.6,透光率为90.5±0.6%。本研究为玛咖和苦荞产品的开发提供数据支撑。     

不同原料等级黄茶特征香气成分分析

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,香气活性值（odor activity value,OAV）法结合感官审评和化学计量学方法,分析不同原料等级黄茶样品的特征香气成分。结果表明：芽型、芽叶型、多叶型黄茶特征香气感官属性分别为“清香”、“清甜”、“锅巴香”;不同原料等级黄茶样品中共检测出100?种挥发性成分,其中芽型黄茶以碳氢类化合物为主,芽叶型黄茶以醇类化合物为主,多叶型黄茶以吡咯类及其衍生物为主;基于OAV和正交偏最小二乘-判别分析,鉴定了3?种不同原料等级黄茶中35?种特征香气成分;芽型黄茶以具有清香属性的苯乙醛为主要特征香气成分;芽叶型黄茶以具有花香、果香、甜香属性的己酸乙酯、苯甲醇、香叶醇、苯乙醇、柠檬醛、橙花醛和月桂烯为主要特征香气成分;多叶型黄茶以具有烘烤香属性的N-甲基-2-吡咯甲醛、3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪和2,3-二乙基-5-甲基吡嗪为主要特征香气成分。     

Composition and antioxidative properties of the flavonoid-rich fractions from tartary buckwheat grains

Tartary buckwheat, a healthy food, is associated with a reduced risk of certain human chronic diseases; however, its bioactive components are unknown. This study used high performance liquid chromatographyphotodiode array-mass spectroscopy (HPLC-PDA-MS) to identify the flavonoids in flavonoid-rich fractions (FRFs) from tartary buckwheat grain and tested antioxidative capacity of FRFs to confirm their bioactivity. Ultraviolet (UV) absorption and electrospray ionization (ESI⁻) MS/MS spectra identified several flavonols in the embryo, endosperm, testa, and hull, including the predominant flavonoid rutin and minor flavonoids quercetin 3-O-rutinoside-3′-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and quercetin. Tartary buckwheat FRFs extended the Rancimat induction period of lard less than common buckwheat FRF did, while their scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals exceeded that of common buckwheat FRF and rutin. These results indicate that tartary buckwheat FRFs from the grains have potential health benefits.     

苦荞中活性物质及其保健功效研究进展

苦荞是中国一种传统的农作物,含有多酚、蛋白质和多糖等多种生物活性物质,以黄酮含量高而出名。这些活性物质通过自身性质特点和彼此间的相互作用,使得苦荞表现出抗氧化、抗癌、降血压、降血糖和降胆固醇等多种健康益处。因此,苦荞已成为一种重要的保健食品原料,逐渐被人们所了解和接受。本文主要从苦荞的活性物质和保健功效两方面出发,深层次探讨研究国内外苦荞中活性物质和保健功效的研究现状,以期为苦荞进一步的开发与利用提供参考。     

苦荞黄酮提取物体外清除自由基活性的研究

苦荞黄酮粗取物经大孔吸附树脂纯化得到精提物,以芦丁、Vc为对照,对精制前后苦荞黄酮提取物对超氧阴离子自由基(O-2·)、羟自由基(OH·)、DPPH·自由基、H2O2以及NO-2的清除效果进行了体外研究。结果表明,苦荞黄酮提取物具有较强的清除自由基能力,而且经大孔吸附树脂纯化后提取物的抗氧化活性几乎不受影响,而且对部分自由基的清除作用有一定的提高。     

SDE和HS-SPME法与GC-MS/O联用分析阳江豆豉的香气活性化合物

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)和顶空-固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱/嗅闻检测技术(GC-MS/O)深入研究阳江豆豉的香气成分,共鉴定出挥发性化合物174种。SDE法对高分子量、低挥发性物质,如呋喃酮、吡喃酮等,有良好的萃取效果;而HS-SPME法能萃取更多的高挥发性化合物,如小分子的酸和酯类。通过GC-O技术在两种方法的萃取物中共嗅闻到46个香气活性区域。其中9种共有化合物(2/3-甲基丁醛、2/3-甲基丁酸、3-甲硫基丙醛、苯乙醛、愈创木酚、3-羟基-2-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮和苯乙醇),以及香气强度较高(评分大于2.5分)的单方法检出化合物:SDE法4种(3-羟基-4,5-二甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉、2-丙烯基-3-甲基吡嗪和4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮)、SPME法1种(1-辛烯-3-醇),是阳江豆豉中的关键香气活性物质,对麦芽香、酸奶酪香、烤土豆香、花香、烟熏香、焦糖香和烤香等有贡献。     

Identification of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) aroma compounds with GC–MS

Buckwheat has a strong characteristic aroma, but its phytochemical background has not yet been fully elucidated. The aims of this study were identification and quantification of individual compounds responsible for the buckwheat aroma. Volatiles from a freshly ground buckwheat flour were extracted by different methods: direct extraction with petroleum ether, pentane or methanol, distillation with Clevenger apparatus and a headspace solid-phase microextraction method. The extracts were analysed by GC–MS with electron ionisation. Compounds were identified by MS and by comparison of retention times with reference compounds. Direct extraction with methanol and distillation proved to be very efficient. In these extracts twenty-five and thirty-five compounds were identified, respectively. The first extract contained more hydrophilic compounds and the latter more volatile compounds. Most of the compounds were quantified and their odour activity value (OAV) calculated. Only two compounds (salicylaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde) were found in both extracts. The compounds with the highest contribution to the buckwheat aroma were: 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, (E)-2-nonenal, decanal, hexanal and salicylaldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde).     

L-阿拉伯糖苦荞茶吸吸冻制作工艺优化及控糖作用

本文以吸吸冻A粉(海藻膳食纤维粉)为载体,以凉山苦荞茶、L-阿拉伯糖为主要功能原料,开发一款控糖吸吸冻产品。通过单因素实验和正交试验,确定了影响L-阿拉伯糖苦荞茶吸吸冻品质的主次因素,依次为吸吸冻A粉(海藻膳食纤维粉)用量 > 凉山苦荞糊用量 > 成型剂用量 > L-阿拉伯糖用量,通过感官评价确定了L-阿拉伯糖苦荞茶吸吸冻最佳工艺配方为:凉山苦荞糊12%,吸吸冻A粉(海藻膳食纤维粉)0.3%,成型剂0.14%,L-阿拉伯糖8%。依此制作的吸吸冻感官评分结果为91.4±0.5分,具有丰富的苦荞风味、爽滑细腻、易于吸食以及降低空腹血糖等特点,可为新型健康吸吸冻产品的开发提供参考。     

苦荞调控糖脂代谢作用及其生物学机制研究进展

目前,苦荞因具有调节糖脂代谢的功效已日渐成为研究热点,其主要化学成分包括多种氨基酸、脂肪酸、维生素以及黄酮类物质。以苦荞饮食替代日常饮食,有助于降低血糖、血脂水平,改善胰岛素抵抗等。苦荞中的苦荞黄酮、苦荞蛋白等成分被认为与改善糖脂代谢相关,其主要通过抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性、增加胰岛素敏感性等作用机制达到改善糖代谢的作用,并通过吸附胆酸盐、调控血脂代谢通路等机制达到改善脂代谢的作用。本文综述了苦荞调节糖脂代谢的物质基础及作用机制研究,并对未来苦荞的研究方向和应用前景进行了分析,以期促进苦荞的深入研究和应用,为肥胖、高血脂、2型糖尿病等慢性疾病的预防和早期治疗提供新思路。     

苦荞米与苦荞粉加工中营养功能成分的评价及利用

苦荞米与苦荞粉加工中各组分主要营养功能性成分的对比分析结果表明,传统制粉工艺中,营养功能性成分主要富集于麸皮,蛋白质和黄酮含量分别高达23.88% 和6.58%,但利用率仅为34.57% 和13.65%,而按蒸谷米工艺加工的苦荞香米和全营养苦荞米,其营养功能成分含量显著(p ＜ 0.01)高于苦荞粉,蛋白质和黄酮的利用率可达78.95%～89.58% 和66.44%～77.78%,同时还形成了较多的抗性淀粉,含量分别为4.68% 和6.84%。因此,苦荞米比苦荞粉具有更佳的营养价值和保健功能。     

Volatile flavour compounds of cooked acha (Digitaria exilis Stapf)

Volatile compounds obtained from cooked acha using a Tenax trap isolation method were identified on a GC–MS. Twenty-three compounds were identified and quantified. These compounds included aldehydes, hetero-cyclics, alcohols, hydrocarbons, an ester, a terpene and two benzene compounds. Major volatiles included ethylbenzoate, 2-pentylfuran, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, trisiloxane, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine and 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Volatiles with smaller peaks comprised 4-vinylguaiacol, 2-acetylpyrroline, 2-methylpyrazine, toluene, pentanal, nonanal and 3-cyclohexen-1-ol. Although, not conclusive, GC-sniffing results indicated that the compounds with high probability of contributing to the aroma of cooked acha included pentanal, hexanal, hexanol, nonanal, benzaldehyde, 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-acetylpyrroline and 2-pentylfuran.     

In vitro DNA damage protection and anti‐inflammatory effects of Tartary buckwheats (Fagopyrum tataricum L. Gaertn) fermented by filamentous fungi

The present work was designed to investigate the phenolic profiles, DNA damage protection and anti‐inflammatory effects of Tartary buckwheat fermented by Rhizopus oryzae 40469, Rhizopus oryzae 40503 and Rhizopus oligosporus 3152. Six phenolic compounds were characterised and quantified. Regardless of fermentation, rutin was the dominant phenolic substance in Tartary buckwheat. Fermentation significantly enhanced total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as DNA scission protection. Rhizopus oryzae 40469‐fermented sample had the highest content of phenolics, while R. oligosporus 3152‐fermented sample had the strongest inhibitory effect on DNA scission. Tartary buckwheat, regardless of fermentation, inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels in LPS‐induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, the sample fermented with R. oryzae 40503 had the strongest inhibitory activity. Those results indicated that fermented Tartary buckwheat has potential applications as a novel nutraceutical or functional food for preventing DNA damage‐induced disease and inflammation.     

Identification of key volatiles responsible for odour quality differences in popped popcorn of selected hybrids

Volatile compounds from six hot-air-popped popcorn hybrids, being also classified into three types, were evaluated by a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). In addition, 68 panelists determined odour quality differences of the popped kernels by an aroma ranking test. Total number of volatiles detected by GC/MS were 195, of which 51 peaks were positively identified, 92 peaks were tentatively identified, and 52 peaks were unidentified. The relationships between quality/quantity of volatiles and sensory results revealed that 2-acetylpyridine was considered to contribute to the overall popped popcorn aroma quality favorably or not adversely. However, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-methylpyrazine, ethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine and 3-ethyl-2, 5-dimethylpyrazine were found to be important popcorn volatiles, but to contribute negatively to characteristic popped popcorn odour. Numerous other volatiles such as 2-furfurylthiol (2-furanmethanthiol), pyrrole, 3-(methylthio)propanal (methional), 3-furaldehyde, 4-vinyl-2-methoxyphenol (4-vinylguaiacol), 2-pentylfuran, 2-furanmethanol (furfuryl alcohol), hexanal, 1-pentanol, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyrazine, 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol), 2-acetylpyrrole and others may be responsible in part of typical popcorn aroma characteristics.