小波分层阈值降噪法及其在发动机振动信号分析中的应用

摘要：通过对小波消噪原理的分析及常用阈值规则的降噪性能对比,提出了基于小波细节系数自相关性分析的分层阈值降噪法,描述了根据有用信号最小频率成分确定最大分解层数的方法,给出了分层阈值降噪法的步骤,并对模拟的含噪振动信号进行了试验研究,结果表明,该方法具有较好的降噪效果,尤其适合于强噪声背景下弱信号的恢复,有利于较高频率有用信号的提取。最后,对小波分层阈值降噪法在发动机振动信号分析中的实际应用进行了研究,研究证明,该方法可以有效地抑制背景噪声,提取有用状态信息,为发动机振动信号预处理提供了一种切实可行的方法。     

基于小波包变换的减速机降噪方法研究

在小波包降噪的基础上,提出了一种对小波包降噪后的残差信号进行频谱分析和统计分析的新方法．该方法首先对原始振动信号进行小波包降噪,然后根据降噪后的振动信号和原始振动相比的差值提取残差信号,最后通过对残差信号进行频谱分析提取产生噪声信号的特征频率,通过对残差信号的统计量分析判断设备运行状况。实例验证了小波包降噪和小波包降噪后残差统计分析的正确性。     

分层自适应小波阈值轴承故障信号降噪方法

针对轴承振动信号易受到噪声干扰的问题,提出了一种分层自适应小波阈值降噪方法。首先将轴承振动信号进行小波分解,获得各分解层的小波系数;之后保留低频信号的小波系数,对高频信号的小波系数进行分层自适应阈值处理;最后将阈值处理后的小波系数进行小波重构,得到降噪后的信号。通过构建一种在阈值处连续且在小波域内可导的分层自适应阈值函数,可以改进传统阈值函数重构偏差和过度降噪的缺陷。轴承故障仿真信号的降噪实验结果表明,该方法的信噪比和均方根误差均优于其他方法,有更好地降噪效果;机械故障模拟实验台的轴承故障信号降噪实验结果表明,该方法在降噪的同时保留了更多的故障信息,能够有效提升故障诊断率,更有利于轴承故障信号的降噪。     

基于小波包和LMS自适应降噪的柴油机振动诊断

由于柴油机振动信号的特征频带和噪声频带存在重叠现象,利用小波阈值消噪时难以选取合适的小波阈值,针对该问题提出一种基于小波包的LMS自适应滤波降噪方法。该方法将小波包与LMS自适应滤波相结合,首先利用小波包变换对信号进行多层分解,然后以噪声干扰对应尺度上的第一层“细节”分量及最大分解尺度上的逼近分量重构信号,将重构后的信号作为LMS自适应滤波器原始输入信号,再以小波包最大分解尺度上的高频细节信号作为自适应抵消器的参考输入信号,进行LMS自适应滤波降噪处理。仿真计算和工程应用表明,该方法参数设置较少,易于控制,不涉及小波阈值降噪中阈值的选取问题,对比试验信号的分析验证了方法的有效性,将该法应用在柴油机振动诊断中提高了故障识别率。     

基于分数小波变换的信号降噪新方法

简要介绍了分数小波变换的基本思想及在信号处理方面的特点.利用不同信号在分数小波域具有不同的相关性的特点,提出了一种基于分数小波变换的信号降噪新方法.分析了该方法的降噪特性,同时比较了小波包直接降噪和该方法的降噪效果.结果表明,该方法能够有效降低振动信号中的背景噪声.     

基于傅里叶分解-小波包分析的爆破信号去噪方法

针对由于爆破现场施工环境复杂,爆破振动信号包含大量高频噪声的问题,提出一种基于傅里叶分解(FDM)联合小波包阈值方法的降噪方法.首先,基于傅里叶分解理论将爆破振动信号分解为若干傅里叶固有频带函数(FIBFs);然后,分别计算分解所得模态分量与原始信号的相关系数,使用相关系数法筛选出优势分量,将筛选所得优势模态分量进行重构;最后,利用小波包阈值方法对重构所得信号进一步降噪,得到最终纯净的爆破振动信号.结果表明:引入的新方法兼具傅里叶分解及小波包分析的优点,与现有常用方法相比,傅里叶分解-小波包分析联合降噪方法信噪比(10.3940)最高,均方根差(0.0889)最小,所得时程曲线更为平滑,去噪效果更好,为类似爆破振动信号去噪提供新的途径.     

基于同步挤压小波变换的振动信号自适应降噪方法

振动信号在噪声影响下,特征提取十分困难。为此应用同步挤压小波变换(Synchrosqueezing Wavelet Transform,SST)对振动信号进行降噪,针对分解后本征模态分量(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF)的选取问题,提出一种基于瞬时频率复杂度和自相关系数峰度值的同步挤压小波变换降噪方法。算法首先对原始信号进行SST信号分解并提取小波脊线生成固有模态分量,然后对生成的分量进行Hilbert变换得到瞬时频率曲线,再根据瞬时频率的复杂度选择相应的合成分量重构信号。为了进一步消除噪声影响,该方法同时采用了自相关系数峰度阈值法对筛选后的分量进行二次剔除,最终实现对原始信号降噪的目的。试验最后通过不同标准方差的噪声仿真信号以及物流机械传送设备振动信号验证该方法的可行性和有效性,同时将该方法与基于集成经验模式分解(Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,EEMD)和小波变换的方法进行比较,结果表明该方法的降噪性能要优于其他方法。     

自适应小波降噪在轴承故障诊断中的应用

针对轴承振动的非平稳性特点和频谱成分的混杂性,提出了基于小波的信号自适应阈值降噪法。自适应阈值降噪法首先对信号进行离散正交小波多层分解,对分解后的各层细节系数中模小于某阈值的系数进行处理,然后将处理完的小波系数再进行反变换,重构出经过降噪后的信号。用仿真信号进行降噪处理,结果表明:通过选择合适的小波基和阈值选择规则,可以实现信号的完美降噪;实测轴承振动信号用小波降噪方法进行预处理,提高了信噪比,进一步作频谱分析得到了故障特征信息,为诊断决策提供了依据。     

CEEMDAN 小波包联合降噪的优化方法

针对实测隧道爆破振动信号降噪效果不理想的问题,引入多尺度排列熵的概念,用来筛选含噪明显的本征模态分量,并结合SG（savitzky-golay）平滑滤波方法提出了一种完备的自适应噪声经验模态分解（CEEMDAN）和小波包联合降噪的优化方法,通过信噪比(SNR)、均方根差(RMSE)、相关系数、自相关系数对仿真实验和实测信号处理结果进行对比分析。结果表明,CEEMDAN 小波包联合降噪优化方法提高了信号降噪效果,且有效保留了原始信号中的特征信息,可以应用到类似爆破振动信号的降噪处理中。     

小波分析球磨机轴承振动信号特征提取方法

为了对球磨机磨矿过程中筒体内部负荷(填充率、料球比)进行研究,提出采用小波分析方法对球磨机轴承振动信号进行特征提取。以实验球磨机为对象,采集轴承座振动信号,经降噪处理和Welch法功率谱分析后得到频谱图,选用合适的小波函数,进行小波包分解后得到信号各频段的能量值和总能量值,再以各节点能量值作为对应内部负荷的特征向量,引入欧氏距离对不同内部负荷进行区别。通过实验证明该方法有效。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。