热处理制度对OCr13Ni8Mo2Al钢组织和性能的影响

研究了热处理制度对OCr13Ni8Mo2Al钢微观组织性能的影响。结果表明，含有高密度位错的板条马氏体及与基体共格的细小弥散分布的β-NiAl沉淀析出是该钢具有高强度的主要原因。530℃左右时效强度达到峰值，510℃左右时效冲击韧性处于谷值。时效过程中合金的脆性与残余奥氏体的分解无关。     

新型耐热钢Super304H高温时效后的组织与性能

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及X射线衍射等手段并通过显微硬度和冲击实验,研究了Supre304H钢经750～1350℃时效后的微观组织和性能.结果表明:高温时效后Super304H钢的微观组织为γ相+析出相;随时效温度的不同,基体晶粒尺寸及析出相的种类、分布发生不同的变化.在750℃左右因微细沉淀强化及细晶组织使得显微硬度达到最大值,而后随温度升高以及析出相、晶粒尺寸与固溶元素的变化,显微硬度呈现先快速下降后缓慢下降的趋势;时效试样的冲击功值随温度升高在850℃左右,由于M23C6沿晶界大量析出导致晶界脆化而达到最低值,后又因析出相的再溶解致使晶界脆化效果趋弱而逐渐升高.     

时效温度对Cu沉淀强化超高强海工钢力学性能的影响

采用Thermo-Calc软件、SEM和HRTEM等分析技术研究了时效温度对低碳超高强海工钢中Cu的析出行为及其对力学性能的影响。结果表明,400～550℃时效,由于Cu的时效沉淀析出,Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu钢的时效硬度显著高于Ni-Cr-Mo钢,最高时效峰值硬度达到386HV。525℃时效,Cu粒子具有较低的粗化速率,Cu粒子析出的平均半径为5. 2 nm,强化机制为切过机制,产生的强化增量约为100 MPa。时效温度升高至550～575℃,Cu粒子粗化,强化机制转变为绕过机制,强化增量小于50 MPa。Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu钢525℃时效可以获得良好的强韧性,屈服强度达到1 120 MPa,-80℃低温V型冲击功为76 J,与Ni-Cr-Mo钢相比,添加Cu使其屈服强度、-80℃冲击功分别提高9%和15%。     

连续退火和水淬+回火工艺对DP1000双相钢屈服特性的影响

分别采用连续退火和水淬+回火工艺模拟了1000MPa级冷轧双相钢的退火过程.连续退火工艺下双相钢的屈服强度较低,250℃过时效时屈服强度为472MPa;320℃过时效时屈服强度为454MPa.而水淬+回火工艺下双相钢的屈服强度较高,250℃回火时屈服强度为1083MPa;320℃回火时屈服强度为887MPa.金相分析显...     

1Cr11Ni2W2MoV钢长期时效时组织性能的变化EI

本文研究了1Cr11Ni2W2MoV钢在不同温度下长期时效后组织与性能的变化。试验证明,该钢经1010℃、1.5h后保温淬火并于570℃、1.5h空冷回火后,分别在250℃和450℃下经500～1000h时效,发生明显的脆化现象。在450℃延长时效时间至4000h,冲击功逐步回升。     

时效温度对00Cr12Ni10MoTi马氏体时效不锈钢组织与性能的影响

使用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电镜(TEM)和拉伸和冲击实验等手段,研究了时效温度对00Cr12Ni10MoTi马氏体时效不锈钢的组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：随着时效温度的升高,实验钢的强度逐渐提高,析出强化效应明显增强。在500℃时效后基体中析出大量棒状Ni₃Ti,实验钢的强度达到峰值。随着时效温度的升高,实验钢的室温和低温冲击韧性衰减,在400℃时效后低温(-196℃)冲击功出现最低值51 J。时效温度升高到500℃后,实验钢的冲击韧性回升,因为马氏体基体中生成的逆转变奥氏体抑制了裂纹萌生并缓解其扩展。在500℃时效产生了Ni₃Ti析出强化效应和逆变奥氏体韧化效应,使实验钢具有良好的强韧性匹配。     

变质高锰钢析出相的演变及力学性能的研究

为了有效改善高锰钢的组织和性能,通过变质处理和弥散处理相结合的方法,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM),对稀土-低熔点合金变质高锰钢时效析出相进行研究.结果表明:实验用钢在460℃时效1 h时,基体上开始有球状析出相析出,随着时效时间的延长,析出相由球状向针状转变;520℃时效1 h,晶界上有少量的球状析出相,基体上析出相为细针状;580℃时效1 h,析出相为粗大的针状,且基体发生了奥氏体向珠光体转变.随着时效温度的升高,变质高锰钢时效析出相由球状转变为针状,针状析出相与球状析出相晶体结构不同,针状析出相更加趋于稳定.变质高锰钢的硬度随着析出相增多而升高,(Mn,Fe)7C3细针状析出相在冲击韧性和耐磨性起主导因素,变质高锰钢最佳时效工艺应使耐磨析出相析出,且未引起微观应变增大.本次实验用钢最佳时效工艺参数为520℃下时效1 h.     

加工硬化效应对Cu-3.2Ni-0.75Si合金时效组织和性能的影响

利用显微硬度法研究了Cu 3 .2Ni 0 .75Si合金不同时效组织的加工硬化效应对合金组织和性能的影响。研究表明 ,Cu 3 .2Ni 0 .75Si合金中Ni2 Si相的大小和分布对合金时效硬化效应产生显著的影响 ,4 5 0℃×8h时效组织加工硬化效应最大 ,变形量为 80 %时 ,显微硬度增幅在Hv60左右 ;5 5 0℃× 8h时效组织随变形量增加其硬度变化最平缓 ,变形量为 80 %时 ,显微硬度增幅仅为Hv1 0左右。随着变形量的增加 ,合金的导电率缓慢下降 ,80 %变形后 ,4 5 0℃× 4h、4 5 0℃× 8h和 5 0 0℃× 8h的时效组织导电率均下降 6%IACS左右 ,而5 5 0℃× 8h时效组织的导电率变化不大     

J75钢的时效处理工艺

本工作研究了时效处理工艺对沉淀强化奥氏体不锈钢J75的显微组织及力学性能的影响。在固定其他热处理工艺参数的情况下,分别对时效温度及时效时间进行研究,结果表明:随着时效温度由600℃升高到760℃,J75钢晶粒度变化不明显,但沉淀强化相的形状和数量均受到影响,强度及硬度在时效温度为720℃时出现峰值;随着时效时间由8h增加到48h,J75钢的显微组织及性能均未发生明显变化。     

时效工艺对AerMet100钢强韧性能的影响

采用正常时效、预时效+正常时效、双时效等多种时效工艺对热锻后的Aer Met100钢进行热处理,研究时效工艺对Aer Met100钢回火组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:正常时效处理后Aer Met100钢的抗拉强度较高(1978 MPa),但是冲击韧性较低(冲击功74J);双时效处理后冲击韧性较高(冲击功102J),但是抗拉强度较低(1662 MPa);经过预时效+正常时效(510℃×30 min,+482℃×5 h)处理得到优良的强韧性能,其抗拉强度为1946 MPa,冲击功为104 J。强韧性提高的原因是:510℃预时效促进了C原子扩散,提高了膜状逆转奥氏体含量及其稳定性,有利于韧性的改善;同时,预时效保温时间短(≤30 min),析出相M2C未与基体脱离共格关系,析出的强化作用提高了强度。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。