急性缺血性卒中1年血管源性死亡危险因素分析

目的 分析急性缺血性卒中患者随访1年血管源性死亡的相关影响因素,为早期评估高危急性缺血 性卒中患者、积极控制危险因素、降低死亡率提供临床依据。 方法 回顾性纳入2014年1月-2018年9月于河北省任丘康济新图医院神经内科住院的急性缺血性 卒中患者,收集患者临床基线资料及实验室检查结果。采用多因素Cox回归分析方法分析急性缺血性 卒中患者1年内血管源性死亡的危险因素。 结果 研究共纳入符合入排标准的急性缺血性卒中患者3 6 61例,随访1年内死亡患者16 0 例（4.4%）,其中血管源性死亡136例（3.7%）,其中包括缺血性血管性死亡3.1%（114例）,出血 性血管性死亡0.1%（4例）,心源性血管性死亡0.2%（8例）,其他血管性死亡0.3%（10例）,非血 管源性死亡0.7%（24例）。非血管源性死亡患者作为删失数据,最终共纳入急性缺血性卒中患者 3637例。多因素Cox回归分析显示年龄＞60岁（OR 1.084,95%CI 1.062～1.105,P＜0.001）、颈动脉 狭窄（OR 1.835,95%CI 1.288～2.614,P =0.001）、入院时NIHSS评分（OR 1.200,95%CI 1.164～1.237, P ＜0.001）、脂蛋白a（OR 1.001,95%C I 1.000～1.001,P ＜0.001）、白细胞计数（OR 1.093, 95%CI 1.031～1.159,P =0.003）、纤维蛋白原水平（OR 1.092,95%CI 1.025～1.164,P =0.006）、血肌 酐（OR 1.004,95%CI 1.001～1.007,P =0.009）是血管源性死亡的独立危险因素。HDL-C（OR 0.378, 95%CI 0.208～0.686,P =0.001）是血管源性死亡的保护因素。 结论 急性缺血性卒中1年内血管源性死亡的危险因素为高龄、颈动脉狭窄、入院时NIHSS评分、脂 蛋白a水平、白细胞计数、纤维蛋白原及血肌酐水平。高密度脂蛋白为其保护因素。     

总胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值与缺血性卒中复发关系研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中90 d内复发与TC/HDL-C比值的关系。 方法 利用急性缺血性卒中患者氧化应激水平临床观察研究（Study on Oxidative Stress in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke,SOS-Stroke）数据库的3605例患者作为研究对象,采用多因素Logistic回归 分析急性缺血性卒中患者90 d卒中复发的影响因素。 结果 该研究人群中有231例（6.40%）患者90 d卒中复发,多因素Logistics回归结果显示：年龄（OR 1.02,95%CI 1.00～1.03,P =0.011）、糖尿病史（OR 1.44,95%CI 1.00～2.07,P =0.048）是卒中复发的 危险因素,住院期间服用降脂药物（OR 0.60,95%CI 0.40～0.90,P =0.012）则是卒中复发的保护因素, 急性缺血性卒中患者中TC/HDL-C比值不是卒中复发的预测因素。 结论 TC/HDL-C比值不能预测急性缺血性卒中90 d内复发的风险。     

体重指数与急性卒中患者住院期间肺部感染的关系研究

目的 探讨BMI与急性卒中患者住院期间发生肺部感染的关系。 方法 连续纳入2017年4月-2018年7月邯郸市第一医院神经内科收治的急性卒中患者,记录患者的 临床资料,按照是否发生肺部感染分为两组。采用多因素Logistic回归分析,探讨BMI及其他临床特征与 急性卒中患者住院期间发生肺部感染的关系。 结果 共纳入1073例急性卒中患者,平均年龄62.95±11.45岁,男性677例（63.1%）。其中56例 （5.2%）患者在住院期间发生了肺部感染。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄（每增加1岁：OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02～1.08,P =0.003）、BMI＜18.5 kg/m2（OR 2.51,95%CI 1.28～8.07,P =0.001）、水果摄入 量少（OR 2.10,95%CI 1.06～4.14,P =0.033）、发病时存在意识障碍（OR 8.65,95%CI 4.13～18.12,P ＜0.001）和吞咽障碍（OR 3.40,95%CI 1.67～6.94,P =0.001）是急性卒中患者住院期间发生肺部感染 的独立危险因素。 结论 BMI＜18.5 kg/m2是急性卒中患者住院期间发生肺部感染的独立危险因素。     

急性缺血性卒中1年血管源性死亡危险因素分析

目的 分析急性缺血性卒中患者随访1年血管源性死亡的相关影响因素，为早期评估高危急性缺血
性卒中患者、积极控制危险因素、降低死亡率提供临床依据。
方法 回顾性纳入2014年1月-2018年9月于河北省任丘康济新图医院神经内科住院的急性缺血性
卒中患者，收集患者临床基线资料及实验室检查结果。采用多因素Cox回归分析方法分析急性缺血性
卒中患者1年内血管源性死亡的危险因素。
结果 研究共纳入符合入排标准的急性缺血性卒中患者3 6 61例，随访1年内死亡患者16 0
例（4.4%），其中血管源性死亡136例（3.7%），其中包括缺血性血管性死亡3.1%（114例），出血
性血管性死亡0.1%（4例），心源性血管性死亡0.2%（8例），其他血管性死亡0.3%（10例），非血
管源性死亡0.7%（24例）。非血管源性死亡患者作为删失数据，最终共纳入急性缺血性卒中患者
3637例。多因素Cox回归分析显示年龄＞60岁（OR 1.084，95%CI 1.062～1.105，P＜0.001）、颈动脉
狭窄（OR 1.835，95%CI 1.288～2.614，P =0.001）、入院时NIHSS评分（OR 1.200，95%CI 1.164～1.237，
P ＜0.001）、脂蛋白a（OR 1.001，95%C I 1.000～1.001，P ＜0.001）、白细胞计数（OR 1.093，
95%CI 1.031～1.159，P =0.003）、纤维蛋白原水平（OR 1.092，95%CI 1.025～1.164，P =0.006）、血肌
酐（OR 1.004，95%CI 1.001～1.007，P =0.009）是血管源性死亡的独立危险因素。HDL-C（OR 0.378，
95%CI 0.208～0.686，P =0.001）是血管源性死亡的保护因素。
结论 急性缺血性卒中1年内血管源性死亡的危险因素为高龄、颈动脉狭窄、入院时NIHSS评分、脂
蛋白a水平、白细胞计数、纤维蛋白原及血肌酐水平。高密度脂蛋白为其保护因素。     

缺血性卒中后焦虑抑郁与认知功能障碍的关系研究

目的 探讨缺血性卒中后焦虑抑郁与认知功能障碍的关系。 方法 选取2017年1月-2018年3月邯郸市第一医院收治的首发缺血性卒中患者98例,同期非缺血性 卒中入院的患者50例作为对照组。分别进行汉密尔顿焦虑量表（Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA）、汉密 尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton depression scale,HAMD）、日常生活能力量表(activity of daily living scale,ADL)、 蒙特利尔认知评估量表（Montreal cognitive assessment,MOCA）和NIHSS评测。比较两组的认知功能 障碍和焦虑、抑郁发生情况;对卒中组的ADL、MoCA、NIHSS评分与HAMA、HAMD评分进行相关性分析; 对ADL、MoCA、NIHSS评分进行相关性分析。 结果 卒中组中62例（63.3%）患者存在认知功能障碍,存在焦虑者53例（54.1%）,抑郁者42例 （42.9%）,对照组中存在认知功能障碍者14例（28%）,存在焦虑者17例（34.0%）,抑郁者9例（18.0%）。 卒中组MoCA和ADL评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。卒中组HAMA评分与ADL、MoCA和NIHSS 评分相关系数分别为r =-0.526（P＜0.001）、r =-0.592（P＜0.001）和r =0.412（P＜0.001）;HAMD评分 与ADL、MoCA和NIHSS评分的相关系数分别为r =-0.490（P＜0.001）、r =-0.571（P＜0.001）和r =0.606 （P＜0.001）;ADL与MoCA、NIHSS评分的相关系数分别为r =0.933（P＜0.001）和r =-0.842（P＜0.001）; MoCA与NIHSS评分的相关系数为r =-0.911（P＜0.001）。 结论 ①缺血性卒中后焦虑及抑郁的发生率较高且与认知功能障碍相关;②缺血性卒中后焦虑、 抑郁越重,其神经功能缺损的程度越重,日常生活能力越差。     

住院卒中患者合并营养不良相关因素分析

目的 观察住院急性卒中患者营养不良发生情况;研究卒中后合并营养不良的相关因素与营养不良的关系。方法 选取连续住院的203例急性卒中患者为研究对象进行横断面研究。以血清前白蛋白水平作为营养学指标,观察其变化趋势。以血清前白蛋白<200mg/L作为营养不良的诊断标准,研究基线资料、主要合并症、神经功能等因素与营养不良的相关性。结果 随着住院时间的延长,不同时间点血清前白蛋白水平有下降趋势（P <0.05）。有110例患者出现营养不良,住院脑卒中患者营养不良发生率为54.2％。随着住院时间的延长合并营养不良的发生率逐渐增加。男性、年龄、合并消化道出血、腹泻、发热、感染、认知功能障碍、卒中后抑郁、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）、吞咽障碍以及禁食和（或）胃肠减压、胃肠营养等治疗措施与营养不良发生均有相关性（P <0.05）。年龄（OR =1.723,95%CI 2.204～15.498）、卒中后抑郁（OR =4.604,95%CI 1.952～10.860）、NI HSS（OR =1.159,95%CI 1.020～1.316）是卒中患者合并营养不良的独立危险因素。结论 急性卒中住院患者合并营养不良有较高的发生率。随着住院时间的延长,合并营养不良的发生率逐渐增加。年龄、卒中后抑郁、NIHS评分是卒中患者合并营养不良的独立危险因素。     

基于机器学习的缺血性卒中功能预后预测模型研究

目的 建立基于机器学习的缺血性卒中功能预后预测模型,为患者分层管理提供科学依据。 方法 选取中国国家卒中登记Ⅱ（China National Stoke Registry Ⅱ,CNSRⅡ）数据库中发病7 d内的缺 血性卒中患者为研究对象。logistic回归分析采用逐步回归方法筛选候选预测因子,机器学习采用Boruta 算法筛选特征。使用logistic回归和CatBoost、XGBoost、LightGBM三种机器学习方法构建功能预后预测 模型,并比较这四种预测模型对缺血性卒中患者3个月功能预后（mRS＞2分为预后不良）的预测价值。 结果 本研究共纳入14 885例缺血性卒中患者,平均年龄64.34±11.71岁,其中男性占63.96% （9521/14 885）。患者按8∶2随机分为训练集（11 908例）和测试集（2977例）,两组3个月功能预后 不良率分别为17.36%和17.06%（P =0.7045）。多因素分析结果显示年龄（OR 1.05,95%CI 1.04～1.05, P <0.0001）、男性（OR 0.77,95%CI 0.69～0.86,P <0.0001）、糖尿病（OR 1.16,95%CI 1.00～1.35, P = 0.0497）、脑血管病史（O R 1.53,95%C I 1.37～1.70,P <0.0001）、合并肺炎（O R 2.4 5, 95%CI 2.03～2.95,P <0.0001）、入院时NIHSS评分（OR 1.14,95%CI 1.13～1.15,P <0.0001）、发病前 mRS（OR 3.11,95%CI 2.67～3.63,P <0.0001）、LDL-C（OR 1.07,95%CI 1.02～1.12,P =0.0057）、空腹 血糖（OR 1.03,95%CI 1.01～1.06,P =0.0072）和白细胞计数（OR 1.07,95%CI 1.05～1.09,P <0.0001） 可作为预测模型的预测因子。logistic回归、CatBoost、XGBoost、LightGBM预测模型预测缺血性卒中功 能预后的AUC分别为0.815（0.801～0.829）、0.828（0.814～0.841）、0.826（0.812～0.839）和0.822 （0.808～0.836）。CatBoost（P =0.0023）和XGBoost（P =0.0182）建立的预测模型预测效果均优于传统 logistic回归模型。 结论 基于机器学习算法建立的缺血性卒中功能预后预测模型具有较高的预测价值。     

丁苯酞联合阿替普酶治疗缺血性卒中临床疗效的观察性研究

目的 探讨丁苯酞联合阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗缺血性卒中的临床疗效及安全性。 方法 回顾性分析青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院急性缺血性卒中行静脉溶栓患者205例的队列，其 中联合治疗组（阿替普酶+丁苯酞组）112例，阿替普酶组93例。分析两组患者溶栓后即刻及14 d后 NIHSS评分，90 d的mRS评分，并分析不同急性卒中治疗低分子肝素试验（Trial of Org 10 172 in Acute Stroke Treatment，TOAST）分型中的临床疗效。同时分析溶栓后14 d症状性颅内出血及死亡情况。 结果 ①溶栓后两组NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义。溶栓后14 d联合治疗组NIHSS评分低于阿替普 酶组，差异有统计学意义（[ 4.82±0.44）分 vs（6.40±0.66）分，P=0.041]。联合治疗组90 d预后良好 率高于阿替普酶组，差异有统计学意义（72.3% vs 55.9%，P =0.014）；其中LAA亚型中联合治疗组患 者NI HSS评分（P =0.023）及预后良好率（P =0.045）均高于阿替普酶组，差异有统计学意义。②治疗 后90 d两组死亡率及14 d颅内出血率差异无统计学意义。③多因素回归分析结果显示丁苯酞是改善 缺血性卒中溶栓患者预后的保护因素（OR 0.425，95%CI 0.216～0.835，P =0.013）；年龄＞60岁（OR 2.233，95%CI 1.047～4.766，P =0.038）、入院时收缩压＞160 mm Hg（OR 2.295，95%CI 1.126～4.679， P =0.022）、溶栓前NIHSS评分＞10分（OR 9.354，95%CI 4.049～21.610，P＜0.001）是预后的独立危险 因素。 结论 丁苯酞联合阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗缺血性卒中患者能改善90 d临床预后，对LAA患者可能更 有效。     

糖化血红蛋白与大动脉粥样硬化性缺血性卒中患者预后的关系研究

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中患者入院时糖化血红蛋白与不良心脑血管预后及神经功能预后的关系。方法入选2010年5月至2011年8月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院脑血管病中心急性缺血性卒中住院患者373例,所有患者均为TOAST分型大动脉粥样硬化型。记录患者的基线资料,按照入院时患者糖化血红蛋白≥7%或7%进行分组并随访。终点事件包括卒中复发、心脑血管事件和心脑血管死亡、随访一年的神经功能恢复情况[改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,m RS)]。结果共300例患者资料纳入分析,高糖化血红蛋白组83例,低糖化血红蛋白组217例。随访(18.9±5.0)个月。高糖化血红蛋白组糖尿病发病率、1年的m RS评分、心脑血管事件均显著高于低糖化血红蛋白组(P0.01),Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示高糖化血红蛋白组患者无心脑血管事件的生存明显低于低糖化血红蛋白组(P0.001)。Cox回归发现糖化血红蛋白(HR 1.252,95%CI 1.061~1.477,P=0.008)和既往卒中史(HR 2.630,95%CI 1.365~4.970,P=0.004)是卒中患者心脑血管预后不良的预测因素。Logistic回归分析显示缺血性卒中患者随访一年时神经功能恢复不良的独立危险因素有高龄(OR 1.069,95%CI 1.037~1.101,P0.001)、既往有卒中史(OR 4.087,95%CI 2.051~8.144,P0.001)、高糖化血红蛋白(OR 1.208,95%CI 1.002~1.455,P=0.047)和入院美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分(OR 1.320,95%CI 1.217~1.431,P0.001)。结论入院时糖化血红蛋白升高是大动脉粥样硬化性急性缺血性卒中患者一年不良心脑血管预后和不良功能预后的预测因素。     

缺血性卒中相关性肺炎危险因素分析

目的 分析缺血性卒中相关性肺炎危险因素。 方法 连续入组2014年5月-2016年5月收治的急性缺血性卒中患者为研究对象,根据是否在卒中发 病7 d内新发生肺炎将患者分为无卒中相关性肺炎组与卒中相关性肺炎组,比较两组患者的血管危险 因素、入院NIHSS等指标的差异,并采用多因素logistic回归分析卒中相关性肺炎的独立影响因素。 结果 研究共入组1129例急性缺血性卒中患者,无卒中相关性肺炎组1043例,卒中相关性肺炎组86 例。多因素分析显示,年龄增高（OR 1.084,95%CI 1.047～1.122,P <0.0001）、入院NIHSS评分增加（OR 1.192,95%CI 1.133～1.254,P <0.0001）、白细胞计数升高（OR 1.269,95%CI 1.134～1.420,P <0.0001） 及住院天数延长（OR 1.146,95%CI 1.087～1.208,P <0.0001）是卒中相关性肺炎的独立危险因素。 结论 缺血性卒中后卒中相关性肺炎的发生与高龄、神经功能缺损程度重、白细胞增高、住院时间 长有关。     

Characteristics of in-hospital onset ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to clarify the clinical characteristics of in-hospital onset stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 15,815 patients with acute brain infarction registered in the Japan Multicenter Stroke Investigators' Collaboration (J-MUSIC) registry. RESULTS: The in-hospital onset group included 694 (4.4%) patients and the out-of-hospital group included 15,121 (95.6%) patients. Atrial fibrillation (AF) was more common in the in-hospital onset group (34.6%) than in the out-of-hospital group (20.4%, p < 0.001). The admission NIHSS score (median, in-hospital 13 vs. out-of-hospital 5, p < 0.0001) and the mortality rate at discharge were higher in the in-hospital group than in the out-of-hospital group (in-hospital 19.2% vs. out-of-hospital 6.8%, p < 0.0001). On multivariate logistic regression analyses, female gender (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.1-1.3), older age (OR 1.0, 95% CI 1.02-1.03), AF (OR 4.4, 95% CI 4.0-4.8), history of stroke (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2-1.4) and in-hospital stroke onset (OR 3.3, 95 %CI 2.7-3.9) were independent factors associated with severe stroke (NIHSS score > or =11), and older age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.04), the presence of AF (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.0-1.5), in-hospital stroke onset (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02) and NIHSS score at initial evaluation (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.14-1.17) were independent factors associated with death at discharge. Conclusion: In-hospital stroke onset was not uncommon. The neurological deficits in patients with in-hospital onset stroke were severer and the outcome was worse than in those with out-of-hospital stroke. Therefore, a strategy to reduce in-hospital stroke onset should be implemented.     

Early Cognitive Assessment Following Acute Stroke: Feasibility and Comparison between Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Objectives: Cognitive assessment is not performed routinely in the acute stroke setting. We investigated factors associated with cognitive impairment and the differences between the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores in patients with acute stroke. Methods: In this prospective study, 881 consecutive patients (median age, 73 years) with acute stroke were enrolled. Clinical characteristics, such as education, vascular risk factors, premorbid cognitive status using the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE), and stroke severity, were assessed. Cognitive performance was measured using MMSE and MoCA within 5 days of stroke onset. Results: Both MMSE and MoCA were feasible in 621 (70.5%) patients. Factors independently associated with nonfeasibility were age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.08), IQCODE score (OR: 1.02; 95%CI: 1.00-1.04), and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (OR, 1.16; 95%CI, 1.12-1.20). Impaired MoCA (with a cut-off <26/30) performance was observed in 544 of 621 (87.6%) patients. Factors independently associated with cognitive impairment were age (OR: 1.06; 95%CI: 1.03-1.10) and NIHSS score (OR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.14-1.57). Eighty percent of patients with normal MMSE scores had an impaired MoCA score (MMSE-MoCA mismatch). The differences were highest in the visuospatial (94.8% versus 65.3%; P < .0001), recall (76.6% versus 35.6%; P < .0001), abstraction (82.5% versus 49.8%; P < .0001), and language (72.3% versus 65.9%; P < .0001) domains between the normal MMSE and MoCA group and MMSE-MoCA mismatch group. Conclusions: The MoCA can be particularly useful in patients with cognitive deficits undetectable on the MMSE in the acute stroke phase.     

An observational study on electrolyte disorders in the acute phase of ischemic stroke and their prognostic value

Data on electrolyte disorders in neurological conditions and in acute stroke are somewhat scanty and not easily compared. In our Stroke Unit we studied patients hospitalized within six hours of the onset of an acute ischemic stroke and recorded their demographic and clinical data. Blood test results were recorded before any pharmacological therapy. A total of 475 individuals (256 M, 219 F; range: 14-96 years) treated over a period of 18 consecutive months, were selected. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, the baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (odds ratio [OR]=1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-1.44) and natremia alterations (OR=6.89; 95% CI=1.94-24.40) were associated with higher odds of death. Based on the ordinal logistic regression analysis, the baseline NIHSS score (OR=1.07; 95% CI=1.03-1.10) and baseline hypernatremia (OR=9.69; 95% CI=1.55-60.69) were related to early neurological worsening. Our work suggests an association between serum sodium alterations and mortality, and between high sodium levels and neurological clinical impairment, in the acute phase of an ischemic stroke.     

Factors related to unfavorable outcome in minor ischemic stroke

BackgroundStroke recurrence and disability are important challenges to overcome in patients with minor ischemic stroke. The aim of our study was to determine the factors associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with minor ischemic stroke.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study including patients with minor ischemic stroke with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score ≤ 4 who were treated at the Bach Mai Hospital stroke center from June 15, 2021, to September 15, 2022. Unfavorable outcome was defined as mRS 2-6 at 90 days. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess risk factors related to clinical outcomes.ResultsOf 678 patients presenting with minor ischemic stroke, there were 90 (13.3%, 90/678) patients with no intracranial artery imaging. Hence, 588 were patients analyzed, of whom 6.0% received thrombolytic therapy, 8.5% developed NIHSS > 4 in 24 hours, and 30.4% had intracranial stenosis > 50%. Compared with the group of unfavorable outcomes, the favorable outcome group had more NIHSS 0-1 (29.9% vs.8.7%, P<0.001), lower cardioembolic (3.2% vs.7.9%, P=0.021), low IV-tPA ratio (4.8% vs.10.3%, P=0.019), lower NIHSS progression > 4 in the first 24 hours (3.9% vs.25.4%, P<0.001), and lower ICAS rate (28.1% vs.38.9%, P=0.02). Multivariable regression analysis of factors affecting unfavorable outcomes included baseline NIHSS 2-4 (OR, 3.85; 95% CI, 1.97-7.52), NIHSS progression > 4 (OR, 7.57; 95% CI, 3.80-15.10), and ICAS (OR 1.68; 95%CI, 1.07-2.64).ConclusionsIn patients with minor ischemic stroke, unfavorable outcomes were associated with baseline NIHSS 2-4, NIHSS progression > 4 points in 24 hours, and ICAS. These factors may identify a patient population in need of close monitoring and at higher risk of adverse outcomes.     

Catecholamines, infection, and death in acute ischemic stroke

Experimental studies have recently suggested that acute ischemia may facilitate the appearance of fatal infections as part of a brain-induced immunodepression syndrome. However, the mechanisms and neurological consequences of infections complicating acute ischemic stroke have received much less attention at the bedside. The incidence of infection and death after non-septic stroke was compared in this prospective study with longitudinal changes of cytokines, leukocytes, normetanephrine (NMN) and metanephrine (MN) in 75 consecutive patients. In multivariate analysis, infection, n = 13 (17%), was associated with the upper quartile of MN (OR 3.51, 95% CI 1.30-9.51), neurological impairment (NIHSS) on admission (OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.34-11.8), monocyte count (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.13-2.79), and increased interleukin (IL)-10 (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.00-2.38). Mortality at 3 months, n = 16 (21%), was associated with increased levels of NMN on admission (OR 2.34 95% CI 1.15-4.76), NIHSS score (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.29-5.11), and higher IL-6 levels (OR 1.29, 95% 1.00-1.67). These findings suggest that acute ischemic stroke is associated with an early activation of the sympathetic adrenomedullar pathway that lowers the threshold of infection and increases the risk of death. Moreover, these findings are independent of the blood borne effects of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and circulating leukocytes.     

皮质下小血管病所致轻度血管性认知障碍的危险因素及临床特征

目的 明确皮质下小血管病所致轻度血管性认知障碍(mild vascular cognitive impairment due to subcortical small vessel disease,mVCI-SSVD)的危险因素及临床特征.方法 收集56例mVCI-SSVD患者的人口学资料、血管危险因素、现病史、既往史,并进行详细的神经系统体检及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)和Hachinski缺血积分(Hachinski ischemic score,HIS)评分.将mVCI-SSVD患者的人口学资料、血管危险因素与80名健康对照老人进行比较,最终明确mVCI-SSVD患者的危险因素及临床特征.结果 患者组吸烟史[39.3%(22/56)]、高血压[67.9%(38/56)]、糖尿病[25.0%(14/56)]等血管危险因素阳性比例高于健康对照组[21.3%(17/80),47.5%(39/80),11.3%(9/80)],2组之间的OR值[2.32(95% CI1.05～5.13),2.15(95% CI 1.02～4.54),2.26(95% CI 0.86～5.92)]均有统计学意义(P=0.039、0.045、0.047),而高脂血症和心脏病与对照组比较差异无统计学意义.50.0%(28/56)的mVCI-SSVD患者有明确的卒中病史,26.8%(15/56)的患者认知障碍急性起病,局灶体征见于20例患者(35.7%).HIS≤4分24例(42.9%),NIHSS评分0分38例(67.9%).结论 吸烟、高血压、糖尿病是mVCI-SSVD的危险因素,而高脂血症和心脏病不增加mVCI-SSVD的风险;与大血管病变导致的认知障碍不同,约一半的mVCI-SSVD患者缺乏卒中病史,多数患者认知障碍慢性起病,缺乏明显的局灶体征.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the risk factors and clinical features of mild vascular cognitive impairment due to subcortical small vessel disease (mVCI-SSVD).Methods Detailed demographic data,vascular risk factors, past and present history were collected and carefully neurological examination, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), as well as Hachinski ischemic score (HIS) were performed on 56 mVCI-SSVD patients.Further, the demographic data and vascular risk factors of mVCI-SSVD patients were compared with those of 80 normal control subjects.Results Proportions of smoking (39.3% (22/56)), hypertension (67.9% (38/56)), and diabetes (25.0% (14/56)) were higher in the patient group than in the normal control group (21.3% (17/80) , 47.5% (39/80), 11.3% (9/80)).Odds ratio (2.32(95% CI 1.05-5.13),2.15 (95% CI 1.02-4.54),2.26(95% CI 0.86-5.92)) between the two groups was statistically significant (P value: 0.039, 0.045, 0.047).There was no difference in terms of hyperlipidemia and cardiac disease between groups.Fifty percent (28/56) mVCI-SSVD patients had a clear stroke history.Twenty-six point eight percent (15/56) patients developed the cognitive impairment with an acute onset.Neurological focal signs presented in 20 patients (35.7%).Twenty four (42.9%) patients with HIS ≤ 4 points.Thirty eight cases (67.9%) scored 0 on NIHSS.Conclusions Current study suggested that smoking, hypertension, and diabetes may be risk factors for mVCI-SSVD.While hyperlipidemia and cardiac disease do not increase the risk of mVCI-SSVD.Unlike mVCI caused by large vessel disease, about half mVCI-SSVD patients lack of stroke history.Most patients show a relatively insidious onset and free of significant neurological focal signs.     

Lacunar infarcts: functional and cognitive outcomes at five years in relation to MRI findings

BACKGROUND: There are few long-term follow-up studies of patients with lacunar infarcts (LIs). The purpose of this 5-year follow-up study was to assess functional and cognitive outcome in relation to MRI findings. METHODS: 81 patients with a first-ever LI were followed for 5 years with respect to mortality, stroke recurrence, functional and cognitive outcome. T(2)-weighted MRI was performed at baseline and at 5 years. The presence of basal ganglia lesions and white matter lesions was scored according to the European Task Force rating scale. Functional outcome was assessed with the Oxford Handicap Scale (OHP). Cognition was assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: The 5-year mortality was 19%. Predictors for death were age (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.11), ischemic heart disease (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.1) and impairment score (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.32). 30% of the patients had a recurrent stroke. Predictors for recurrent stroke were diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-7.4) and amount of white matter lesions (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.7). 36% of the patients were functionally dependent (defined as OHP >2). Predictors for functional dependency were impairment score (OR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.12-2.59), MMSE (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.33-0.91) and stroke recurrence (OR = 84, 95% CI 9.4-745). 16% of the patients had cognitive impairment (defined as MMSE <24). Stroke recurrence and white matter score, but not basal ganglia score, were correlated to cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Many LI patients have a good functional outcome at 5 years. For older patients, for patients with an initial severe stroke, and with additional vascular risk factors, however, the prognosis is more severe, with an increased risk for mortality, stroke recurrence, and physical and cognitive decline.     

前、后循环系统脑梗死危险因素和预后的对比研究

目的 探讨前、后循环系统脑梗死患者的危险因素及1年期预后的差异。 方法 以中国国家卒中登记研究的急性脑梗死患者资料为数据来源,根据牛津郡社区卒中项目分 型方法将脑梗死患者进行分型。对比分析前、后循环脑梗死的危险因素,探讨其1年期全因死亡、预 后不良[改良Rankin量表（modified Rankin Scale,mRS）≥3分]和卒中复发的差异。 结果 共8099例新发脑梗死患者纳入本研究,其中前循环（anterior c irculation i nfarct,ACI）梗死 6415例,后循环（posterior circulation infarct,PCI）梗死1684例。ACI组患者年龄、心房颤动发生率、入 院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分高于PCI组 （均P <0.001）。PCI组男性居多,糖尿病、高血压发生率更高（均P <0.001）。多元回归分析显示,ACI组 在出院时[优势比（odds ratio,OR）0.534,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）0.396～0.718,P＜0.001]、 3个月（OR 0.592,95%CI 0.472～0.744,P＜0.001）、6个月（OR 0.636,95%CI 0.516～0.785,P＜0.001）、 1年（OR 0.719,95%CI 0.591～0.876,P =0.001）的死亡风险均低于PCI组。ACI组在出院时预后不良的风 险高于PCI 组（OR 1.272,95%CI 1.075～1.505,P =0.005）,但两组患者出院后3个月、6个月、1年时的预 后不良的风险无显著差异。两组患者在出院后3个月、6个月、1年的卒中复发风险无显著差异。 结论 在1年内,后循环梗死患者的全因死亡率高于前循环梗死,而在出院后卒中所致预后不良和 卒中复发方面,两者风险相似。     

Early predictors of dysphagia in ischaemic stroke patients

Background and purpose

Post-stroke dysphagia affects outcome. In acute stroke patients, the aim was to evaluate clinical, cognitive and neuroimaging features associated with dysphagia and develop a predictive score for dysphagia.

Methods

Ischaemic stroke patients underwent clinical, cognitive and pre-morbid function evaluations. Dysphagia was retrospectively scored on admission and discharge with the Functional Oral Intake Scale.

Results

In all, 228 patients (mean age 75.8 years; 52% males) were included. On admission, 126 (55%) were dysphagic (Functional Oral Intake Scale ≤6). Age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.05), pre-event modified Rankin scale (mRS) score (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.09–1.84), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.49–2.14), frontal operculum lesion (OR 8.53, 95% CI 3.82–19.06) and Oxfordshire total anterior circulation infarct (TACI) (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.05–2.04) were independently associated with dysphagia at admission. Education (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85–0.98) had a protective role. At discharge, 82 patients (36%) were dysphagic. Pre-event mRS (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.04–1.56), admission NIHSS (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.56–2.26), frontal operculum involvement (OR 15.53, 95% CI 7.44–32.43) and Oxfordshire classification TACI (OR 3.82, 95% CI 1.95–7.50) were independently associated with dysphagia at discharge. Education (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83–0.96) and thrombolysis (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.23–0.95) had a protective role. The 6-point “NOTTEM” (NIHSS, opercular lesion, TACI, thrombolysis, education, mRS) score predicted dysphagia at discharge with good accuracy. Cognitive scores had no role in dysphagia risk.

Conclusions

Dysphagia predictors were defined and a score was developed to evaluate dysphagia risk during stroke unit stay. In this setting, cognitive impairment is not a predictor of dysphagia. Early dysphagia assessment may help in planning future rehabilitative and nutrition strategies.     

幽门螺杆菌感染及同型半胱氨酸与急性缺血性卒中短期结局的相关性研究

目的 研究幽门螺杆菌（helicobacter pylori,Hp）感染及同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy）与急性缺血 性卒中（acute ischemic stroke,AIS）短期结局的相关性。 方法 采用前瞻性队列研究的方法,纳入唐山工人医院2014年1-12月的120例首发AIS患者。入院后 测定Hp-IgG阳性率、Hcy水平,进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分,收集其他可能影响短期结局的相关因素（包括一般临床资料及生化指标）。对患 者进行短期结局（发病2个月）改良Rankin量表（modified Rankin Scale,mRS）评分。 结果 ①短期结局不良组的Hp感染率及Hcy水平显著高于结局良好组,比较差异具有显著性（P ＜0.05）。②以AIS短期结局为应变量,单因素Logistic回归分析发现,年龄、性别、基线NIHSS评分、Hp感 染及Hcy水平与AIS患者短期结局相关。③以AIS短期结局为应变量,单因素分析中P＜0.05的因素为自变 量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示年龄[比值比（odds ratio,OR）=1.021,P =0.017]、基线NIHSS 评分（OR =2.318,P＜0.001）、Hp感染（OR =1.038,P =0.008）、Hcy（OR =1.029,P＜0.001）与AI S患者短 期结局不良相关。 结论 Hp感染、高Hcy血症是AIS患者短期结局不良的危险因素。